Association of left ventricular structural and functional abnormalities with aortic and brachial blood pressure variability in hypertensive patients: the SAFAR study.

Both brachial blood pressure (BP) level and its variability (BPV) significantly associate with left ventricular (LV) structure and function. Recent studies indicate that aortic BP is superior to brachial BP in the association with LV abnormalities. However, it remains unknown whether aortic BPV better associate with LV structural and functional abnormalities. We therefore aimed to investigate and compare aortic versus brachial BPV, in terms of the identification of LV abnormalities. Two hundred and three participants who underwent echocardiography were included in this study. Twenty-four-hour aortic and brachial ambulatory BP was measured simultaneously by a validated BP monitor (Mobil-O-Graph, Stolberg, Germany) and BPV was calculated with validated formulae. LV mass and LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) were evaluated by echocardiography. The prevalence of LV hypertrophy (LVH) and LVDD increased significantly with BPV indices (P⩽0.04) in trend tests. After adjustment to potential confounders, only aortic average real variability (ARV), but not brachial ARV or weighted s.d. (wSD, neither aortic nor brachial) significantly associated with LV mass index (P=0.02). Similar results were observed in logistic regression. After adjustment, only aortic ARV significantly associated with LVH (odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.28 (1.08, 4.82)). As for LVDD, neither the brachial nor the aortic 24-hour wSD, but the aortic and brachial ARV, associated with LVDD significantly, with OR=2.28 (95% CI: (1.03, 5.02)) and OR=2.36 (95% CI: (1.10, 5.05)), respectively. In summary, aortic BPV, especially aortic ARV, seems to be superior to brachial BPV in the association of LV structural and functional abnormalities.

Clinical interaction between diabetes duration and aortic stiffness in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes complications increase with disease duration. No study was performed on the relationship between aortic stiffness and diabetes duration, taking into account the respective influence of such factors on macro- and microcirculation. In total, 618 subjects with type 2 diabetes (259 men) attending the Department of Internal Medicine of Tizi Ouzou Hospital (Algeria) were studied in collaboration with Hotel-Dieu Hospital (Paris, France). Brachial blood pressure (BP), anthropometric, clinical and biological data were evaluated. Aortic stiffness was estimated by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). From lower to higher tertile of diabetes duration, age, BP and PWV (10.1±2.7 to 12.3±2.8 m s-1) increased, while diabetes control and renal function worsened (all P<0.01). Diabetes duration was independently associated with PWV (R2=0.035, P<0.0001), even after adjustment for age, BP, heart rate, cardiovascular events and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes duration was significantly correlated to the prevalence of microalbuminuria (OR (95% CL) 1.3 (1.06-1.63), P=0.01), independently of age, sex, BP and renal function. Increased aortic stiffness was independently associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular events (P<0.001), reaching its maximal value above the first 2 years of diabetes duration. In conclusion, diabetes duration is an independent determinant of aortic stiffness in subjects with type 2 diabetes, representing about 4% of PWV variability. Diabetes duration is associated with microvascular complications independently of renal function, and with macrovascular complications through the presence of increased aortic stiffness.

Association of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with 24-h aortic ambulatory blood pressure: the SAFAR study.

Aortic blood pressure (BP) and 24-h ambulatory BP are both better associated with target organ damage than office brachial BP. However, it remains unclear whether a combination of these two techniques would be the optimal methodology to evaluate patients' BP in terms of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) prevention. In 230 participants, office brachial and aortic BPs were measured by a validated BP monitor and a tonometry-based device, respectively. 24-h ambulatory brachial and aortic BPs were measured by a validated ambulatory BP monitor (Mobil-O-Graph, Germany). Systematic assessment of patients' LVDD was performed. After adjustment for age, gender, hypertension and antihypertensive treatment, septum and lateral E/Ea were significantly associated with office aortic systolic BP (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP) and 24-h brachial and aortic SBP and PP (P ⩽ 0.04), but not with office brachial BP (P ⩾ 0.09). Similarly, 1 standard deviation in SBP was significantly associated with 97.8 ± 20.9, 86.4 ± 22.9, 74.1 ± 23.3 and 51.3 ± 22.6 in septum E/Ea and 68.6 ± 2 0.1, 54.2 ± 21.9, 37.9 ± 22.4 and 23.1 ± 21.4 in lateral E/Ea, for office and 24-h aortic and brachial SBP, respectively. In qualitative analysis, except for office brachial BP, office aortic and 24-h brachial and aortic BPs were all significantly associated with LVDD (P ⩽ 0.03), with the highest odds ratio in 24-h aortic SBP. Furthermore, aortic BP, no matter in the office or 24-h ambulatory setting, showed the largest area under receiver operating characteristic curves (P ⩽ 0.02). In conclusion, 24-h aortic BP is superior to other BPs in the association with LVDD.

Blood pressure variability: cardiovascular risk integrator or independent risk factor?

Blood pressure (BP) variability is associated with several cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Is BP variability measurement of any additive value, in terms of CV risk assessment strategies? To answer this question, we analyzed data from the SU.FOL.OM3 secondary prevention trial that included 2501 patients with background of CV disease history (coronary or cerebrovascular disease). BP was measured every year allowing calculation of variability of BP, expressed as s.d. and coefficient of variability (s.d./mean systolic BP) in 2157 patients. We found that systolic BP variability was associated with several CV risk factors: principally hypertension, age, and diabetes. Furthermore, all antihypertensives were positively associated with variability. Logistic regression analysis revealed that three factors were independent predictors of major CV event: coefficient of variability of systolic BP (OR=1.23 per s.d., 95% CI: 1.04-1.46, P=0.016), current smoking (OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.03-3.66, P=0.039), and inclusion for cerebrovascular disease (OR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.29-2.87, P=0.001). Finally, when comparing logistic regression models characteristics without, and then with, inclusion of BP variability, there was a modest but statistically significant improvement (P=0.04). In conclusion, age, BP and diabetes were the major determinants of BP variability. Furthermore, BP variability has an independent prognostic value in the prediction of major CV events; but improvement in the prediction model was quite modest. This last finding is more in favor of BP variability acting as an integrator of CV risk than acting as a robust independent CV risk factor in this high-risk population.

Thiazide-like/calcium channel blocker agents: a major combination for hypertension management.

In recent years, treatment strategies for hypertension have often focused on combination therapies that include diuretics and renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockers such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. However, in clinical practice, a significant number of patients do not respond completely to these combination treatments, and long-term reduction of cardiovascular risk remains insufficient. The particularly high residual cardiovascular risk of hypertensive patients, even when adequately treated with strategies based on renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockers, speaks in favor of new, innovative strategies. Thus, it has become relevant to consider whether it is always necessary to block plasma renin activation and whether other guideline-approved combinations should be considered routinely. Diuretic/calcium channel blocker combinations, which are supported by significant long-term evidence, are put forth as a preferred combination in the main guidelines, but are still underused by physicians who do not yet have easy access to such treatments. Fixed-dose indapamide sustained release/amlodipine is the first such single-pill combination to become available. Complementary mechanisms of action of these two molecules are expected to lead to greater and longer-term reductions in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure and potentially to the reduction of cardiovascular risk.

Pulse wave analysis with two tonometric devices: a comparison study.

Pulse wave analysis is a pivotal tool to estimate central haemodynamic parameters. Available commercial devices use applanation tonometry and have been validated against invasive catheterism. We previously observed differences on a radial second systolic peak (rSPB2) between two commonly used devices: SphygmoCor (AtCor, Australia) and PulsePen (DiaTecne, Italy). The aim of our study was to further quantify differences in radial and carotid signals from the two devices.We measured radial and carotid waveforms in 38 patients with minimal changes between systolic, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.rSBP2, mean pressure, form factor and augmentation index were different with SphygmoCor providing lower values (mean differences: 2.2 ± 3.8 mmHg; 1.5 ± 1.7 mmHg; 3.2 ± 3.5%; 4.2 ± 8.4%, respectively). Carotid augmentation index and form factor were similar. However carotid systolic pressure (cSBP) from PulsePen was higher than cSBP from SphygmoCor (2.7 ± 4.4 mmHg, p < 0.001). For both carotid and radial signals, harmonics moduli were similar across the spectrum with the exception of the 1st harmonic.PulsePen and SphygmoCor sensors are not equivalent and provide different wave shapes despite similar harmonics content with more discrepancy on radial derived parameters than on carotid derived parameters. Further studies are required to compare invasive pressure parameters to indices derived from these two devices.

[Aneurysmal rupture complicating aortitis: a case report]. / Aortite polyanévrismale compliquée de rupture : à propos d'un cas.

Tropical aortitis is a rare and poorly described aortic disease, sometimes confounded with Takayasu's disease, mainly in people from Africa. In this case report, the panaortic aneurysmal disease in a young woman from Haiti, first diagnosed after a work-up on renovascular hypertension, would appear to approach this particular arterial disease with no clinical, radiological or biological argument for an infectious etiology. The initially suspected diagnosis of Takayasu's disease had to be rethought because of the presence of several saccular aneurysms extending from the aortic arch to the infrarenal aorta, rarely described in Takayasu's aortitis. Expert opinions from vascular surgeons and clinicians tagged this aortic disease as similar to tropical aortitis which remained asymptomatic for more than a decade. Hypertension was managed with successful balloon angioplasty of the left renal artery stenosis and anti-hypertensive combination therapy. Surgical management of the extended aortic aneurysms was not proposed because of the stability and asymptomatic nature of the aneurysmal disease and the high risk of surgical morbidity and mortality. More than ten years after diagnosis, the course was marked with inaugural and sudden-onset chest pain concomitant with contained rupture of the descending thoracic aortic aneurysm. This case report underlines the persistent risk of aneurysmal rupture and the importance of an anatomopathological study for the diagnosis of complex aortic disease.

Effect of supine versus sitting position on noninvasive assessment of aortic pressure waveform: a randomized cross-over study.

Biomarkers derived noninvasively from the aortic blood pressure (BP) waveform provide information regarding cardiovascular (CV) risk independently of brachial BP (bBP). Although body position has significant impact on the assessment of bBP, its effect on aortic hemodynamics remains unknown. This study investigated the changes in both brachial and aortic hemodynamics, between the supine and sitting position. In this randomized cross-over study, the bBP and the aortic pressure waveform were assessed after a 5 min rest (sitting and supine in randomized order); aortic BP, pulse pressure (PP) amplification, augmentation index (AIx) and subendocardial viability index (SEVR) were assessed. Sixty-one subjects were examined (36 males, mean age 50±12 years). Mean BP did not differ between the sitting and supine position (110.8±13.7 vs 110.9±14.9, respectively, P=0.945). However, significant difference between the sitting and supine position in brachial PP (45.9±16.0 vs 52.6±15.6, respectively, P<0.001), aortic PP (36.7±15.2 vs 43.1±13.9, P<0.001), PP amplification (1.28±0.1 vs 1.23±0.1, P<0.001), AIx (26.9±11.9 vs 31.1±10.2, P<0.001) and SEVR (179.6±25.7 vs 161.2±25.8, P<0.001) were found. Review of the literature identified underestimation of the role of body position on aortic hemodynamics. In conclusion, increased PP in both the aorta and brachial artery were found in the supine compared to the sitting position. Reduced PP amplification and SEVR were further observed in the supine position, due to increased pressure wave reflections (AIx).

[Pressure wave shape comparison between two non-invasive tonometric devices]. / Comparaison des signaux radial et carotidien mesurés par deux appareils tonométriques.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Pulse wave analysis is a pivotal instrument to estimate central hemodynamic parameters. Applanation tonometry on radial and/or carotid arteries is usually used to detect pressure waveforms. Available commercial devices have been validated against invasive catheterism, showing a good agreement of harmonics pattern. In a previous investigation, we observed differences on radial second systolic peak (rSPB2) between two commonly used devices: SphygmoCor (AtCor, Australia) and PulsePen (Diatecne, Italy). The aim of our study was to further quantify differences on radial and carotid signals from the two devices. METHODS: We measured radial and carotid pressure waveforms in 38 patients where systolic, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate presented minimal changes between measurements. Waveforms were digitally extracted for off-line analysis. RESULTS: Radial rSBP2, mean arterial pressure, form factor and augmentation index were different with SphygmoCor providing lower values. Carotid augmentation index and form factor were similar. However, carotid systolic pressure (cSBP) from PulsePen was higher that cSBP from SphygmoCor (2.7 ± 4.4 mmHg, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: PulsePen and SphygmoCor sensors are not equivalent and provide different wave shapes. These differences on wave shape have important consequences on parameters computed from these waveforms with more discrepancy on radial derived parameters such as rSBP2 and mean arterial pressure than on carotid derived parameters. Further studies are required to compare invasive pressure parameters to indices derived from these two devices.

Aortic stiffness, inflammation, denutrition and type 2 diabetes in the elderly.

AIM: Observational studies in the elderly have shown that some of the classical cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are difficult to interpret. Thus, our study investigated whether increased aortic stiffness is associated with higher mortality risk in both the diabetic and non-diabetic elderly before and after adjusting for geriatric confounders such as inflammation (sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, orosomucoid levels, leukocyte count) and denutrition parameters (body weight, body mass index [BMI], plasma albumin and prealbumin). METHODS: In a cohort of 324 (84 men) hospitalized elderly subjects, including 255 non-diabetic and 69 diabetic subjects, aortic stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) together with CV risk factors. Subjects were studied over a 2-year mean follow-up period, thus enabling evaluation of long-term all-cause mortality. RESULTS: A total of 105 subjects died during the follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curves showed a significantly higher mortality in the diabetics (P=0.024). Multivariate Cox analyses differed for non-diabetic subjects and diabetics. In the former, the hazard ratio (HR) for an increase of 1 SD (with confidence intervals) was 1.36 (1.07-1.72) for PWV, 0.73 (0.52-1.01) for plasma albumin and 0.63 (0.45-0.89) for BMI. In diabetic patients, the HR was 1.60 (1.02-2.50) for leukocyte count, 1.75 (1.03-2.96) for orosomucoid levels and 0.32 (0.15-0.68) for BMI. CONCLUSION: In this very elderly population, although marginally significant on crude analysis, PWV, but not systolic or pulse pressure, was a powerful determinant of total mortality after taking into account the important role of type 2 diabetes. In diabetics, inflammation and denutrition predominated over mechanical factors.

Aortic stiffness, inflammation, denutrition and prognosis in the oldest people.

Observational studies have shown that some of the classic CV risk factors, namely hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, become nebulous, or even act in the reverse direction, in the oldest people. We investigated whether in the elderly, increased aortic stiffness was associated with higher mortality risk, before and after adjustments on common geriatric confounders. In a cohort of 331 (86 men) subjects aged >70 years (mean age (± s.d.): 85 ± 7 years), aortic stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Classical CV risk factors were determined simultaneously, in association with inflammation and denutrition parameters. One hundred and ten subjects died during a 2-year follow-up period. In crude analysis, a positive non-significant trend was observed between PWV and mortality risk. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that five parameters entered the prediction model: two were positively related to mortality risk, PWV (P = 0.008) and orosomucoide (P = 0.045), and three were related negatively, total cholesterol (P = 0.006), albumin (P = 0.026) and body weight (P = 0.035). Interaction analysis revealed that the effect of PWV on mortality was increased in the presence of renal dysfunction and increased inflammation. In conclusion, although marginally significant in crude analysis, PWV is a powerful determinant of prognosis in the oldest people taking into account inflammation and denutrition.

[Focus on beta-blockers for vascular specialists in 2012]. / Mise au point sur les bêtabloquants pour les médecins vasculaires en 2012.

Since they were launched on the market in 1964, cardiovascular indications for beta-blockers have been validated and accepted worldwide. Numerous studies and meta-analysis have confirmed their benefits. They reduce mortality in post infarction and acute coronary syndrome populations and also in people with stable coronary heart disease. Moreover, heart failure with systolic left ventricular dysfunction is a major indication for this therapeutic class, providing a 30% decrease in mortality. In patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, beta-blockers are recommended for rate control. In hypertension patients, first-line drug treatment with beta-blockers is currently discussed. Indeed, several studies have shown that patients randomized in the beta-blocker arms experienced more coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases than comparators. Their lesser effect on central blood pressure decrease could partially explain those results. Nevertheless, beta-blockers are still considered as first-line drugs for hypertension in the French and European guidelines. Long-term comparative studies focusing on central blood pressure are needed. Concerning the other indications for beta-blockers in vascular diseases, their use perioperatively to reduce surgical cardiovascular risk raised much hope, but the most recent results are disappointed and even suggest possible higher mortality. Finally, except for patients with critical ischemia of the lower limbs, presence of peripheral artery disease should probably be considered as a condition favoring their prescription.

Cardiovascular prevention: relationships between arterial aging and chronic drug treatment.

Drugs acting on cardiovascular (CV) prevention are, by definition, interconnected with age-induced arterial changes. However, this question has been poorly investigated along long-term treatment. This goal requires a major prerequisite: to determine statistical links associating age-induced changes in arterial stiffness and wave reflections with drug classes acting on CV prevention. We studied 347 subjects where CV prevention involved hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolaemia; and included six drug classes: diuretics, ß-blocking agents, angiotensin II (ANGII) and calcium-channel (CCB) blockers, insulin therapy and statins. For each class, the total population was divided into two subgroups according to the presence or absence of the corresponding class. Statistical comparisons between subgroups involved brachial and central blood pressure measurements, aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), used as a marker of wave reflections. Non-invasive measurements included tonometry and pulse wave analysis. Appropriate adjustments indicated among results the respective role of age, sex, mean blood pressure (MBP), standard risk factors and other confounding variables. CCB and statins did not exhibit statistical association with PWV or AIx. ß-Blocking agents were significantly linked with heart rate reduction and resulting increase in AIx and central pulse pressure (PP). Increased PWV independent of age, MBP, CV risk factors were noticed under diuretics, ANGII blockers and insulin, pointing to intrinsic modifications of the arterial wall. Treatment of CV prevention involves alterations of the arterial wall depending on drug class. ß-Blocking agents and insulin are associated with the higher increases of central PP.

Central artery pulse pressure in end-stage renal disease: the roles of aortic diameter, aortic stiffness and wave reflection.

In elderly subjects and patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), carotid pulse pressure (PP) is an independent and significant predictor of cardiovascular (CV) risk. Whereas in the elderly carotid diameter, but not carotid stiffness, is an associated CV risk factor, an opposite CV risk pattern was observed in ESRD patients that was associated with stiffness. Whether in ESRD patients arterial diameter, stiffness or both are involved in the mechanism(s) of increased carotid PP has never been investigated. Nondiabetic ESRD patients (n = 144) were compared with 57 control subjects matched for age, sex and mean blood pressure, but with higher brachial and carotid PP. Noninvasive echo-Doppler techniques and pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis were used to evaluate cardiac and carotid arterial structures and functions using multiple stepwise regressions. In controls, carotid PP was associated only with stroke volume, arterial wave reflections and aortic PWV, but not aortic diameter. In ESRD patients, it was associated with wave reflections, aortic PWV, stroke volume and higher aortic diameter. In ESRD patients and controls, elevated carotid PP mainly reflected increased aortic PWV and earlier wave reflections. Aortic diameter had an impact only on ESRD patients, where it compensated for enhanced aortic stiffness and the more pronounced effect of reflected waves. This hemodynamic profile differs consistently from that in elderly subjects of the general population and selectively influences CV risk and drug treatment.

Cross-talk between macro- and microcirculation.

Physiologically, macro- and microcirculation differ markedly as macrocirculation deals with pulsatile pressure and flow and microcirculation with steady pressure and flow. Various such haemodynamic aspects correspond to a large heterogeneity in the structure and function of the vascular tree. In the past, diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus were classified on the basis of the structure and function of small and large arteries. The purpose of this paper is to review the cross-talk between the micro- and macrocirculation. We shall discuss this cross-talk from the perspective of the development, physiology and pathology of the entire arterial tree.

Aortic pulse pressure and atherosclerotic structural alterations of coronary arteries.

Pulse pressure (PP) is an independent predictor of myocardial infarction, mainly above 50 years of age. In subjects with preserved ejection fraction (EF), aortic PP predicts the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Comparable findings in subjects with reduced EF have not been evaluated. In 1337 subjects with severe coronary ischaemic disease, intra-aortic and brachial blood pressures were measured together with EF and coronary angiography to evaluate cardiac function, the presence of coronary stenosis and/or occlusions or calcifications. The presence (odds ratio+/-95% CI) of coronary calcification was marginally but not significantly associated (P=0.06) to increased aortic PP (1.32 (0.97-1.80)), whereas that of coronary occlusion was significantly associated (P<0.01) with decreased aortic PP (0.62 (0.42-0.91)), even after adjustment to EF and heart rate. Increased aortic PP did not correlate with stenosis number. No comparable predictive value was observed using intra-aortic or non-invasive brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In high cardiovascular risk populations, even in the presence of reduced EF and high heart rate, intra-aortic PP, but not SBP or DBP, is a significant predictor of coronary occlusions and possibly calcifications, but not stenosis.

Preferential association of aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism with central blood pressure and wave reflections in hypertensive individuals.

In hypertensive humans, the CC genotype of the aldosterone synthase gene polymorphism (ASGP) CYP11B(2) (C-344T variant) is associated with increased aortic stiffness. Whether ASGP is also associated with altered central (carotid) wave reflections has never been investigated. After 1-month wash-out period, 124 hypertensive individuals were submitted to measurements of brachial and carotid systolic blood pressure (SBP), aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) and wave reflections, using the carotid augmentation index (CAI) determined from pulse wave analysis. Two age- and sex-adjusted models of the impact of ASGP were analysed. Comparing the ASGP-CC with ASGP-TT and -TC genotypes, the former had significantly stronger intergroup correlation coefficients for age or CAI vs heart rate relationships (P=0.008; P=0.02). Stepwise multiple regressions showed that carotid SBP was independently influenced by PWV and CAI, but only in individuals with the CC (P=0.0002; P=0.03) and TC genotypes (P=0.0004; P=0.004). Those associations were not, or only weakly, observed using the brachial artery SBP model. In conclusion, this study showed that, in hypertensive individuals, ASGP is not directly associated with the SBP level, but rather independently with its two main determinants, central PWV and wave reflections. The result was observed only for CC and TC genotypes. Such findings are observed when central, but not brachial, haemodynamic measurements are performed.

Pleiotropic effects of drugs inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade is a key component in the modern management of cardiovascular diseases. Agents that interfere with the different components of this system such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, sartans and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists represent valuable therapeutic tools to reduce cardiovascular risk in brachial blood pressure independent mechanisms. Indeed, antagonists of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system reduce inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in hypertension beyond blood pressure reduction and have demonstrated better cardiovascular protection compared with some of the other antihypertensive agents, especially in selected populations such as patients with diabetes and renal failure. These advantages were confirmed recently in several large-scale randomized trials. Latest evidence suggests that the effect of some antihypertensive drugs on central blood pressure is greater when compared with the effect on peripheral pressure. Nowadays, there is growing agreement that relatively greater influence of agents blocking renin-angiotensin system on central blood pressure may at least partly explain their advantages over other antihypertensives in many clinical situations. Clinical consequences of overestimation of the antihypertensive effect of some drug classes and underestimation blood pressure changes in patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors when analyzing brachial instead of central blood pressure is being increasingly recognized recently.

Cardiometabolic determinants of mortality in a geriatric population: is there a "reverse metabolic syndrome"?

AIMS: Diabetes or insulin resistance, overweight, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidaemia are recognized risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) disease. However, their predictive value and hierarchy in elderly subjects remain uncertain. METHODS: We investigated the impact of cardiometabolic risk factors on mortality in a prospective cohort study of 331 elderly high-risk subjects (mean age+/-SD: 85+/-7 years). RESULTS: Two-year total mortality was predicted by age, diabetes, low BMI, low diastolic blood pressure (DBP), low total and HDL cholesterol, and previous CV events. The effect of diabetes was explained by previous CV events. In non-diabetic subjects, mortality was predicted by high insulin sensitivity, determined by HOMA-IR and QUICKI indices. In multivariate analyses, the strongest mortality predictors were low BMI, low HDL cholesterol and previous myocardial infarction. Albumin, a marker of malnutrition, was associated with blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, and HOMA-IR. The inflammation marker CRP was associated with low total and HDL cholesterol, and high HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION: In very old patients, low BMI, low DBP, low total and HDL cholesterol, and high insulin sensitivity predict total mortality, indicating a "reverse metabolic syndrome" that is probably attributable to malnutrition and/or chronic disorders. These inverse associations limit the relevance of conventional risk factors. Previous CV events and HDL cholesterol remain strong predictors of mortality. Future studies should determine if and when the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in the elderly should be incorporated into conventional CV prevention.