Efficacy and tolerance of oral versus parenteral cyanocobalamin supplement in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy: a controlled randomised open-label trial.

OBJECTIVES: Determine comparative tolerance of daily oral and weekly parenteral cobalamin supplementation, in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy. Determine whether oral is as effective as parenteral supplementation at achieving eucobalaminaemia, in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with protein-losing enteropathy, severe hypocobalaminaemia or high canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index at inclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven client-owned dogs with hypocobalaminaemia and clinical signs of chronic enteropathy were prospectively enrolled in three UK referral centres. Dogs were randomly allocated to daily oral for 12 weeks or weekly parenteral cobalamin supplementation for 6 weeks and one additional dose 4 weeks later. Serum cobalamin, body condition score, canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and bodyweight were assessed at inclusion, weeks 7 and 13. Serum methylmalonic acid concentration was evaluated at inclusion and at week 13. Owners completed treatment adherence, palatability, tolerance and satisfaction questionnaires at week 13. RESULTS: Nineteen dogs completed the study. All dogs orally supplemented achieved normal or increased cobalaminaemia at weeks 7 and 13. There was no statistical difference in cobalamin concentration at week 13 in dogs treated with oral or parenteral supplementation, regardless of presence of protein-losing enteropathy, severity of hypocobalaminaemia or canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index at inclusion. Serum methylmalonic acid concentration was not significantly different between oral and parenteral groups, neither were treatment adherence, satisfaction, and tolerance scores at week 13. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Oral is as effective and as well-tolerated as parenteral cobalamin supplementation in hypocobalaminaemic dogs with chronic enteropathy and severe clinical or biochemical phenotypes, and should be considered as a suitable treatment option regardless of disease severity.

Retrospective characterisation and outcome of canine idiopathic mesenteric purulent lymphadenitis and lymph node abscesses at a teaching hospital from 2005 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis or lymph node abscessation, even though rare in dogs, are important diseases in which rapid diagnosis and treatment is critical. This study aimed to characterise the typical features of these conditions in dogs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Archived records from 2005 to 2015 were retrospectively evaluated for the occurrence of idiopathic purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis or lymph node abscesses in dogs. History, physical and clinicopathological abnormalities, diagnostic tests performed, treatment and outcome were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 14 cases with histopathologic and/or cytologic confirmation were identified. Typically, there were gastrointestinal signs including abdominal pain and elevated body temperature. Blood analysis revealed non-specific inflammatory changes including elevated C-reactive protein. Half of the bacterial cultures from lymph nodes showed growth of various bacteria. A primary cause was not identified in any case. Out of 14 cases, 10 cases underwent surgery and all dogs were discharged from the hospital. Three suffered from a relapse between 1 and 5 months after discharge but were successfully managed with antibiotics. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Idiopathic purulent mesenteric lymphadenitis or lymph node abscessation are infrequent but clinically important diseases. Surgical, symptomatic and antibiotic treatment led to resolution of clinical signs in the evaluated cases. Thorough and standardised diagnostic workup and treatment of future cases are necessary to investigate possible pathogeneses and optimal therapeutic options. Outcome was favourable overall.