Dietary factors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Nebraska (United States).

Little is known about dietary factors and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) risk, although high intakes of animal protein and milk have been associated with NHL in two previous studies. As part of a population-based case-control study of agricultural and other risk factors for NHL in eastern Nebraska (USA), we examined the self- and proxy-reported frequency of consumption of 30 food items by 385 White men and women with NHL and 1,432 controls. Animal protein intake was not associated significantly with the risk of NHL, however, there was a nonsignificantly elevated risk of NHL among men with high milk consumption. Vitamin C, carotene, citrus fruit, and dark green vegetable intakes were inversely significantly related to the risk of NHL for men, but not for women. Among men, the odds ratios for the highest quartiles of both vitamin C and carotene intake were 0.6 (95% confidence intervals = 0.3-1.0). There were no meaningful differences in the associations of nutrient intakes and NHL risk between B- and T-cell lymphomas and histologic types. Risks for low intakes of vitamin C and carotene were greater among men and women with a family history of cancer, particularly a history of lymphatic or hematopoietic cancer among first-degree relatives.

The role of agricultural pesticide use in the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in women.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has been found to be associated with agricultural pesticide use in men, but little is known about the risk in women. In a recent population-based, case-control study conducted in eastern Nebraska, no increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was found in women who had ever lived or worked on a farm (odds ratio [OR] = 1.0). Neither the use of insecticides (OR = 0.8) nor herbicides (OR = 0.7) on the farm was associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however, the number of women who mixed or applied pesticides was small, particularly in comparison to men on farms. Small nonsignificant associations were observed among the women who personally handled insecticides (OR = 1.3) or herbicides (OR = 1.2). Women who personally handled organophosphate insecticides had a significant 4.5-fold increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Use of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides was associated with an OR of 1.6; however, the use on dairy cattle was associated with a 3-fold increased risk. Pesticide-related risks were greater among women with a family history of cancer, particularly a history of lymphatic or hematopoietic cancer among first-degree relatives.

Use of hair coloring products and the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

OBJECTIVES: Hair coloring products are widely used and contain components that are mutagenic and carcinogenic. An association between occupational exposure to hair coloring products and hematopoietic cancers has been reported, but the risk for these cancers among users has not been carefully evaluated. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, case-control study with telephone interviews from 385 with telephone interviews from 385 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases, 70 Hodgkin's disease cases, 72 multiple myeloma cases, 56 chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases, and 1432 controls. RESULTS: Among women, use was associated with odds ratios of 1.5 for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 1.7 for Hodgkin's disease, 1.8 for multiple myeloma, and 1.0 for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Risk was higher for permanent hair coloring products than for semi- or nonpermanent products, particularly for dark colors. Long duration and early age of first use tended to increase risk, but the patterns were inconsistent. Use was much less common in men and did not significantly increase risk. CONCLUSIONS: The use of hair coloring products appears to increase the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's disease were also associated, although based on far fewer subjects. If these results represent a causal association, use of hair coloring products would account for 35% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in exposed women and 20% in all women.

A case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in eastern Nebraska.

To evaluate the role of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), we conducted a population-based, case-control study in 66 counties in eastern Nebraska. Telephone interviews were conducted with 201 white men diagnosed with NHL between July 1, 1983, and June 30, 1986, and with 725 controls. There was a 50% excess of NHL among men who mixed or applied 2,4-D (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 0.9, 2.5). The risk of NHL increased with the average frequency of use to over threefold for those exposed 20 or more days per year (p for trend = 0.051). Adjusting for use of organophosphate insecticides lowered the risk estimate for frequent users (OR = 1.8), but adjustment for fungicide use increased the risk estimate (OR = 4.5). Simultaneous adjustment for organophosphates and fungicides yielded an OR of 3.1 for farmers who mixed or applied 2,4-D more than 20 days per year. Risk also increased with degree of exposure, as indicated by application method and time spent in contaminated clothing, but not with the number of years of 2,4-D use or failure to use protective equipment. Although other pesticides, especially organophosphate insecticides, may be related to NHL, the risk associated with 2,4-D does not appear to be explained completely by these other exposures.

Attitudes of mental health center staff toward community organization.

The authors report on the differences in attitudes and perceptions that clinical and community organization staff have about the role of community organizers in a mental health center and about the center's priorities. Community organizers defined their role as one enabling the community to act on social-welfare problems, while clinical staff defined it as a liaison role connecting community residents and clinical services. Community organizers placed less value on traditional services, and felt greater dissatisfaction with center priorities.