Does intra-individual neurocognitive variability relate to neuroinvasive disease and quality of life in West Nile Virus?

West Nile Virus (WNV) can be a neuroinvasive pathogen that may produce persistent mild-to-moderate neurocognitive impairments in some infected persons. Intra-individual variability (IIV) is an index of a person's performance across a neuropsychological test or battery, which is an indicator of neurocognitive control and integrity of prefrontal systems. The present study examined possible associations of IIV to neurological health and well-being in WNV infection. Participants included 84 adults with a range of clinical WNV disease (31 West Nile Encephalitis, 16 West Nile Meningitis, 37 West Nile Fever) who completed the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). IIV was operationalized as covariance of variation (CoV), or the intra-individual standard deviation across 5 age-adjusted RBANS standard scores divided by the mean of standard scores. Participants were assessed for health-related quality of life (QoL) using the RAND 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Analyses revealed that the West Nile Encephalitis group had higher neurocognitive CoV compared to the West Nile Fever group, and this difference was associated with a medium effect size (Cohen's d = .52). Mixed linear models controlling for estimated IQ, activities of daily living, depression, neuroinvasive disease groups, and fatigue showed that higher RBANS CoV was associated with lower physical, but not mental health QoL. In persons with WNV infection, there is a modest association between elevations in IIV and encephalitis, and even subtle disruptions in neuropsychological functioning show relationships with important self-reported functioning as measured by physical health quality of life. Future studies should examine whether IIV predicts long-term health outcomes (e.g., mortality) in individuals infected with WNV.

The Neurocognitive and MRI Outcomes of West Nile Virus Infection: Preliminary Analysis Using an External Control Group.

To understand the long-term neurological outcomes resultant of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, participants from a previously established, prospective WNV cohort were invited to take part in a comprehensive neurologic and neurocognitive examination. Those with an abnormal exam finding were invited for MRI to evaluate cortical thinning and regional brain atrophy following infection. Correlations of presenting clinical syndrome with neurologic and neurocognitive dysfunctions were evaluated, as well as correlations of neurocognitive outcomes with MRI results. From 2002 to 2012, a total of 262 participants with a history of WNV infection were enrolled as research participants in a longitudinal cohort study, and 117 completed comprehensive neurologic and neurocognitive evaluations. Abnormal neurological exam findings were identified in 49% (57/117) of participants, with most abnormalities being unilateral. The most common abnormalities included decreased strength (26%; 30/117), abnormal reflexes (14%; 16/117), and tremors (10%; 12/117). Weakness and decreased reflexes were consistent with lower motor neuron damage in a significant proportion of patients. We observed a 22% overall rate of impairment on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), with impairments observed in immediate (31%) and delayed memory (25%). On MRI, participants showed significant cortical thinning as compared to age- and gender-matched controls in both hemispheres, with affected regions primarily occurring in the frontal and limbic cortices. Regional atrophy occurred in the cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, putamen, and globus pallidus. This study provides valuable new information regarding the neurological outcomes following WNV infection, with MRI evidence of significant cortical thinning and regional atrophy; however, it is important to note that the results may include systemic bias due to the external control group. Considering no effective treatment measures are available, strategies to prevent infection are key.

Community-Acquired Meningitis in HIV-Infected Patients in the United States.

We conducted a retrospective study of 549 adults admitted with community-acquired meningitis (CAM) to several hospitals in New Orleans, LA and Houston, TX between 1999 and 2014 to characterize the current epidemiology, clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics, and outcomes of CAM between HIV-infected and uninfected patients and to identify risk factors for adverse outcomes in CAM. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to identify prognostic factors. A total of 1022 patients with CAM were screened. Only 549 (53.7%) subjects had an HIV test and were included in the study. Of those, 138 (25%) had HIV infection. HIV-infected patients presented with less meningeal symptoms (headache, neck stiffness, and Kernig sign), but with higher rates of hypoglycorrhachia, elevated CSF protein, and an abnormal cranial imaging (p < 0.05). More than 50% of all the patients had an unknown etiology. Cryptococcal meningitis was the most common identified etiology of CAM in HIV-infected patients followed by neurosyphilis and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Viral and bacterial etiologies were the most frequent etiologies in non-HIV-infected patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacterial pathogen in both groups, but it was rare overall (2%). Adverse clinical outcomes were similar in both groups (27% vs. 24%). Logistic regression identified hypoglycorrhachia and an abnormal neurological examination as independent predictor factors of worse outcome in all patients with meningitis. Our results demonstrate that the etiology, clinical presentation, and CSF findings differ between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults with CAM, but clinical outcomes are similar.

Baseline Neurocognitive Functioning Predicts Viral Load Suppression at 1-Year Follow-Up Among Newly Diagnosed HIV Infected Patients.

The current prospective observational study evaluated the impact of baseline neurocognitive impairment on future viral load suppression among antiretroviral medication naive persons newly diagnosed with HIV infection. We used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score less than 26, to identify patients with neurocognitive deficits. Of the 138 patients enrolled; virologic suppression was seen in 61% of the participants, while 72% of the participants had a MoCA score less than 26 at baseline. Variables significantly associated with low MoCA score included higher age (p < 0.01) and presence of depression (p < 0.01). After adjusting for these variables, MoCA score less than 26 was significantly associated with a higher risk of failing achieve viral load suppression (adjusted OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.09-6.69). Baseline neurocognitive deficit as measured by MoCA was associated with a higher risk for failing to achieve viral load suppression at one-year follow-up.

Long-term neuromuscular outcomes of west nile virus infection: A clinical and electromyographic evaluation of patients with a history of infection.

INTRODUCTION: Neuromuscular clinical manifestations during acute West Nile virus (WNV) infection are well documented; however, long-term neurologic outcomes still require investigation. METHODS: We conducted a long-term follow-up study in patients with history of WNV infection. Of the 117 patients who participated in neurologic and neurocognitive evaluations, 30 were referred for neuromuscular and electrodiagnostic evaluation based on abnormal findings. RESULTS: We found that 33% of these patients (10 of 30) showed abnormalities on nerve conduction and/or needle electromyography due to primary or secondary outcomes of WNV infection. Most common electrodiagnostic findings and causes of long-term disability were related to anterior horn cell poliomyelitis (WNV poliomyelitis). Electrical data on these patient populations were similar to those observed in chronic poliomyelitis. DISCUSSION: With more than 16,000 cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease reported across the USA since 1999, understanding clinical outcomes from infection will provide a resource for physicians managing long-term care of these patients. Muscle Nerve 57: 77-82, 2018.

Healthcare-Associated Meningitis or Ventriculitis in Older Adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Healthcare-associated meningitis or ventriculitis (HCAMV) is a serious and life-threatening complication of invasive neurosurgical procedures or penetrating head trauma. Older adults are at higher risk of adverse outcomes in community-acquired meningitis but studies of HCAMV are lacking. Therefore, we perform the study to define the differences in clinical outcomes between older and younger adults with HCAMV. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: A large tertiary care hospital in Houston, Texas, from July 2003 to November 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with a diagnosis of HCAMV (N = 160) aged ≥65 (n = 35), aged 18-64 (n = 125). MEASUREMENTS: Demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory results, treatments, and outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale). RESULTS: Older adults had more comorbidities and CSF abnormalities [pleocytosis, high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein, low CSF glucose) and were more likely to have altered mental status than younger adults (P < .05). An adverse clinical outcome was seen in 142 participants (89%) (death (n = 18, 11%), persistent vegetative state (n = 26, 16%), severe disability (n = 68, 43%), moderate disability (n = 30, 19%). There was no difference in adverse outcomes between older (97%) and younger (86%) adults (P = .13). On logistic regression analysis, abnormal neurological examination (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 7.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.15-23.63, P = .001) and mechanical ventilation (aOR = 11.03, 95% CI = 1.35-90.51, P = .02) were associated with adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Older adults with HCAMV have more comorbidities and CSF abnormalities and are more likely to have altered mental status than younger adults but have similar high rates of adverse clinical outcomes.

Acute versus subacute community-acquired meningitis: Analysis of 611 patients.

Community-acquired meningitis can be classified into acute and subacute presentations by the duration of illness of ≤ or >5 days, respectively. There are currently no studies comparing the clinical features, management decisions, etiologies, and outcomes between acute and subacute presentations.It is a retrospective study of adults with community-acquired meningitis hospitalized in Houston, TX between January 2005 and January 2010. An adverse clinical outcome was defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of ≤4.A total of 611 patients were identified, of which 458 (75%) were acute and 153 subacute (25%). The most common etiologies were unknown in 418 (68.4%), viral in 94 (15.4%), bacterial in 47 (7.7%), fungal in 42 patients (6.9%), and other noninfectious etiologies in 6 (1%). Patients with subacute meningitis were more likely to be immunosuppressed or have comorbidities, had fungal etiologies, and had higher rates of hypoglycorrachia and abnormal neurological findings (P <.05). Patients with an acute presentation were more likely to be treated empirically with intravenous antibiotics and had higher cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and serum white blood cell counts (P <.05). On logistic regression, age >65 years and abnormal neurological findings were predictive of an adverse clinical outcome in both acute and subacute meningitis, whereas fever was also a significant prognostic factor in acute meningitis. (P <.05).Acute and subacute meningitis differ in regards to clinical presentations, etiologies, laboratory findings, and management decisions, but did not differ in rates of adverse clinical outcomes. Future studies including thoroughly investigated patients with new diagnostic molecular methods may show different results and outcomes.

Aseptic meningitis in adults and children: Diagnostic and management challenges.

BACKGROUND: Aseptic meningitis represents a common diagnostic and management dilemma to clinicians. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical epidemiology, diagnostic evaluations, management, and outcomes between adults and children with aseptic meningitis. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective study from January 2005 through September 2010 at 9 Memorial Hermann Hospitals in Houston, TX. Patients age≥2months who presented with community-acquired aseptic meningitis with a CSF white blood cell count >5cells/mm3 and a negative Gram stain and cultures were enrolled. Patients with a positive cryptococcal antigen, positive blood cultures, intracranial masses, brain abscesses, or encephalitis were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 509 patients were included; 404 were adults and 105 were children. Adults were most likely to be female, Caucasian, immunosuppressed, have meningeal symptoms (headache, nausea, stiff neck, photophobia) and have a higher CSF protein (P <0.05). In contrast, children were more likely to have respiratory symptoms, fever, and leukocytosis (P <0.05). In 410 (81%) patients, the etiologies remained unknown. Adults were more likely to be tested for and to have Herpes simplex virus and West Nile virus while children were more likely to be tested for and to have Enterovirus (P <0.001). The majority of patients were admitted (96.5%) with children receiving antibiotic therapy more frequently (P <0.001) and adults receiving more antiviral therapy (P=0.001). A total of 384 patients (75%) underwent head CT scans and 125 (25%) MRI scans; all were normal except for meningeal enhancement. All patients had a good clinical outcome at discharge. DISCUSSION: Aseptic meningitis in adults and children represent a management challenge as etiologies remained unknown for the majority of patients due to underutilization of currently available diagnostic techniques.

Prognostic Impact of Health Care-Associated Meningitis in Adults with Intracranial Hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: Health care-associated meningitis and ventriculitis (HCAMV) occurs in adults with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, but the prognostic impact of this infectious complication in a controlled matched study of ICH is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of adult patients with ICH and HCAMV at a large tertiary care hospital in Houston, Texas, from 2003 to 2016. Cases were defined as patients with ICH and HCAMV as documented by a positive cerebrospinal fluid culture. Controls were defined as patients with ICH without evidence of HCAMV. An adverse clinical outcome was defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of ≤4. RESULTS: This study included 120 patients with ICH; 40 patients also had HCAMV, whereas 80 patients had ICH with no evidence of HCAMV. Cases and controls were appropriately matched by age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (P > 0.05). Patients with ICH and meningitis had more comorbidities, higher rates of abnormal neurologic examination, hypoglycorrhachia, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels (P < 0.05). Adverse clinical outcomes were greater in patients with HCAMV and ICH than in patients with ICH alone (83% vs. 30%; P < 0.001). On logistic regression analysis, independent risk factors associated with an adverse outcome were HCAMV and mechanical ventilation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HCAMV has a significant prognostic impact in adults with ICH.

The clinical significance of neutrophilic pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with viral central nervous system infections.

BACKGROUND: Viral central nervous system (CNS) infections are typically characterized by a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytic pleocytosis. A CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis presentation has been described, but its prognostic and clinical significance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics of viral CNS infections with a CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis to those with a lymphocytic pleocytosis, and (2) evaluate factors associated with an adverse clinical outcome. METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with confirmed viral CNS infections was conducted. The patients were divided into those with CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis and those with CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis. Clinical findings and outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Of the 182 patients included in the study, 45 (24.7%) had CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis. Enterovirus infections were the cause of 64% of neutrophil-predominant CSF and 33% of lymphocyte-predominant CSF (p<0.001), while herpes infections were the cause of 46% of lymphocytic pleocytosis and 20% of neutrophilic pleocytosis (p=0.003). Moreover, neutrophilic pleocytosis was seen more commonly in younger patients (p=0.001), patients with respiratory symptoms (p=0.04), and patients with higher CSF white cell counts (p=0.004). Twenty-nine patients had an adverse clinical outcome (15.9%); the only predictor independently associated with an adverse clinical outcome on multivariable logistic regression analysis was an encephalitis presentation (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of a study exploring the association between CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis and clinical and prognostic significance are presented here. This study suggests that CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis is not associated with higher adverse clinical outcomes.

Cranial Imaging Before Lumbar Puncture in Adults With Community-Acquired Meningitis: Clinical Utility and Adherence to the Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines.

BACKGROUND.: The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines delineate criteria for the use of computed tomography (CT) scan of the head before lumbar puncture (LP) in adults with community-acquired meningitis (CAM). There are limited data to document adherence to these guidelines and assess the clinical utility of brain imaging. METHODS.: This was a retrospective analysis from January 2005 to January 2010 in Houston, Texas. RESULTS.: Among 614 adults with CAM, 407 patients (66.3%) did not have an indication for a head CT scan and 207 (33.7%) did. Patients with a CT scan indication were older, had more comorbidities, were sicker, and had more urgent treatable etiologies and adverse clinical outcomes (P < .001). A CT scan was ordered before the LP in 549 patients (89%). Overall, clinicians did not adhere to clinical guidelines in 368 of 614 (60%) subjects. A CT of the head was ordered when not indicated in 355 of 549 patients (64%), and not done when indicated in 13 of 207 patients (0.6%). CT of the head revealed intracranial abnormalities in 35 of 193 patients (18.1%) with an indication for brain imaging, compared with only 2 of 356 (0.05%) with no indication (P < .05). Major intracranial findings were seen in only 15 of 549 (2.7%) patients, all with an indication for brain imaging. Furthermore, only 8 patients had abnormalities that affected clinical management. CONCLUSIONS.: Most clinicians do not adhere to IDSA guidelines, delaying diagnostic LP and increasing costs. Usefulness of head CT in patients with CAM without an indication for imaging is limited and has no impact in clinical management.

Anti-NMDA Receptor antibody encephalitis with concomitant detection of Varicella zoster virus.

The typical presentation of anti-NMDA (N-Methyl-d-Aspartate) receptor encephalitis involves young women with psychiatric, neurologic and autonomic symptoms; it is often associated with mature ovarian teratomas. NMDA receptor encephalitis has been described following Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. This case describes a classic presentation of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with the concomitant presence of Varicella zoster virus in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Use of Testing for West Nile Virus and Other Arboviruses.

In the United States, the most commonly diagnosed arboviral disease is West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Diagnosis is made by detecting WNV IgG or viral genomic sequences in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. To determine frequency of this testing in WNV-endemic areas, we examined the proportion of tests ordered for patients with meningitis and encephalitis at 9 hospitals in Houston, Texas, USA. We identified 751 patients (567 adults, 184 children), among whom 390 (52%) experienced illness onset during WNV season (June-October). WNV testing was ordered for 281 (37%) of the 751; results indicated acute infection for 32 (11%). Characteristics associated with WNV testing were acute focal neurologic deficits; older age; magnetic resonance imaging; empirically prescribed antiviral therapy; worse clinical outcomes: and concomitant testing for mycobacterial, fungal, or other viral infections. Testing for WNV is underutilized, and testing of patients with more severe disease raises the possibility of diagnostic bias in epidemiologic studies.

Gender Differences in Community-acquired Meningitis in Adults: Clinical Presentations and Prognostic Factors.

Community-acquired meningitis is a serious disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences involved with the clinical presentations of and prognostic factors for this disease. We conducted a retrospective study of 619 adults diagnosed with community-acquired meningitis in Houston, Texas, who were hospitalized between 2005 and 2010. Patients were categorized as male or female. Those who were evaluated to have a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of four or less were classified to have an adverse clinical outcome. Males consisted of 47.2% (292/619) of the total cohort, and more often presented with coexisting medical conditions, fever, abnormal microbiology results, and abnormalities on head computed tomography. Females more often presented with nuchal rigidity. On logistic regression, fever, CSF glucose <45 mg/dL, and an abnormal neurological examination were predictors of an adverse outcome in male patients, while age greater than 60 years and an abnormal neurological examination were associated with a poor prognosis in female patients. Thus, community-acquired meningitis in males differs significantly from females in regards to comorbidities, presenting symptoms and signs, abnormal laboratory and imaging analysis, and predictors of adverse clinical outcomes.

Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Adverse Outcome in Adult and Pediatric Patients With Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis.

Background. Healthcare-associated meningitis or ventriculitis is a serious and life-threatening complication of invasive neurosurgical procedures or penetrating head trauma. Methods. We performed a retrospective study of adults and children with the diagnosis of healthcare-associated meningitis or ventriculitis, as defined by the 2015 Centers of Disease Control and Prevention case definition, at 2 large tertiary care hospitals in Houston, Texas from July 2003 to November 2014. Patients were identified by infection control practitioners and by screening cerebrospinal fluid samples sent to the central laboratory. We collected data on demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory results, imaging studies, treatments, and outcomes. Results. A total of 215 patients were included (166 adults and 49 children). A positive cerebrospinal fluid culture was seen in 106 (49%) patients, with the majority of the etiologies being Staphylococcus and Gram-negative rods. An adverse clinical outcome was seen in 167 patients (77.7%) and was defined as death in 20 patients (9.3%), persistent vegetative state in 31 patients (14.4%), severe disability in 77 patients (35.8%), or moderate disability in 39 patients (18.1%). On logistic regression analysis, age >45 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 6.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.31-18.11; P ≤ .001), abnormal neurological exam (adjusted OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.27-7.29; P = .013), and mechanical ventilation (adjusted OR, 5.34; 95% CI, 1.51-18.92; P = .01) were associated with an adverse outcome. Conclusions. Healthcare-associated meningitis or ventriculitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.

Enhancing pathogen identification in patients with meningitis and a negative Gram stain using the BioFire FilmArray(®) Meningitis/Encephalitis panel.

BACKGROUND: Meningitis with a negative cerebrospinal (CSF) Gram stain represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the performance of the BioFire FilmArray(®) Meningitis/Encephalitis (FA ME) panel in patients presenting with community-acquired meningitis with a negative Gram stain. METHODS: CSF from 48 patients with community-acquired meningitis with a negative Gram stain admitted to four hospitals in Houston, TX underwent additional testing by the FA ME. FA ME results were compared to results obtained as part of routine evaluation. RESULTS: The panel detected pathogens not previously identified in 11 (22.9 %) of 48, but did not detect pathogens identified by standard technique (West Nile virus, Histoplasma) in 5 (15.2 %) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid testing for the most common pathogens causing meningitis will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with meningitis.

West Nile Virus Retinopathy and Associations with Long Term Neurological and Neurocognitive Sequelae.

West Nile virus (WNV) has emerged as an important vector-borne pathogen in North America, with more than 3 million estimated to have been infected. Retinopathy from WNV infection has been previously reported in acute cases, though those prior reports did not evaluate the risk of retinopathy based on clinical severity of neurologic disease. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to perform comprehensive ophthalmological and neurological examinations on 111 patients with a history of West Nile virus infection and describe the ocular manifestations. Out of 111 patients, 27 (24%) had evidence for West Nile virus associated retinopathy (WNVR); this observation was higher (49%) in those patients who initially presented with encephalitis. Individuals with WNVR had more frequent involvement of the macula and peripheral involvement compared to those patients without WNVR (p<0.05). WNVR was also associated with a greater likelihood of abnormal reflexes on neurological exam, poorer learning, greater dependence in activities of daily living, and lower quality of life (p<0.05). WNVR was seen more frequently in elderly patients (age > 60 years), and was associated with higher rates of diabetes mellitus and a history of encephalitis (p<0.05). A multivariable logistic regression revealed that only a history of encephalitis was independently associated with WNVR [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 4.9 (1.8-13.2); p = 0.001]. Our study found that WNVR occurs in one fourth of patients with a history of WNV infection and is more frequently observed in those with apparent severe neurological sequelae (e.g., encephalitis). The clinical relevance of WNVR was supported by its associations with dependence in activities of daily living and lower quality of life. This unique evaluation of WNV patients included fundoscopic examinations and their associations with neurologic impairment. Our findings can be used during ophthalmological consultation for the evaluation, treatment and rehabilitation phases of care for WNV patients.

Herpes simplex and varicella zoster CNS infections: clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics, imaging studies and prognostic factors of adverse clinical outcomes (ACO) among adults with herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) CNS infections. METHODS: Retrospective review of adult patients with positive HSV or VZV polymerase chain reaction on CSF from an observational study of meningitis or encephalitis in Houston, TX (2004-2014), and New Orleans, LA (1999-2008). RESULTS: Ninety-eight adults patients were identified; 25 had encephalitis [20 (20.4 %) HSV, 5 (5.1 %) VZV], and 73 had meningitis [60 (61.1 %) HSV and 13 (13.3 %) VZV]. HSV and VZV had similar presentations except for nausea (P < 0.01) and rash (P < 0.001). The CSF profile did not differ between HSV and VZV infection. Abnormal neuroimaging findings were found in 11.6 % (10/86) brain CTs and 21.3 % (16/75) brain MRIs. The EEG was abnormal in 57.9 % (11/19). Sixteen patients (16.3 %) had an ACO (10 HSV encephalitis, 3 VZV encephalitis and 3 VZV meningitis). Intravenous acyclovir administered within 48 h was protective against an ACO [OR 0.19 (0.04-0.80), P = 0.02). However, on logistic regression only Charlson comorbidity score >1 and an encephalitis presentation were independently associated with an ACO. The treatment for HSV meningitis was variable, and all patients had a good clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: Alpha herpes CNS infections due to HSV and VZV infections have similar clinical and laboratory manifestations. ACO was observed more frequently in those patients with comorbidities and an encephalitis presentation.

Neurocognitive deficits increase risk of poor retention in care among older adults with newly diagnosed HIV infection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of neurocognitive impairment on retention in care across the lifespan in antiretroviral-naïve persons newly diagnosed with HIV. DESIGN: A prospective observational study of 138 antiretroviral-naive newly diagnosed HIV-positive participants who presented to an urban clinic between August 2010 and April 2013. METHODS: All participants underwent a baseline evaluation that included a neuromedical examination and brief neuropsychological test battery. Retention in care was operationalized as attending at least two visits separated by more than 90 days during the 12-month follow-up period. RESULTS: Fifty-five per cent of participants were retained in care over the study observation period. In a logistic regression controlling for ethnicity, there was a significant interaction between age and neurocognitive impairment in predicting retention in care (P = 0.009). Planned post-hoc analyses showed that neurocognitive impairment was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of retention in care among participants aged 50 years and older (P = .007), but not among younger participants (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Extending prior research on antiretroviral adherence and medication management, findings from this study indicate that neurocognitive impairment may be an especially salient risk factor for poor retention in care among older adults with newly diagnosed HIV infection.

Hypoglycorrhachia in adults with community-acquired meningitis: etiologies and prognostic significance.

OBJECTIVES: Hypoglycorrhachia (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose <45 mg/dl) has been identified as a prognostic factor in patients with meningitis. The differential diagnosis of hypoglycorrhachia and its clinical significance was analyzed in the present study. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 620 adult patients with community-acquired meningitis (CSF white blood cell count >5 × 10(6) cells/l and absence of a CSF shunt or recent neurosurgical procedure (<1 month)) at eight Memorial Hermann hospitals in Houston, Texas, from January 2005 to December 2010. An adverse clinical outcome was defined as a Glasgow outcome scale score of ≤ 4. RESULTS: Out of 620 patients with meningitis, 116 (19%) had hypoglycorrhachia. Etiologies of hypoglycorrhachia were idiopathic (n=40), bacterial (n=27), cryptococcal (n=26), viral (n=15), and tuberculous (n=4). Patients with hypoglycorrhachia were more likely to be immunosuppressed, have a history of intravenous drug use, and present with a vesicular or petechial rash, nausea or vomiting, nuchal rigidity, sinusitis/otitis, abnormal mental status, and focal neurological deficits compared to those patients without hypoglycorrhachia (p<0.05). Additionally, patients in the hypoglycorrhachia group had significantly higher rates of positive CSF and blood cultures, urgent treatable conditions, and abnormal cranial imaging (p<0.05). Furthermore, patients with hypoglycorrhachia had more adverse clinical outcomes (26/116 (22.4%) vs. 45/504 (8.9%); p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Hypoglycorrhachia has significant clinical and prognostic value in the evaluation of adult patients with community-acquired meningitis.