Presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. in dogs of Uberlandia, MG, Brazil / Presença de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cães no município de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. and risk factors related to the epidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs living in the urban area of the municipality of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood serum samples were examined from 268 dogs from the municipality's North, South, East, West and Central sanitary districts. The samples were collected during an animal vaccination campaign against rabies in August 2008. The occurrence of antibodies against specific leptospiral serovars was determined by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between sex, age, previous vaccination, habitation, presence of rats, and history of human and/or animal leptospirosis on the occurrence of infection. The occurrence of canine leptospirosis was 28.36% (76/268), the most prevalent serovars were: Autumnalis (34.21%), Tarassovi (23.58%), Canicola (17.11%) and Grippotyphosa (14.47%). No risk factors were found to be statistically significant (p> 0,05 for all examined variables). The fact that close to 30% of dogs showed evidence of past infection with Leptospira points to the need for the adoption of preventive measures, as the disease may represent a public health risk.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. e os fatores de risco relacionados à epidemiologia da leptospirose em cães que vivem na área urbana do município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Amostras de soro foram examinados a partir de 268 cães dos distritos sanitários Norte, Sul, Leste, Oeste e Central. As amostras foram colhidas durante a campanha de vacinação contra a raiva animal em agosto de 2008. A ocorrência de anticorpos contra sorovares específicos foi determinada pelo teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Foi utilizada a regressão logística multivariada para avaliar a associação entre sexo, idade, a vacinação, habitação, presença de ratos e história de humanos e/ou leptospirose animal na ocorrência da infecção. A ocorrência da leptospirose canina foi de 28,36% (76/268), os sorovares mais prevalentes foram: Autumnalis (34,21%), Tarassovi (23,58%), Canicola (17,11%) e Grippotyphosa (14,47%). Quanto aos fatores de risco analisados, não foi encontrada diferença estatística significativa (p> 0,05 para todas as variáveis analisadas). O fato de 30% dos cães terem apresentado evidência de infecção causada por Leptospira aponta para a necessidade da adoção de medidas preventivas, pois a doença pode representar um risco para a saúde pública.

Virulence factors genes of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from caprine subclinical mastitis.

The aim of this study was to investigate genes involved in adhesion expression, biofilm formation, and enterotoxin production in isolates of Staphylococcus spp. from goats with subclinical mastitis and associate these results with the staphylococcal species. One hundred and twenty-four isolates were identified and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the following genes: cna, ebpS, eno, fib, fnbA, fnbB, bap, sea, seb, sec, sed and see. The most commonly Staphylococcus species included S. epidermidis, S. lugdunensis, S. chromogenes, S. capitis ss capitis and S. intermedius. With the exception of fnbB, the genes were detected in different frequencies of occurrence in 86.3% of the Staphylococcus spp. isolates. Eno (73.2%) and bap (94.8%) were more frequently detected in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS); ebpS (76%), fib (90.9%) and fnbA (87%) were the most frequent genes in coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS). Regarding enterotoxins, genes sed (28.2%) and see (24.2%) had a higher frequency of occurrence; sec gene was more frequently detected in CPS (58.8%). There was no association between the presence of the genes and the Staphylococcus species. Different virulence factors genes can be detected in caprine subclinical mastitis caused by CNS and CPS. The knowledge of the occurrence of these virulence factors is important for the development of effective control and prevention measures of subclinical mastitis caused by CNS and CPS in goats.

Prevalência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii em ovinos no município de Uberlândia, MG / Prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sheep in Uberlândia municipality, MG

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência de anticorpos contra Toxoplasma gondii em 334 amostras de sangue de ovinos oriundos de 12 propriedades localizadas no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais. O teste utilizado para a pesquisa foi a reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), com ponto de corte na diluição 1:64. Identificou-se a prevalência de 30,8% anticorpos anti-T. gondii em ovinos e a frequência de soropositivos por propriedade variou de 10 a 66,7%, sendo que todas as propriedades apresentaram pelo menos uma amostra reagente. Ao associar a soropositividade com sexo, idade e raça, observou-se diferença estatística significativa para faixa etária, de modo que os animais com menor idade (6 a 11 meses) foram menos reagentes do que os ovinos com maior idade. Esses resultados sugerem a adoção de medidas preventivas na região estudada.(AU)

The aim of this study was to verify the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in 334 blood samples of sheep from 12 properties located in Uberlândia municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The indirect immunofluorescence assay test (IFAT) was used for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies, with a cut-off at dilution 1:64. The prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in sheep was 30.8% and seropositive frequency per property ranged from 10 to 66.7%, and all properties have at least one reacted sample. When ovine seropositivity was associated with gender, age and breed, there was a statistically significant difference for age, so that animals with lower age (6 to 11 months) were less reacted than the older sheeps. These results suggest the adoption of preventive measures in the region studied.(AU)

Clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia spp. and Leptospira interrogans / Aspectos clínicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados com Ehrlichia spp. e Leptospira interrogans

Ehrlichiosis and leptospirosis are frequent diseases in tropical countries, although they are not always considered as differential diagnosis. The purpose of this work was to evaluate clinical signs and hematological alterations in dogs reactive to leptospirosis, among them those that presented morulae of Ehrlichia spp. in peripheral blood, and to recognize the frequency of Leptospira serovars by means of the microscopic agglutination test. Blood samples were used from 50 dogs presenting morulae of Ehrlichia spp. in blood extensions collected from the ear marginal capillaries. The clinical signs frequently observed were apathy (100.00%), anorexia/dysorexia (100.00%), adypsia (83.33%), ocular secretion (66.66%), reactive lymph nodes (66.66%), diarrhea (58.33%), vomiting, anemia and fever (41.66%). Albeit unspecific, anemia and thrombocytopenia are frequent hematological findings in canine ehrlichiosis and are present in both diseases. Of the 50 dogs with ehrlichiosis, 12 (24.00%) were reactive to leptospirosis, and the most frequent serovars were Pomona (33.33%), followed by Canicola (27.77%) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (22.22%). The results suggest the need to establish a differential diagnosis between these diseases that may occur concomitantly.

Erliquiose e leptospirose são doenças frequentes em países tropicais, embora nem sempre seja feito o diagnóstico diferencial entre estas. Objetivou-se avaliar os sinais clínicos e as alterações hematológicas em cães reagentes para leptospirose, dentre aqueles que apresentaram mórula de Ehrlichia spp. e reconhecer a frequência dos sorovares de Leptospira, por meio do teste de aglutinação microscópica. Foram utilizadas amostras sanguíneas de 50 cães que apresentavam mórulas de Ehrlichia spp. em extensões de sangue coletadas dos capilares marginais da orelha. Os sinais clínicos frequentemente observados foram apatia (100,00%), anorexia/disorexia (100,00%), adipsia (83,33%), secreção ocular (66,66%), linfonodos reativos (66,66%), diarréia (58,33%), vômito, anemia e febre (41,66%). Embora inespecíficos, anemia e trombocitopenia são achados hematológicos frequentes na erliquiose canina e presente em ambas as doenças. Dos 50 cães com erliquiose, 12 (24,00%) apresentaram-se reagentes para leptospirose, sendo os sorovares mais frequentes: Pomona (33,33%) seguido pelo Canicola (27,77%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae (22,22%). Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de se estabelecer um diagnóstico diferencial entre estas doenças que podem ocorrer concomitantemente.

[Predominant Leptospira spp. serovars in serological diagnosis of canines and humans in the City of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil]. / Sorovares de Leptospira spp. predominantes em exames sorológicos de caninos e humanos no município de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to verify the occurrence of the principal Leptospira spp. serovars in domestic dogs and humans, notified in 2008, and the main risk factors in a geographic approach to the disease in the City of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Canine blood serum samples (n=268) from different districts, belonging to the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central Sanitary Districts of Uberlandia, were collected during an animal vaccination campaign against rabies, in August 2008. A geographic approach to the city was conducted, including evaluation of locations in peripheral areas, waste landfills, garbage collection, rodent notification, human leptospirosis cases and overflow flood areas, during 2008. Leptospirosis was diagnosed using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), the gold standard for animal and human leptospirosis diagnosis. RESULTS: Dogs mainly reacted to Autumnalis (34.2%) and Tarassovi (23.7%) serovars, while in humans, predominance of Tarassovi serovars occurred in the cases registered. The occurrence of these serovars could be related to an infection source common to both species, or dogs could be the infection source for humans. The Eastern Sanitary District showed a greater number of reactive dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis occurred in dogs and humans of the City of Uberlandia in 2008. This often neglected disease must be prevented because represents a public health risk and resembles other endemic illness like dengue.

Sorovares de Leptospira spp. predominantes em exames sorológicos de caninos e humanos no município de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais / Predominant Leptospira spp. serovars in serological diagnosis of canines and humans in the City of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a ocorrência dos principais sorovares de Leptospira spp. em cães domésticos e humanos, notificados no ano de 2008, bem como os principais fatores de riscos em uma abordagem geográfica relacionados à doença no município de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram examinadas 268 amostras de soro sanguíneo de cães de diferentes bairros pertencentes aos distritos sanitários norte, sul, leste, oeste e central deste município, colhidas durante a campanha de vacinação antirrábica animal, em agosto de 2008. Foi realizada uma abordagem geográfica do município e avaliada a localização de áreas periféricas, aterro sanitário, coleta de lixo, notificação de roedores, casos de leptospirose humana e áreas de alagamento decorrente de enchentes, durante o ano de 2008. A leptospirose foi diagnosticada pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), padrão-ouro para diagnóstico da leptospirose animal e humana. RESULTADOS: Os cães reagiram principalmente aos sorovares Autumnalis (34,2 por cento) e Tarassovi (23,7 por cento), sendo este, também detectado em humanos em 2008. A ocorrência destes sorovares pode estar relacionada com uma fonte de infecção comum as duas espécies, ou a hipótese de que o cão possa ser a fonte de infecção para o ser humano. O distrito sanitário leste apresentou um maior número de cães reagentes. CONCLUSÕES: A leptospirose ocorreu nos cães e humanos no município de Uberlândia no ano de 2008. Esta doença muitas vezes negligenciada deve ser prevenida por representar risco à saúde pública e se parecer com outras doenças também endêmicas como a dengue.

INTRODUCTION:This study aimed to verify the occurrence of the principal Leptospira spp. serovars in domestic dogs and humans, notified in 2008, and the main risk factors in a geographic approach to the disease in the City of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: Canine blood serum samples (n=268) from different districts, belonging to the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central Sanitary Districts of Uberlandia, were collected during an animal vaccination campaign against rabies, in August 2008. A geographic approach to the city was conducted, including evaluation of locations in peripheral areas, waste landfills, garbage collection, rodent notification, human leptospirosis cases and overflow flood areas, during 2008. Leptospirosis was diagnosed using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), the gold standard for animal and human leptospirosis diagnosis. RESULTS: Dogs mainly reacted to Autumnalis (34.2 percent) and Tarassovi (23.7 percent) serovars, while in humans, predominance of Tarassovi serovars occurred in the cases registered. The occurrence of these serovars could be related to an infection source common to both species, or dogs could be the infection source for humans. The Eastern Sanitary District showed a greater number of reactive dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis occurred in dogs and humans of the City of Uberlandia in 2008. This often neglected disease must be prevented because represents a public health risk and resembles other endemic illness like dengue.

Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep flocks of Uberlândia county, MG.

Neosporosis is a parasitic disease that occurs in sheep and is associated with reproductive failure. The aim of this study was to verify seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in 12 sheep flocks in Uberlândia county, Minas Gerais, Brazil, using Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). A total of 334 sheep blood samples were analyzed and an epidemiologic questionnaire was applied for each farm in order to correlate with risk factors of neosporosis: gender, age, breed, abortion problems, contact with cattle and dogs, and presence of wild canids. The prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep was 8.1%, with titers ranging from 50 to 3200 and 83.3% of farms detected at least one ovine reactive. There was statistically significant difference in flocks with abortion problems associated with the presence of Neospora caninum antibodies (p < 0.05).

Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep flocks of Uberlândia county, MG / Prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em rebanhos de ovinos do município de Uberlândia, MG

Neosporosis is a parasitic disease that occurs in sheep and is associated with reproductive failure. The aim of this study was to verify seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in 12 sheep flocks in Uberlândia county, Minas Gerais, Brazil, using Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). A total of 334 sheep blood samples were analyzed and an epidemiologic questionnaire was applied for each farm in order to correlate with risk factors of neosporosis: gender, age, breed, abortion problems, contact with cattle and dogs, and presence of wild canids. The prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in sheep was 8.1 percent, with titers ranging from 50 to 3200 and 83.3 percent of farms detected at least one ovine reactive. There was statistically significant difference in flocks with abortion problems associated with the presence of Neospora caninum antibodies (p < 0.05).

A neosporose é uma doença parasitária que acomete os ovinos e está associada a perdas reprodutivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em 12 rebanhos de ovinos do município de Uberlândia, MG, utilizando a Técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). Foram analisadas 334 amostras de sangue e, em cada propriedade, aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico para avaliar os fatores de risco envolvidos na transmissão desse protozoário: sexo, idade, raça, problemas de aborto, contato com bovinos e caninos e presença de canídeos silvestres. A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em ovinos foi de 8,1 por cento, com títulos variando de 50 a 3200 e 83,3 por cento das propriedades apresentaram pelo menos um ovino reagente. Houve diferença estatística significativa para rebanhos com problemas de aborto associados à presença de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum (p < 0,05).

Ocorrência de anticorpos anti-leptospira spp. em diferentes sistemas de criação de suínos / Occurrence of leptospira spp. antibodies in pigs from different housing systems

A leptospirose é uma zoonose de grande importância sócio-econômica para a suinocultura. Neste estudo, objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em 132 amostras de soro sangüíneo de suínos procedentes de três diferentes sistemas de produção: granja não tecnificada, granja tecnificada e granja que utiliza o sistema intensivo de suínos criados ao ar livre (SISCAL). As amostras foram processadas através da técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM) em campo escuro, utilizando os seguintes sorovares: Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae e Wolffi. A ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira nas três granjas foi de 47,1%, sendo que identificou-se 20%, 56% e 44,4% nas granjas não tecnificada, tecnificada e o SISCAL, respectivamente. Sessenta e duas amostras foram positivas para um ou mais sorovar, sendo mais freqüentes o Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hardjo e Wolffi com ocorrência de 67,1%, 55,7% e 24%, respectivamente.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis and an important social-economic aspect to the pig farming. In this study, aiming at the objective to determinate the occurrence of antibodies anti-Leptospira from 132 swine serum sample preceded from three differents housing systems: intensive swine farm (high technology), intensive swine farm (low technology) and free range conditions. The samples were processed through the Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT) in dark field, using differents serovars: Bratislava, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hardjo, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Wolffi. The occurrence of antibodies anti-Leptospira from three differents housing systems was 47,1%, being identified 20%, 56% e 44,4% in the intensive swine farm (high technology), intensive swine farm (low technology) and free range conditions, respectively. Sixty-two serum samples were positive for one or more serovar, being more frequent Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hardjo and Wolffi, with occurrence of 67,1%, 55,7% e 24%, respectively.