Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala and colocalization with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

The amygdaloid complex, also known as the amygdala, is a heterogeneous group of distinct nuclear and cortical pallial and subpallial structures. The amygdala plays an important role in several complex functions including emotional behavior and learning. The expression of calcium-binding proteins and peptides in GABAergic neurons located in the pallial and subpallial amygdala is not uniform and is sometimes restricted to specific groups of cells. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is present in specific subpopulations of GABAergic cells in the amygdala. VIP immunoreactivity has been observed in somatodendritic and axonal profiles of the rat basolateral and central amygdala. However, a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of VIP immunoreactivity in the various pallial and subpallial structures is currently lacking. The present study used immunohistochemical and morphometric techniques to analyze the distribution and the neuronal localization of VIP immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala. In the pallial amygdala, VIP-IR neurons are local inhibitory interneurons that presumably directly and indirectly regulate the activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons. In the subpallial amygdala, VIP immunoreactivity is expressed in several inhibitory cell types, presumably acting as projection or local interneurons. The distribution of VIP immunoreactivity is non-homogeneous throughout the different areas of the amygdaloid complex, suggesting a distinct influence of this neuropeptide on local neuronal circuits and, consequently, on the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and endocrine activities mediated by the amygdala.

Connections of the sheep basolateral amygdala: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

BACKGROUND: A large amount of anatomic data published over the past decade has provided novel insight into the connections of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the rat, cat, and monkey. The mammalian (rat, cat, and monkey) BLA has strong connections with the cortex (especially piriform, and frontal cortices), the hippocampal region (especially perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and subiculum), the thalamus (in particular, the posterior internuclear nucleus and medial geniculate nucleus) and, to some extent, the hypothalamus. An important question remains as to how well the data obtained in rodents and primates can be extrapolated to ruminants. NEW METHOD: To address this issue the connections of the sheep BLA has been determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI, Tractography). RESULTS: Tractography showed ipsilateral connections between the BLA and several areas. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Reviews based mainly on description of the results obtained using anterograde and retrograde neuronal tracers. In the present research, we prefer to use a non-invasive technique (DTI). CONCLUSIONS: This report shows the existence of specific amygdaloid connections in the sheep.

Elaboración de una bebida funcional de alto valor biológico a base de borojo (borojoa patinoi cuatrec) / Formulation of a functional beverage of high biological value based on borojo (borojoa patinoi cuatrec)

A functional food of high biological value from Borojó pulp using honey as a sweetener and supported in a yogurt base has been evaluated and optimized in 16 different formulations in the range of 5-15 percent pulp; 70-82.5 percent of yogurt and 5 a 15 percent of honey from Sabana de Bogotá. Based on the ratings physicochemical and sensory analysis was found the optimum formulation with 12.5 percent of pulp, 75.0 base milk yogurt y 12.5 percent w/w honey. The sensory properties have important differences that contribute to the process of optimization. The stability of the product at 8ºC is 30 days. The mixture showed no significant microbial flora due to safety of materials.

Se ha evaluado y optimizado un cremolácteo funcional y de alto valor biológico a partir de pulpa de Borojó usando miel como edulcorante y soportados en una base láctea de yogurt. Se evaluaron 16 formulaciones distintas en el rango 5-15 por ciento de pulpa; 70-82.5 de yogurt y 5 a 15 por cientop/p de miel de la "Sabana de Bogotá". A partir de las valoraciones sensoriales y análisis fisicoquímicos se ha encontrado la formulación óptima con 12.5 por ciento de pulpa, 75.0 de base láctea de yogurt y 12.5 por ciento p/p de miel. Las propiedades sensoriales presentan diferencias importantes, que contribuyen al proceso de la optimización. La estabilidad del producto a 8ºC es de 30 días. La mezcla no revela flora microbiana importante y los niveles observados hacen del producto un material seguro.

Miasis cavitaria: reporte de un caso / Miasis cavitaria: reporte de caso / Cavitary myiasis: case report

La miasis es una enfermedad producida en tejidos o en cavidades corporales por la infestación de larvas de algunas especies de dípteros; su clasificación se hace según el sitio anatómico de infestación o de acuerdo al ciclo vital de la especie. En Colombia, la mayoría de los casos reportados de miasis cavitaria son debidos a Cochiliomyia hominivorax. Se reporta el caso de una paciente desnutrida con perforación del septo nasal, a quien al realizarle endoscopia nasal se le extraen once larvas vivas que posteriormente se envían al Laboratorio de Entomología del Instituto Nacional de Salud, en donde después de 22 días se obtienen moscas adultas de la familia Calliphoridae, género Cochliomyia, especie hominivorax...

Myiasis is an animal or human disease caused by parasitic dipterous fly larvae feeding on the host's necrotic or living tissue. Different classifications of myiasis can be adopted: description of myiasis by the infected area of the host, or accordingly with the biology of the fly species causing the myiasis and its likely effect. In Colombia most of the reported cases of cavity miasis are caused by Cochiliomyia hominivorax. A malnourished female patient is described with perforations in the nasal septo. A nasal endoscopy was performed to this patient and eleven alive larvae extracted and sent to the Laboratory of Entomology at the National Institute of Health. There, the larvea were given the appropriate development conditions for 22 days to finally obtained adult flies, which were identified in the Calliphoridae family, the Cochiliomyia gender and the hominivorax species...

A Miasis é uma doença produzida nos tecidos ou cavidades corporais pela infestação de larvas de algumas espécies de dípteros, sua classificação se faz segundo o lugar anatômico da infestação ou por o ciclo vital da espécie. Na Colômbia, A maioria dos casos reportados de miasis cavitaria são devidos à Cochiliomyia hominivorax. Reporta-se o caso de uma paciente desnutrida com perfuração do septo nasal, a quém ao realizar-lhe endoscopia nasal de llhe extraem onze larvas vivas que posteriormente se enviam ao laboratório de Entolologia do Instituto Nacional de Saúde, em onde depois de 22 dias de obtêm moscas adultas da família Calliphoridae, gênero Cochlomyia, espécie hominivorax...

Olive pollen recombinant allergens: value in diagnosis and immunotherapy.

Olive pollen has a complex allergenic profile, from which more than 10 allergens have been identified and characterized. Some of these belong to well-known protein families and others cannot be included in reported biochemical types. Most of these allergens have been produced by recombinant technology, mainly in Escherichia coli or in Pichia pastoris, and they are good candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Diagnosis and immunotherapy of allergy currently use extracts prepared from homogenates of natural sources, which only allow us to detect sensitivity to the complete source. These extracts can be successfully replaced by mixtures with controlled amounts of specific allergenic proteins obtained by recombinant technology in order to define the sensitization profile of individual patients. Recombinant Ole e 1 can be used as a marker for sensitization to Oleaceae. Recombinants Ole e 2 (profilin) and Ole e 3 (polcalcin) can serve as markers of polysensitivity. Finally, recombinant forms of Ole e 6, Ole e 10, and the carboxy-terminal and amino-terminal domains of Ole e 9 would help to detect sensitization to these minority allergens that could be overlooked in the complete olive pollen extract. These recombinant molecules can help provide an accurate diagnosis of sensitivity to individual allergens and, therefore, improve the design of more efficacious allergen-based immunotherapy strategies.

A pectin methylesterase as an allergenic marker for the sensitization to Russian thistle (Salsola kali) pollen.

BACKGROUND: Chenopodiaceae pollen is considered the main cause of pollen allergy in desert countries and its incidence is world-wide increasing by the desertization of extensive zones. Although the correlation between the sensitization to Chenopodium album and Salsola kali pollens of patients suffering from allergy to Chenopodiaceae pollens is high, a significant number of patients exhibited IgE sensitivity exclusively towards S. kali. OBJECTIVE: To analyse this differential reactivity and to purify, clone and characterize the putative responsible allergen. METHODS: Immunoblotting was used to analyse the IgE binding to pollen extract for S. kali and C. album. The protein was isolated by two chromatographic steps and characterized by Edman degradation, mass spectrometry, finger print analysis and Concanavalin A lectin staining. Specific cDNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced. Immunologic characterization was performed by immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunoassay detection and inhibition experiments using sera from 11 patients allergic to S. kali pollen. RESULTS: cDNA codifies for a mature protein of 339 amino acids plus a putative signal peptide of 23 residues and it belongs to the plant pectin methylesterase (PME) family. It is a mildly basic and polymorphic protein and was recognized by the IgE from all the patients allergic to S. kali included in the study, and was called Sal k 1. The protein was not recognized in the C. album pollen extract using the sera of these patients. CONCLUSION: Sal k 1 is a protein from the PME family with a high allergenic relevance. Considering this allergen as responsible for the different sensitization between S. kali and C. album pollen, it may be a useful marker to classify patients allergic to Chenopodiaceae allowing a safer and more specific immunotherapy.

[Current significance of polypectomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. / Significación actual de la polipectomía del tracto gastrointestinal superior.

Author's experience about 70 endoscopic polipectomy of high gastrointestinal tract, realized on 53 patients during 1978-1983 period was evaluated. Esophaguel polyps incidence was 0.06% among 7.900 endoscopic studies; gastric polyps was 0.8% and duodenal was 0.03%. Diagnosis was radiologically suspected in 58%. Gastric antrum was the predominant localization (45.7%) and macroscopic Yamada types IV (32.8%) and III (30.0%) were found more frequently. Most of patients presented solitary polips (86.7%). 63.2% of pieces were under 10 mm in size and 35.2% between 10 - 20 mm. High frecuency of adenomas (23.5%) and a low one of hyperplasiogenic (7.3%) was the prominent finding; only one case of early gastric cancer was founded (1.5%). Neither adenoms or hyperplasiogenic polyps were founded on gastric fundus, and no direct relation between size and histopatologic type was observed. Only one hemorragic complication (1.4%) was present. Polips incidence on 800 consecutive auptopsy protocols in adults was 0.12%.

Significación actual de la polipectomía del tracto gastrointestinal superior. / [Current significance of polypectomy of the upper gastrointestinal tract]

Authors experience about 70 endoscopic polipectomy of high gastrointestinal tract, realized on 53 patients during 1978-1983 period was evaluated. Esophaguel polyps incidence was 0.06

among 7.900 endoscopic studies; gastric polyps was 0.8

and duodenal was 0.03

. Diagnosis was radiologically suspected in 58

. Gastric antrum was the predominant localization (45.7

) and macroscopic Yamada types IV (32.8

) and III (30.0

) were found more frequently. Most of patients presented solitary polips (86.7

). 63.2

of pieces were under 10 mm in size and 35.2

between 10 - 20 mm. High frecuency of adenomas (23.5

) and a low one of hyperplasiogenic (7.3

) was the prominent finding; only one case of early gastric cancer was founded (1.5

). Neither adenoms or hyperplasiogenic polyps were founded on gastric fundus, and no direct relation between size and histopatologic type was observed. Only one hemorragic complication (1.4

) was present. Polips incidence on 800 consecutive auptopsy protocols in adults was 0.12

.