Mechanism of escape from the antibacterial activity of metal-based nanoparticles in clinically relevant bacteria: A systematic review.

The emergency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in severe infections is increasing, especially in nosocomial environments. The ESKAPE group is of special importance in the groups of multi-resistant bacteria due to its high capacity to generate resistance to antibiotics and bactericides. Therefore, metal-based nanomaterials are an attractive alternative to combat them because they have been demonstrated to damage biomolecules in the bacterial cells. However, there is a concern about bacteria developing resistance to NPs and their harmful effects due to environmental accumulation. Therefore, this systematic review aims to report the clinically relevant bacteria that have developed resistance to the NPs. According to the results of this systematic review, various mechanisms to counteract the antimicrobial activity of various NP types have been proposed. These mechanisms can be grouped into the following categories: production of extracellular compounds, metal efflux pumps, ROS response, genetic changes, DNA repair, adaptative morphogenesis, and changes in the plasma membrane.

Association Between Gender, Age, and Skeletal Class With Mandibular Condyle Morphology: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the impact of demographic variables on mandibular condyle morphology, a critical factor in orthodontic treatment and maxillofacial surgery. The investigation focuses on the relationship between gender, age, and skeletal class with the morphological dimensions of the condyle, utilizing panoramic radiography as a diagnostic tool. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 150 panoramic radiographs from individuals stratified into six groups according to gender and skeletal class. Skeletal classes were determined using Steiner and McNamara cephalometry. The Kodak Carestream software (Rochester, NY: Carestream Health) was employed to measure condylar height, width, and morphology. Statistical evaluations included ANOVA, correlation assessments, and multivariate binary logistic regression to discern the differences and associations among the variables studied. RESULTS: The findings revealed notable differences in condylar dimensions between genders across different skeletal classes, with males typically presenting larger condylar dimensions than females. The data also showed a moderate positive correlation between condyle height and width. Round-shaped condyles were the most common form found, with significant gender differences observed in certain skeletal classes. Additionally, logistic regression analysis identified significant associations between gender, age, and condylar width and shape. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that demographic factors, such as gender and age, significantly affect mandibular condyle morphology. These factors should be carefully considered in clinical evaluations using panoramic radiography to enhance the precision of diagnoses and the effectiveness of subsequent orthodontic and maxillofacial treatments. The results provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals in regions where more advanced imaging techniques may not be readily available.

Coincidencia de criterios para el manejo quirúrgico de caninos impactados/retenidos entre ortodoncistas y cirujanos maxilofaciales: estudio piloto / Criteria agreement for the surgical management of impacted/retained canines among orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons: a pilot study

Introducción: Los caninos son piezas dentarias consideradas como importantes en el sistema estomatognático. En la actualidad existe una gran cantidad de pacientes con caninos impactados en México y el tratamiento es desafiante desde una perspectiva diagnóstica y terapéutica para los especialistas. El tratamiento ortodóntico-quirúrgico se ha vuelto el método preferido por los clínicos tanto especialistas en ortodoncia como cirujanos maxilofaciales.Objetivo: Determinar el grado de coincidencia en los criterios para el manejo quirúrgico de caninos impactados/ retenidos.Material y métodos: Fue un estudio observacional descriptivo y analítico. Se aplicó un cuestionario que consistió de 29 preguntas con un tamaño de muestra de 30 ortodoncistas y 30 cirujanos maxilofaciales.Resultados: Este estudio encontró en promedio un nivel moderado de concordancia (54 %) en el manejo de los caninos retenidos entre cirujanos maxilofaciales y ortodoncistas.Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que, aunque existe alguna alineación en las prácticas de manejo entre estos dos grupos profesionales, también hay una considerable variabilidad. Esto puede reflejar diferencias en la formación, experiencia y preferencias individuales. A pesar de la limitación de una muestra pequeña, estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de directrices clínicas más claras y/o formación adicional para mejorar la coherencia en el manejo de los caninos retenidos. (AU)

Introduction: Canines are dental pieces considered as important in the stomatognathic system. Currently, there is a large number of patients with impacted canines in Mexico, and treatment is challenging from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective for specialists. Orthodonticsurgical treatment has become the preferred method by clinicians, both orthodontics specialists and maxillofacial surgeons.Objective: To determine the degree of agreement in the criteria for the surgical management of impacted/retained canines.Materials and methods: It was a descriptive and analytical observational study. A questionnaire consisting of 29 questions was applied with a sample size of 30 orthodontists and 30 maxillofacial surgeons.Results: This study found on average a moderate level of agreement (54 %) in the management of retained canines between maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists.Conclusions: Our results indicate that, although there is some alignment in management practices between these two professional groups, there is also considerable variability. This may reflect differences in training, experience, and individual preferences. Despite the limitation of a small sample, these findings suggest the need for clearer clinical guidelines and/or additional training to improve consistency in the management of retained canines. (AU)

Correlación de los días de estancia hospitalaria con el índice neutrófilo-linfocítico en pacientes con diagnóstico de angina de Ludwig / Correlation of the days of hospital stay with the neutrophillymphocyte ratio in patients with a diagnosis of Ludwig's angina: pilot study

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio es correlacionar los días de estancia hospitalaria con el índice neutrófilo-linfocitico (INL) como biomarcador, en los pacientes con diagnóstico de angina de Ludwig que fueron admitidos en urgencias. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en los expedientes clínicos del hospital, donde solo se obtuvieron los que tenían diagnóstico de angina de Ludwig desde junio de 2016 hasta junio de 2020, y que cumplieran con los criterios de selección. Posteriormente se recabaron los datos sociodemográficos, días de hospitalización, biometría hemática y valores de neutrófilos y linfocitos para su posterior análisis estadístico. Resultados: Obtuvimos 21 pacientes (9 mujeres y 12 hombres). La edad promedio fue de 43,1 años (rango: 27-70 años). Se transformó la variable de días de hospitalización: en corta estancia hospitalaria aquellos pacientes que estuvieron hospitalizados 5 días o menos; y los de larga estancia hospitalaria aquellos pacientes que estuvieron hospitalizados 6 días o más, para el INL se consideró un índice alto aquellos pacientes que se encontraran con un INL ≥ 6 y un índice bajo aquellos pacientes con un índice ≤ 5, tomando en cuenta el punto de corte con respecto a estudios previamente realizados. Se observó que aquellos pacientes con un INL alto tuvieron una estancia hospitalaria larga, y de acuerdo con los resultados obtuvimos significación estadística (p = 0,02). Conclusiones: El INL parece ser un buen biomarcador para predecir los días de estancia hospitalaria de los pacientes con angina de Ludwig. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para confirmar nuestros resultados. (AU)

Introduction: The aim of this study is to correlate the number of days of hospital stay with the neutrophil-lymphocyte index (NLI) as a biomarker in patients diagnosed with Ludwig's angina who were admitted to the emergency department. Patients and methods: A search was conducted in the hospital's medical records, where only those with a diagnosis of Ludwig's angina from June 2016 to June 2020 and that met the selection criteria were obtained. Afterwards, sociodemographic data, days of hospitalization, hematological parameters, and values of neutrophils and lymphocytes were collected for subsequent statistical analysis. Results: We obtained 21 patients (9 females and 12 males). The average age was 43.1 years (range: 27-70 years). The variable of days of hospitalization was transformed into: short hospital stay for patients who were hospitalized for 5 days or less, and long hospital stay for patients who were hospitalized for 6 days or more. For the NLI, a high index was considered for patients with an NLI ≥ 6 and a low index for patients with an NLI ≤ 5, taking into account the cut-off point with respect to previously conducted studies. We observed that patients with a high NLI had a long hospital stay and according to the results, we obtained statistical significance (p = 0.02). Conclusions: The NLI appears to be a good biomarker for predicting the number of days of hospital stay for patients with Ludwig's angina. However, more studies are needed to confirm our results. (AU)

Association between subjects with newly Diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and dental caries / Asociación entre sujetos con artritis reumatoide recientemente diagnosticada y caries dental

Abstract Alterations in saliva, temporomandibular joint disorders, dysphagia, Sjogrens syndrome, dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss have been identified in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The aims of this research were 1) to study the association between newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and dental caries and 2) to identify most frequent teeth with caries in study groups. A descriptive pilot study was performed. A total of 620 participants were evaluated, 29 met the selection criteria. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: 13 subjects with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and 16 subjects without rheumatoid arthritis. Salivary parameters, DMFT index, care index, FS-T index and Treatment Needs Index were evaluated in all participants. The Fishers Exact test and Mann-Whitney U test we used to establish the differences between groups. Low mean in all salivary parameters and a high caries frequency were observed in subjects with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis compared to a control group (p<0.01). The right maxillary second premolar (n=6, 46%, p=0.0100); right mandibular second premolar (n=7,54%, p=0.0462) and left mandibular second molar (n=10,77%, p=0.0001) were the most frequent teeth with caries. Early diagnosis and early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis can improve the prognosis in most of patients. The development of new public health policies and care based on the prevention are necessary to improve the quality of patients lives.

Resumen Alteraciones en la saliva, trastornos de la articulación temporomandibular, disfagia, síndrome de Sjogren, caries dental, enfermedad periodontal y pérdida de dientes son algunas patologías que se han identificado en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron (1) Asociar la artritis reumatoide recientemente diagnosticada con la caries dentales e (2) Identificar los dientes más frecuentes con caries en los grupos de estudio. Se realizó un estudio piloto descriptivo. 620 participantes fueron evaluados, 29 sujetos cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Los sujetos se dividieron en 2 grupos: 13 sujetos con artritis reumatoide recién diagnosticados y 16 sujetos sin artritis reumatoide. En todos los participantes se evaluaron parámetros salivales, el índice CPOD, el índice IC, el índice FS-T y el índice INT. La prueba exacta de Fisher y U de Mann-Whitney se utilizaron para establecer diferencias entre grupos. En los resultados se observó un bajo promedio de los parámetros salivales y una alta frecuencia de caries en sujetos con artritis reumatoide recién diagnosticados comparados con un grupo control (p<0.01). El segundo premolar superior derecho (n=6,46%, p=0,0100); el segundo premolar mandibular derecho (n=7,54%, p=0.0462) y el segundo molar mandibular izquierdo (n=10,77%, p=0.0001) fueron los dientes más frecuentes con caries dental. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano de la artritis reumatoide pueden mejorar el pronóstico en la mayoría de los pacientes. El desarrollo de nuevas políticas de salud pública basadas en la prevención de la cavidad bucal son necesarias para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Proximal enamel thickness quantification in orthodontics for interproximal reduction: A systematic review / Cuantificación del espesor del esmalte proximal en ortodoncia para la reducción interproximal: una revisión sistemática

Background: Interproximal enamel reduction is a valuable procedure in orthodontics used in several conditions, however, not knowing the average value of proximal enamel thickness might lead to excess enamel removal and consequently to adverse effects. Objective:The objective of this systematic review is to expose the average proximal enamel thicknesses found in the literature, and the differences that might be found between different ethnicities and age groups. Search Methods: 5 electronic databases were used to perform the search. Representative keywords comprised of "enamel", "thickness", "orthodontics" "proximal thickness" and "quantification"; different combination of these keywords with truncation, and medical subject headings (MESH) were used. Selection Criteria: In vitro and in vivo studies, where the quantification of the proximal enamel thickness of the mesial and distal sides were evaluated independently. Data Collection and Analysis: The PICO model was used to evaluate and select the in vitro and in vivo studies. ROBINS-I tool was used to assess the risk of bias of non-randomized clinical studies and a modification of Cochrane risk of bias tool was implemented for the in vitro studies. The quality of evidence and results were evaluated using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal checklist tools for Quasi-Experimental Studies. Results: Literature search identified 3298 records from 5 databases. Ultimately, nine eligible studies were included in the review. Conclusions: The proximal enamel thickness increases as we move distal through the arch and is greater on the distal side compared to the mesial side of each individual tooth. Additionally, there is no difference in the proximal enamel thickness between genders but there is between ethnicities.

Antecedentes:La reducción del esmalte interproximal es un procedimiento valioso en ortodoncia utilizado en varias condiciones, sin embargo, no conocer el valor promedio del espesor del esmalte proximal puede conducir a una eliminación excesiva del esmalte y, en consecuencia, a efectos adversos. Objetivo:El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es exponer los espesores promedio de esmalte proximal encontrados en la literatura y las diferencias que se pueden encontrar entre diferentes etnias y grupos de edad. Materiales y métodos:se utilizaron 5 bases de datos electrónicas para realizar la búsqueda. Palabras clave representativas compuestas por "esmalte", "grosor", "ortodoncia", "grosor proximal" y "cuantificación"; Se utilizaron diferentes combinaciones de estas palabras clave con truncamiento y encabezados de temas médicos (MESH). Criterios de Selección: Estudios in vitro e in vivo, donde se evaluó de forma independiente la cuantificación del espesor del esmalte proximal de los lados mesial y distal. Recopilación y análisis de datos:se utilizó el modelo PICO para evaluar y seleccionar los estudios in vitro e in vivo. Se utilizó la herramienta ROBINS-I para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios clínicos no aleatorizados y se implementó una modificación de la herramienta Cochrane de riesgo de sesgo para los estudios in vitro. La calidad de la evidencia y los resultados se evaluaron utilizando las herramientas de lista de verificación de evaluación crítica del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI) para estudios cuasi-experimentales. Resultados:La búsqueda bibliográfica identificó 3298 registros de 5 bases de datos. Finalmente, se incluyeron nueve estudios elegibles en la revisión. Conclusiones:El grosor del esmalte proximal aumenta a medida que avanzamos distalmente a travésdel arco y es mayor en el lado distal en comparación con el lado mesial de cada diente individual. Además, no hay diferencia en el grosor del esmalte proximal entre géneros, pero sí entre etnias

Proteomic analysis of an Enterococcus faecalis mutant generated against the exposure to silver nanoparticles.

INTRODUCTION: Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely studied as an alternative to antibiotic use due to their antimicrobial properties at lower concentrations. Enterococcus faecalis is a facultative Gram-positive microorganism inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. It can also be present in other environments such as the oral cavity, water, sewage, soil and food. AIMS: We evaluated whether E. faecalis could develop resistance to silver NPs (AgNPs) after exposure to sublethal concentrations of the NPs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Proteomic analyses revealed that different pathways were activated during the acquired resistance under sublethal concentrations, and selected genes were validated by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that E. faecalis is capable of generating resistance to AgNPs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To avoid the generation of resistance against AgNPs, future use of these NPs should be combined with other NPs prepared with different metals to prevent the dissemination of resistant strains.

Corrección de una clase III esqueletal con anclaje óseo en paciente en crecimiento: Reporte de caso / Skeletal class III correction in growing patient with bone anchorage: CaseReport

Antecedentes: La clase III esqueletal, es una deformidad dentofacial donde el tercio inferior de la cara es más prominente, el tratamiento se decide según la etiología y la edad del paciente; si se encuentra en crecimiento la malformación puede ser tratada con un protocolo interceptivo y si es posible evitar la cirugía ortognática a futuro. Objetivo: Mejorar la clase esqueletal, descruzar la mordida u obtener mordida borde a borde, mejorar la posición del labio superior y evaluar el comparativo inicial-final de SNA y ANB. Reporte de caso:Paciente masculino de 13 años, sin antecedentes personales patológicos o familiares reportados; presenta clase III esqueletal responsiva bimaxilar, crecimiento vertical, clase molar I y canina III; fue tratado con el protocolo de mini placas BAMP (bone anchored maxillary protraction) por sus siglas en inglés, elásticos intermaxilares y un paladar con pistas planas. Resultados:La fase ortopédica duro cinco meses y se logró mordida borde a borde y clase I esqueletal. Discusión: Se obtuvieron resultados con el uso de mini implantes sin anclaje extraoral en menos tiempo a comparación de otros métodos que tienen que ser usados por 9-12 meses.Conclusión:El protocolo BAMP puede ser usado en pacientes en crecimiento sin máscara facial para corregir la clase III esqueletal.

Background: Skeletal class III is a dentofacial deformity where the lower third ofthe face is more prominent. The treatment is decided according to the etiology and age of the patient; If the patient is in growing, the malformation can be treated with an interceptive protocol and if possible, avoid a orthognathic surgery in the future. Objective: Improve the skeletal class, uncross the bite or obtain an edge-to-edge bite, improve the position of the upper lip and compare the initial-final relationship of ANS and ANB.Case report:13-year-old male patient, with no reported pathological or family history; presents skeletal class III, vertical growth, molar class I and canine III; he was treated with the protocol of mini BAMP (bone anchored maxillary protraction) plates, intermaxillary elastics and a palate with flat tracks. Results:The orthopedic phase lasted five months and an edge-to-edge bite and skeletal class I were achieved.Discussion:Results were obtained with the use of mini plates without extraoralanchorage in less time compared to other methods that have to be used for 9-12 months. Conclusion: The BAMP protocol can be used in growing patients without a face mask to correct skeletal class III.

Manejo de un paciente clase III ósea con cirugía ortognática tardía: reporte de caso clínico / Management of an orthognathic surgery treatment in a skeletal class IIIpatient: case report

Antecedentes: El tratamiento establecido como el estándar de oro para las malformaciones óseas del complejo cráneo facial es el tratamiento de ortodoncia compaginado con cirugía ortognática, para alcanzar estabilidad oclusal, eliminar discrepancia ósea, armonía facial, mejora en la masticación, fonación y respiración. El protocolo de cirugía ortognática tardía consiste en 3 fases: tratamiento de ortodoncia pre-quirúrgica, cirugía ortognática y ortodoncia post-quirúrgica. Objetivo:El objetivo del caso clínico es trasmitir que el enfoque de cirugía tardía puede dar excelentes resultados, ser eficaz y rápido si existe un buen diagnóstico, manejo y una comunicación estrecha entre el ortodoncista y el cirujano maxilofacial. Reporte de caso:Paciente femenino de 18 años de edad clase III ósea. Presenta molestia ocasional, crepitación y luxación de la articulación temporomandibular, laterognasia. El tratamiento establecido fue cirugía ortognática tardía de ambos maxilares con osteotomía sagital unilateral. Resultados:Los objetivos del plan de tratamiento se cumplieron a 1 año 9 meses de haber iniciado el tratamiento ortodóncico. Conclusión:Con un buen diagnóstico y planificación del tratamiento de ortodoncia ­cirugía ortognática asegura excelentes resultados, así como, estabilidad ósea y armonía oclusal post-cirugía.

Introduction: The treatment established as the gold standard for skeletal deformities of the craniofacial complex is orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery, to achieve occlusal stability, facial harmony, improved mastication, phonation and breathing. The conventional orthognathic surgery protocol consists of 3 phases: pre-surgical orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery and post-surgical orthodontics. Case Report: 18-year-old female patient with skeletal class III. She presents occasional pain, crepitation and luxation of the temporomandibular joint, laterognathia. Treatment: Conventional orthognathic surgery of both jaws with unilateral sagittal osteotomy. Results: The objectives of the treatment plan were achieved 1 year and 9 months after starting orthodontic treatment.Conclusion: With a good diagnosis and treatment planning orthodontic -maxillofacial surgery ensures excellent results, as well as bone stability and occlusal harmony post-surgery.

Should We Be Concerned about the Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Disease in the Risk of Infection by SARS-CoV-2? A Systematic Review and Hypothesis.

The objective of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) with the possibly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to establish a hypothesis that explains the ways in which this interaction could take place. A literature search up from 1 January 2020 to 21 March 2021 was conducted in three electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in order to identify studies on periodontal disease alone or in conjunction with diabetes mellitus, reporting any relation with SARS-CoV-2 infection as a primary outcome. Only articles published in the English language were included. Due to the lack of studies, we decided to collect all the theoretical and clinical evidence suggesting a possible biological pathway evidencing the relationship among PD, DM, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. From a total of 29 articles, 12 were included for final review studies (five reviews, two hypotheses, one Special Issue, one perspective, one commentary, one case-control study, and one case report). In addition, this systematic review article hypothesizes the correlation between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in periodontal tissue and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. T2DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from altered insulin secretion or action. Likewise, periodontitis and T2DM are inflammatory disorders with a bidirectional association, and both diseases have a similar immunomodulatory cascade and cytokine profile. ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the key factor of entry in the cells by the new SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is widely distributed in the lung and kidneys, and interestingly has a great distribution in the oral cavity, principally in the tongue and periodontal tissue. ACE2 in periodontal tissue plays a crucial role between health and disease. Moreover, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis is downregulated in the dysbiotic and inflammatory periodontal environment. Nevertheless, the balance of ACE2 activity is modified in the context of concurrent diabetes, increasing the expression of ACE2 by the uncontrolled glycemia chronic in T2DM. Therefore, the uncontrolled hyperglycemia possibly increases the risk of developing periodontitis and triggering overexpression of ACE2 in periodontal tissue of T2DM patients, with these events potentially being essential to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of mild-to-severe form of COVID-19. In this sense, we would like to point out that the need for randomized controlled trials is imperative to support this association.

Presence of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Entry Factors in Oral Tissues and Cells: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current data about the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its entry factors in oral tissues and cells. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was carried out based on the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Three databases were analyzed (Pubmed, Web of science and Scopus) by three independent researchers. From the 18 identified studies, 10 of them met the inclusion criteria. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 or its entry factors (angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), transmembrane serine proteases (TMPRSS), and furin) was analyzed in these 10 studies during the pandemic. Results: ACE2 expression was analyzed in 9 of the 10 studies. ACE2 is expressed mainly in the tongue, oral mucosa, salivary glands and epithelial cells. The expression of the TMPRSS2 gene or protein was analyzed in 6 studies. These studies reported that the expression of TMPRSS2 was mainly in the salivary glands, tongue, sulcular epithelium and oral mucosa; as well as in cells of the salivary glands (ductal, acinar and myoepithelial cells) and the tongue (the spinous-based cell layer, horny layer and the epithelial surface). Other TMPRSS were also reported. The expression of TMPRSS3, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS5, TMPRSS7 and TMPRSS11D was reported mainly in salivary glands and in epithelial-type cells. Furan expression was analyzed in three studies. The expression of furin was detected mainly in epithelial cells of the tongue. A variety of methods were used to carry out the detection of SARS-CoV-2 or its input molecules. Conclusions: These results show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect a wide variety of oral tissues and cells, and that together with the theories dedicated to explaining the oral symptoms present in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, it provides us with a good scientific basis for understanding the virus infection in the oral cavity and its consequences.

Saliva: What Dental Practitioners Should Know about the Role of This Biofluid in the Transmission and Diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2.

A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a global ongoing pandemic. This pandemic represents a great work risk for all health professionals, it includes dental professionals who are in constant contact with saliva, which represents one of the main routes of transmission of the disease. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of oral tissues and cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and that they express the ACE2 receptor, which is the main route of entry of the virus into cells, as well as the proteins TMPRSS and furin that contributes to the binding of the virus to the host cells. According to recent studies, some of the oral cells most susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 are the epithelial cells of the salivary glands. This explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected patients and provides scientific evidence that supports the use of saliva as a biofluid that offers the opportunity to develop new detection and diagnostic techniques. This is because saliva is much easier to collect compared to nasopharyngeal swab. However, the presence of the virus in saliva, also represents a great source of transmission, since the main form of infection is through microscopic drops that are generated when infected people cough or sneeze. Likewise, health professionals, such as dentists are exposed to contagion through saliva. The objective of this review article is to provide a perspective on the main cells and tissues that can be affected by the virus, the risk of contagion that the presence of the virus in saliva represents for dentists; and the new techniques developed from saliva samples for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review is expected to contribute to the knowledge of oral health professionals about the risk of saliva in the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also its advantages as a diagnostic tool for pandemic control. In conclusion, the authors can mention that information that provides more scientific evidence of the mechanisms of infection of the coronavirus in oral cells and tissues is being published continually. This also explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected people and the risk of contagion that this means. It also provides scientific evidence of the use of saliva as a biofluid for the detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and control of the spread of the virus.

How Dentists Face the COVID-19 in Mexico: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: on 7 January 2020, a new type of coronavirus was isolated, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), the organism causing the outbreak that has affected the lives of all humans and has modified the rules of coexistence around the world. In Mexico, from 3 January 2020 to 9 January 2021, there have been 1439, 569 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 131,031 deaths. The World Health Organization reported that Mexico was ranked twelfth, in terms of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by country. Aim: the objective of this study was to determine what modifications dentists from the Mexican Republic have made to their dental practice during theCOVID-19 pandemic. Methods: the study was conducted based on a questionnaire to evaluate the dentists' response and knowledge on the modifications in their dental practice to combat the new coronavirus's cross-transmission. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed. The questionnaire was disseminated through the social network Facebook. The questionnaire was distributed to groups of dentists on Facebook, in each of the Mexican Republic states. The survey was carried out during June 2020. Results and Conclusions: from the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, 29 participated with at least one respondent. The results of the applied survey suggest that dentists, at least the population of surveyed ones, have proper knowledge of detection methods of patients suspected of COVID-19, preventive measures that must be applied in the dental office to decrease the risk of infection, and the appropriate procedures and solutions for dental office disinfection.

Imaging technologies for the detection of sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin. A review / Herramientas imagenológicas para la detección de patologías sinusales de origen odontogénico. Una revisión

Sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin (SPO) are common in the clinical consultation; however, the dentist has some complications to detect them because their discovery is usually incidental and through imaging studies that, in most cases, are of low quality. The objective of this review is to describe the pertinent imaging resources that allow the detection of the most frequent SPO and, at the same time, carry out an updated review of the scientific literature in order to recognize the imaging of both the maxillary sinus and the dental organs. The scientific literature focused on this topic, published between 2014 and 2020, was consulted. The review showed two important results: the first is that Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) represents the imaging modality with the best performance for the detection of SPO by what can be considered the gold standard for this purpose. The second is that the most frequent SPO is sinus mucositis, which is related to odontogenic conditions such as periapical lesions and periodontal affectations. Although Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is the most appropriate tool to detect SPO compared to images obtained by 2D devices, there are also other alternatives such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, which seem to have a promising future. (AU)

Las patologías sinusales de origen odontogénico (PSO) son frecuentes en la consulta clínica; sin embargo, el odontólogo tiene algunas complicaciones para detectarlos porque su descubrimiento suele ser incidental y mediante estudios de imagen que, en la mayoría de los casos, son de baja calidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los recursos de imagen pertinentes que permitan la detección de las PSO más frecuentes y, al mismo tiempo, realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica con el fin de reconocer la imagenologia tanto del seno maxilar como de los órganos dentales. Se consultó la literatura científica centrada en este tema, publicada entre 2014 y 2020. La revisión arrojó dos resultados importantes: el primero es que la tomografía de haz cónico (TCHC) representa la modalidad de imagen con mejor desempeño para la detección de PSO, por lo que se puede considerar el estándar de oro para este propósito. La segunda es que la PSO más frecuente es la mucositis sinusal, que se relaciona con afecciones odontogénicas como lesiones periapicales y afectaciones periodontales. Si bien la TCHC es la herramienta más adecuada para detectar la SPO en comparación con las imágenes obtenidas con dispositivos 2D, también existen otras alternativas como la resonancia magnética y la ecografía, que parecen tener un futuro prometedor. (AU)

Imaging technologies for the detection of sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin. A review.

Sinus pathologies of odontogenic origin (SPO) are common in the clinical consultation; however, the dentist has some complications to detect them because their discovery is usually incidental and through imaging studies that, in most cases, are of low quality. The objective of this review is to describe the pertinent imaging resources that allow the detection of the most frequent SPO and, at the same time, carry out an updated review of the scientific literature in order to recognize the imaging of both the maxillary sinus and the dental organs. The scientific literature focused on this topic, published between 2014 and 2020, was consulted. The review showed two important results: the first is that Cone Beam Tomography (CBCT) represents the imaging modality with the best performance for the detection of SPO by what can be considered the gold standard for this purpose. The second is that the most frequent SPO is sinus mucositis, which is related to odontogenic conditions such as periapical lesions and periodontal affectations. Although Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is the most appropriate tool to detect SPO compared to images obtained by 2D devices, there are also other alternatives such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, which seem to have a promising future.

Las patologías sinusales de origen odontogénico (PSO) son frecuentes en la consulta clínica; sin embargo, el odontólogo tiene algunas complicaciones para detectarlos porque su descubrimiento suele ser incidental y mediante estudios de imagen que, en la mayoría de los casos, son de baja calidad. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los recursos de imagen pertinentes que permitan la detección de las PSO más frecuentes y, al mismo tiempo, realizar una revisión actualizada de la literatura científica con el fin de reconocer la imagenologia tanto del seno maxilar como de los órganos dentales. Se consultó la literatura científica centrada en este tema, publicada entre 2014 y 2020. La revisión arrojó dos resultados importantes: el primero es que la tomografía de haz cónico (TCHC) representa la modalidad de imagen con mejor desempeño para la detección de PSO, por lo que se puede considerar el estándar de oro para este propósito. La segunda es que la PSO más frecuente es la mucositis sinusal, que se relaciona con afecciones odontogénicas como lesiones periapicales y afectaciones periodontales. Si bien la TCHC es la herramienta más adecuada para detectar la SPO en comparación con las imágenes obtenidas con dispositivos 2D, también existen otras alternativas como la resonancia magnética y la ecografía, que parecen tener un futuro prometedor.

Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles.

The increase in bacterial resistance to one or several antibiotics has become a global health problem. Recently, nanomaterials have become a tool against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are one of the most studied nanomaterials against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Several in vitro studies report that metal nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. However, until recently, the bacterial resistance mechanisms to the bactericidal action of the nanoparticles had not been investigated. Some of the recently reported resistance mechanisms include electrostatic repulsion, ion efflux pumps, expression of extracellular matrices, and the adaptation of biofilms and mutations. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding the mechanisms used by bacteria to counteract the antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles.