Biofilm Eradication and Inhibition of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Clinical Isolates by Curcumin-Chitosan Magnetic Nanoparticles.

Biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (MR-CoNS) are a clinical challenge for the treatment of healthcare-associated infections. As alternative antimicrobial options are needed, we aimed to determine the effect of curcumin-chitosan magnetic nanoparticles on the biofilm of staphylococcal clinical isolates. MRSA and CoNS clinical isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution. Nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and encapsulation by ionotropic gelation of curcumin (Cur) and chitosan (Chi). Biofilm inhibition and eradication by nanoparticles with and without the addition of oxacillin was assessed on staphylococcal strains. Cur-Chi-MNP showed antimicrobial activity on planktonic cells of MRSA and MR-CoNS strains and inhibited biofilm of MRSA. The addition of OXA to Cur-Chi-MNP increased biofilm inhibition and eradication activity against all Staphylococci strains (p=0.0007); higher biofilm activity was observed in early biofilm stages. Cur-Chi-MNP showed antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition activity against S. aureus. The addition of OXA increased biofilm inhibition and eradication activity against all Staphylococci strains. A combination treatment of Cur-Chi-MNP and OXA could be potentially used to treat staphylococcal biofilm-associated infections in its early stages before the establishment of biofilm bacterial cells.

Planktonic and biofilm states of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bone and joint infections and the in vitro effect of orally available antibiotics.

AIMS: To demonstrate the in vitro activity of orally available antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bone or orthopedic implant materials. The biofilm eradication of the combination of three antibiotics was also assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical isolates from orthopedic infection samples were collected, and S. aureus isolates were classified according to their biofilm production and composition. Almost all S. aureus isolates (n = 36, 97.3%) produced biofilm and the major biofilm components were polysaccharides. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined in planktonic (minimal inhibitory concentration; MIC) and biofilm cells (minimal biofilm eradication concentration; MBEC) using the MBEC Calgary Device. Overall, the MBEC ranged higher than the MIC. When combined at borderline-susceptible concentrations, moxifloxacin-rifampin and doxycycline-rifampin were both able to eradicate biofilms in a third of the strains whereas the doxycycline-moxifloxacin combination proved ineffective at eradicating biofilm, inhibiting it only in three strains. CONCLUSIONS: We propose rifampin in combination with moxifloxacin or doxycycline for the design of clinical trials of bone and/or orthopedic device infection without proper debridement or material retention.

Identificación de genotipos de Chlamydia trachomatis en neonatos con distrés respiratorio / Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in newborns with respiratory distress

Introducción: Cada año se notifican ciento treinta millones de infecciones por Chlamydia trachomatis en todo el mundo. Diecinueve serotipos de este patógeno pueden causar infecciones en mujeres embarazadas y recién nacidos. En México se desconoce la distribución de estos genotipos en recién nacidos con infecciones respiratorias. Material y métodos: Se analizaron mil sesenta y dos muestras de lavado bronquial de neonatos con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria para detección de infección por clamidia. El diagnóstico de clamidia se realizó mediante la detección de plásmidos con un ensayo PCR interno y los genotipos se identificaron mediante un ensayo PCR-RFLP del gen ompA. Resultados: El genotipado de 40 cepas identificó a 14 como I/Ia (35%), 13 como E (32,5%), 7 como D (17,5%), 5 como F (12,5%) y 1 como L2 (2,5%). El análisis de riesgo relativo mostró que el genotipo D se asoció con sepsis neonatal (RR=5,83; IC 95%: 1,51-25,985; p <0,02), mientras que el genotipo I/Ia mostró asociación significativa con madres que desarrollaron corioamnionitis (2,8; IC 95%: 1,4-5,5; p <0,05). Conclusiones: Si bien los genotipos I/Ia y E de Chlamydia trachomatis fueron la causa más frecuente de infección respiratoria en neonatos mexicanos, el 80% de los genotipos F produjeron este padecimiento. En cambio, el genotipo D se asoció con el desarrollo de sepsis neonatal y el genotipo I/Ia con corioamnionitis. (AU)

Introduction: One hundred thirty million Chlamydia trachomatis infections are reported worldwide each year. Nineteen serotypes of this pathogen can cause infection in pregnant women and neonates. The distribution of these genotypes in newborns with respiratory infections in Mexico is unknown. Material and methods: We tested 1062 bronchial lavage samples from neonates with respiratory distress syndrome for Chlamydia infection. The diagnosis of Chlamydia was made by plasmid detection with an in-house PCR assay, and genotypes were identified using a PCR-RFLP assay for the ompA gene. Results: The genotyping of 40 strains identified 14 as I/Ia (35%), 13 as E (32.5%), 7 as D (17.5%), 5 as F (12.5%), and 1 as L2 (2.5%). The relative risk analysis showed that genotype D was associated with neonatal sepsis (RR, 5.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-25.985; P<.02), while the I/Ia genotype was significantly associated with chorioamnionitis in the mother (2.8; 95% CI, 1.4–5.5; P<.05). Conclusions: Although Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes I/Ia and E of were the strains involved most frequently in respiratory infections in Mexican neonates, 80% of patients with genotype F developed respiratory disease. In contrast, genotype D was associated with neonatal sepsis, and genotype I/Ia with chorioamnionitis. (AU)

Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in newborns with respiratory distress.

INTRODUCTION: One hundred thirty million Chlamydia trachomatis infections are reported worldwide each year. Nineteen serotypes of this pathogen can cause infection in pregnant women and neonates. The distribution of these genotypes in newborns with respiratory infections in Mexico is unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We tested 1062 bronchial lavage samples from neonates with respiratory distress syndrome for Chlamydia infection. The diagnosis of Chlamydia was made by plasmid detection with an in-house PCR assay, and genotypes were identified using a PCR-RFLP assay for the ompA gene. RESULTS: The genotyping of 40 strains identified 14 as I/Ia (35%), 13 as E (32.5%), 7 as D (17.5%), 5 as F (12.5%), and 1 as L2 (2.5%). The relative risk analysis showed that genotype D was associated with neonatal sepsis (RR, 5.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-25.985; P < .02), while the I/Ia genotype was significantly associated with chorioamnionitis in the mother (2.8; 95% CI, 1.4-5.5; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Although C. trachomatis genotypes I/Ia and E of were the strains involved most frequently in respiratory infections in Mexican neonates, 80% of patients with genotype F developed respiratory disease. In contrast, genotype D was associated with neonatal sepsis, and genotype I/Ia with chorioamnionitis.

Rapid methicillin resistance detection and subspecies discrimination in Staphylococcus hominis clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF MS.

PURPOSE: Staphylococcus hominis is a coagulase-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for implanted medical device infections. Rapid identification and virulence factors detection are crucial for appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We aimed to search protein biomarker peaks for rapid classification of antibiotic resistance and subspecies of S. hominis using MALDI-TOF MS. METHODS: S. hominis clinical isolates (n = 148) were screened for subspecies differentiation by novobiocin resistance. Biofilm composition and formation were determined by detachment assay and crystal violet staining, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the broth microdilution method. The search for potential biomarkers peaks was enabled by ClinProTools 3.0, flexAnalysis 3.4, and Biotools 3.2 for statistical analysis, peak visualization, and protein/peptide alignment, respectively. RESULTS: Of 148 isolates, 12.16% were classified as S. hominis subsp. novobiosepticus, 77.77% were biofilm producers, and ˃ 50% were multidrug-resistant. Two potential biomarker peaks, 8975 m/z and 9035 m/z were detected for the discrimination of methicillin resistance with a sensitivity of 96.72%. The following peaks were detected for subspecies differentiation: 2582 m/z, 2823 m/z, and 2619 m/z with 88.89-98.28% of sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: We found potential biomarker peaks to predict methicillin resistance and discriminate S. hominis subspecies during routine MALDI-TOF MS identification in a clinical setting to enable better antibiotic treatment.

Improvement of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-growingcoagulase-negative Staphylococcus hominis.

Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus hominis causes bloodstream infections and often can form biofilms on medical devices. This study aimed to improve the current methodology for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in biofilm-growing S. hominis isolates. Biofilm production of S. hominis was assessed using the crystal violet staining method in trypticase soy broth supplemented with 1% glucose (TSBglu1%), Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB), or MHBglu1% using flat-bottom plates or the Calgary device. Susceptibility to antibiotics was assessed using the broth microdilution method (MHB and TSBglu1%) in planktonic cells (round-bottom plates) and biofilm cells (flat-bottom plates and the Calgary device). Biofilm determination using TSBglu1% yielded better performance over MHB, and flat-bottom plates without agitation were preferred over the Calgary device. Higher fold dilution values between the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were obtained in MHB for almost all antibiotics, except for linezolid. TSBglu1% and flat-bottom polystyrene plates were preferred over MHB and the Calgary device for biofilm determination. AST in biofilm-growing S. hominis showed better performance using TSBglu1% compared to MHB. Therefore, when comparing MBEC and MIC values, AST in planktonic cells could also be performed using TSBglu1% instead of MHB.

Osteomielitis esternoclavicular, tratamiento local y sistémico. Reporte de caso / Sternoclavicular osteomielitis local and systemic treatment. Case report

Resumen Caso reporte de una enfermedad infrecuente, aproximadamente 1% de las artritis sépticas son esternoclavicular, con poca respuesta a antibioterapia intravenosa, requiriendo manejo quirúrgico agresivo, el siguiente caso narra la excelente respuesta con el uso de perlas de sulfato de calcio impregnadas con antibióticos, existiendo en la literatura sólo casos reportes sobre su uso.

Abstract Case report of an infrequent disease, approximately 1% of septic arthritis are sternoclavicular, with little response to intravenous antibiotic therapy, requiring ag gressive surgical management, the following case narrates the excellent response with the use of calcium sulfate pearls impregnated with antibiotics, existing in the literature only cases reports on its use.

Clinical pharmacist input on HIV management may improve antiretroviral prescribing for psychiatric patients.

PURPOSE: The results of a study to determine the difference in HIV management with clinical pharmacist input in an adult psychiatric hospitalized patient population are reported. METHODS: Single-center, retrospective study of patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital on antiretroviral (ARV) medication(s) from October 2016 to March 2017 (phase I: no pharmacist involvement), October 2017 to March 2018 (phase II: partial pharmacist involvement), and November 2018 to January 2019 (phase III: consistent pharmacist involvement). Patients were excluded if less than 18 years of age, pregnant, incarcerated, or taking ARV medication(s) for non-HIV indications. The primary outcome was difference in appropriateness of ARV therapy prior to and during pharmacist involvement. Secondary outcomes were appropriateness of opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis, laboratory testing, and comprehensive HIV management. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included per phase. An increased number of appropriate ARV regimens were initiated in phase II compared to phase I (62% vs 32%; P = 0.01) and in phase III compared to phase II (84% vs 62%; P = 0.036). Increased laboratory monitoring was seen with partial and consistent pharmacist involvement. Among the patients requiring OI prophylaxis, appropriate prophylaxis was initiated in more patients in phase III (57%) than in phase II (50%) or phase I (11%). More patients had comprehensive HIV management in phase II compared to phase I (38% vs 5%; P < 0.001) and in phase III compared to phase II (46% vs 38%; P = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Pharmacist involvement in HIV management in a psychiatric patient population increased appropriateness of ARV therapy, laboratory testing, and OI prophylaxis.

Effects of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Due to the lack of proven therapies, we evaluated the effects of early administration of tocilizumab for COVID-19. By inhibition of the IL-6 receptor, tocilizumab may help to mitigate the hyperinflammatory response associated with progressive respiratory failure from SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was conducted on hospitalized adults who received intravenous tocilizumab for COVID-19 between March 23, 2020 and April 10, 2020. RESULTS: Most patients were male (66.7%), Hispanic (63.3%) or Black (23.3%), with a median age of 54 years. Tocilizumab was administered at a median of 8 days (range 1-21) after initial symptoms and 2 days (range 0-12) after hospital admission. Within 30 days from receiving tocilizumab, 36 patients (60.0%) demonstrated clinical improvement, 9 (15.0%) died, 33 (55.0%) were discharged alive, and 18 (30.0%) remained hospitalized. Successful extubation occurred in 13 out of 29 patients (44.8%). Infectious complications occurred in 16 patients (26.7%) at a median of 10.5 days. After tocilizumab was administered, there was a slight increase in PaO2/FiO2 and an initial reduction in CRP, but this effect was not sustained beyond day 10. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of patients demonstrated clinical improvement and were successfully discharged alive from the hospital after receiving tocilizumab. We observed a rebound effect with CRP, which may suggest the need for higher or subsequent doses to adequately manage cytokine storm. Based on our findings, we believe that tocilizumab may have a role in the early treatment of COVID-19, however larger randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm this.

Prevalence, concordance and reproductive sequelae after Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Mexican infertile couples.

There are few concordance studies on the Chlamydia trachomatis (infection among infertile couples. The objective of this research was to know the prevalence, concordance and reproductive sequelae that couples may develop when both partners show a C. trachomatis infection. A cross-sectional study among 688 infertile couples using the C. trachomatis detection by real-time PCR was performed. The infertility causes were obtained from their medical records. The prevalence of infection was 8.68%. The percentage of concordance was 22.4% (13 couples). A presence of tubal occlusion was only associated with infected-discordant women [RR = 3.46, 95% CI (1.54-7.74), p < .003]. Seminal values were not associated with discordant men. The concordant couples showed association with the infection and tubal occlusion [RR = 3.19, 95% CI (1.09-9.34), p < .05], and oligozoospermia [RR = 12.17, 95% CI (4.29-34.54), p < .001], hypospermia [RR = 14.13, 95% CI (4.78-41.84), p < .001]. An alteration in semen quality was shown particularly in men whose sexual partners show a tubal pathology. This could occur due to a C. trachomatis infection in the testis, which underlines the need to carry out effective and efficient strategies to identify and treat all sexual partners exposed to C. trachomatis.

Development and Implementation of a COVID-19 Disease Response Protocol at a Large Academic Medical Center.

In response to the rapid spread of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), health-care systems should establish procedures for early recognition and management of suspected or confirmed cases. We describe the various steps taken for the development, implementation, and dissemination of the interdisciplinary COVID-19 protocol at Jackson Health System (JHS), a complex tertiary academic health system in Miami, Florida. Recognizing the dynamic nature of COVID-19, the protocol addresses the potential investigational treatment options and considerations for special populations. The protocol also includes infection prevention and control measures and routine care for suspected or proven COVID-19 patients.

Injuria renal fetal y neonatal: una complicación de la terapia antihipertensiva materna. Reporte de caso / Fetal and neonatal renal injury: a complication of maternal hypertensive therapy: case presentation

Los Inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina II (IECAs) y antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II (ARA II) son drogas usadas comúnmente en el manejo de hipertensión arterial, sin embargo, su uso en el embarazo está asociado con toxicidad fetal.1, 2 La acción de la angiotensina II requiere su unión a dos receptores; AT1, involucrado en el control de la tensión arterial y AT2, probablemente encargado del crecimiento fetal. 2 La angiotensina II es esencial en la hemodinamia sistémica y la filtración glomerular fetal y neonatal. La disminución de la perfusión placentaria por efecto hipotensor en el bloqueo del sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona materno puede determinar hipotensión fetal sistémica, disminución de la filtración glomerular, oligoamnios e insuficiencia renal, anormalidades tubulares, hipoplasia craneal y alto riesgo de muerte perinatal. 2 Reportamos el caso de prematuro de 30 semanas con oligohidramnios severo y exposición materna a olmesartan. Al nacimiento presentó dificultad respiratoria; imposibilidad de mantener una adecuada tensión arterial a pesar de los esfuerzos para conseguir mejorar su tono vascular; anuria sin respuesta a diuréticos; alteraciones craneales; alteraciones metabólicas severas con consecuencias fatales. El tratamiento de hipertensión materna con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina II y los antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II está asociada con toxicidad fetal por lo que su uso debe ser evitado durante el embarazo.

Angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) are drugs for general use in the management of arterial hypertension, however their use in gestational hypertension is related to the Fetal toxicity. 1, 2 The action of angiotensin II requires its binding to two receptors; AT1, involved in the control of blood pressure and AT2, probably responsible for fetal growth.2 Angiotensin II is essential in systemic hemodynamics and fetal and neonatal glomerular filtration. The decrease in placental perfusion due to hypotensive effect in the blockade of the maternal rennin angiotensin aldosterone system can determine systemic fetal hypotension, decreased glomerular filtration, oligohydramnios and renal insufficiency, tubular abnormalities, cranial hypoplasia and high risk of perinatal death. 2 We report the case of prematurity of 30 weeks with a history of severe oligohydramnios and maternal exposure to olmesartan. At birth the patient presented in particular respiratory distress; inability to maintain adequate blood pressure despite efforts to improve your vascular tone; anuria without response to diuretics; cranial alterations; metabolic alterations with fatal consequences. The treatment of maternal hypertension with inhibitors of the angiotensin II convective enzyme and angiotensin II receptor antagonists is associated with fetal toxicity and should therefore be avoided during pregnancy

Incidence of surgical site infection in dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery: risk factors and economic impact.

OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients undergoing soft tissue surgery at a veterinary teaching hospital and to study (2) and describe the main risk factors associated with SSI and (3) assess the economic impact of SSI. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Veterinary teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: 184 dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery during a 12-month period (October 2013 to September 2014). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Surgical site infection. RESULTS: Out of the 184 patients analysed, SSI was diagnosed in 16 (8.7 per cent) patients, 13 (81.3 per cent) were classified as superficial incisional infection, 2 (12.5 per cent) as deep incisional infection and 1 (6.3 per cent) as organ/space infection. The administration of steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (P=0.028), preoperative hyperglycaemia (P=0.015), surgical times longer than 60 minutes (P=0.013), urinary catheterisation (P=0.037) and wrong use of the Elizabethan collar (P=0.025) were identified as risk factors. Total costs increased 74.4 per cent, with an increase in postsurgical costs of 142.2 per cent. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of SSI was higher than the incidence reported in other published studies, although they were within expected ranges when a surveillance system was implemented. This incidence correlated with an increase in costs. Additionally new important risk factors for its development were detected.

Study of the Coordination Modes of Hybrid NNCp Cyclopentadienyl/Scorpionate Ligands in Ir Compounds.

A new coordination mode for the hybrid scorpionate/cyclopentadienyl ligand bpzcp, [bpzcp = 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-1,1-diphenylethylcyclopentadienyl] is observed in iridium complexes. The reaction of the lithium precursor, [Li(bpzcp)(THF)], with a range of [IrCl(diene)]2 compounds leads to an unprecedented binding mode of the hybrid scorpionate/cyclopentadienyl ligand as η5-Cp-coordinated and the formation of Ir(I) derivatives [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(η4-cod)] (1), [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp){η4-CH2═C(Me)C(Me)═CH2}] (2), [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(η2-coe)2] (3), and [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(η2-CH2═CH2)2] (4). The Ir(I) complex 4 reacts with CO or bromine to afford the compound [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(CO)2] (5) and the 18e- Ir(III) complex [Ir(κ-N-η5-Cp-bpzcpBr2)Br2] (6), respectively. Reaction of the iridium compounds (2-4) with CuI or [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] yields the heterobimetallic iridium-copper or iridium-palladium complexes [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp){η4-CH2═C(Me)C(Me)═CH2}(µ-bpzcp){CuI(κ2-NN-bpzcp)}] (7), [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(η2-coe)2}(µ-bpzcp){CuI(κ2-NN-bpzcp)}] (8), [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(η2-CH2═CH2)2}(µ-bpzcp){CuI(κ2-NN-bpzcp)}] (9), [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(coe)2}(µ-bpzcp){PdCl2(κ2-NN-bpzcp)}] (10), and [Ir(η5-Cp-bpzcp)(η2-CH2═CH2)2(µ-bpzcp){PdCl2(κ2-NN-bpzcp)}] (11). All products were characterized by spectroscopic methods and the X-ray crystal structures of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 were also established.

Morbimortalidad de recién nacidos prematuros extremos atendidos en el hospital de los valles desde enero 2014 a diciembre 2018 / Morbimortality of extreme premature newborns treated in the valleys hospital from January 2014 to December 2018

Introducción. La neonatología del Hospital de los Valles (HDLV) es un centro de referencia de cuarto nivel con atención de pacientes prematuros que presentan un mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad y en quienes aún hay debate sobre la edad gestacional aceptable para aunar esfuerzos en tratamiento y sobrevida. En los Estados Unidos, la tasa de nacimientos prematuros, que había aumentado constantemente durante la década de 1990 y principios de 2000, ha disminuido anualmente durante 7 años y ahora es aproximadamente del 11,39%. La viabilidad humana, definida como la edad gestacional en la que la posibilidad de supervivencia es del 50%, actualmente es de aproximadamente 23 a 24 semanas en los países desarrollados, con una supervivencia de prematuros de 25 semanas superior al 60%. Materiales y Métodos. Es un estudio descriptivo transversal de tipo retrospectivo, en el que se tomó como población a todos los niños nacidos antes de las 28 semanas de gestación atendidos en el Hospital de los Valles desde enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2018, se obtuvieron los datos de la base de datos EpicLatino y de las historias clínicas de los pacientes, Los datos obtenidos fueron ingresados en el programa Excel para su tabulación y análisis. Resultados. Entre enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2018 se registraron 1710 pacientes de los cuales 479 son prematuros y de estos 29 son prematuros extremos. Se registraron 8 fallecimientos 5 de los cuales nacieron fuera de la institución, la edad gestacional más temprana con sobrevida es de 24.5 semanas y el menor peso registrado es de 575 gramos, la morbilidad más comúnmente asociada a la prematurez extrema en orden descendente es enfermedad de membrana hialina, anemia, sepsis y broncodisplasia pulmonar, no hay registro de retinopatía y se reportaron 6 casos de hemorragia intraventricular. El peso promedio de alta es de 2045 gramos, con 16 pacientes enviados a casa con oxigeno domiciliario. Conclusión. La neonatología del HDLV presta atención de cuarto nivel con una sobrevida en pacientes menores de 28 semanas de edad gestacional comparable con otras instituciones a nivel mundial, con una mejor respuesta en pacientes nacidos dentro de la propia institución, es importante que los pacientes que tengan riesgo de nacer a edades gestacionales muy cortas sean derivados oportunamente a instituciones con mayor capacidad resolutiva en bien del paciente y su familia.

is an increased risk of morbidity and mortality and in whom there is still debate about the acceptable gestational age to combine efforts in treatment and survival. In the United States, the rate of premature births, which had steadily increased during the 1990s and early 2000s, has decreased annually for 7 years and now is approximately 11.39%. Human viability, defined as gestational age in which the possibility of survival is 50%, currently is approximately 23 to 24 weeks in developed countries, with a survival of preterm infants of 25 weeks greater than 60% . Materials and methods. This is a cross-sectional, retrospective descriptive study, in which all children born before the 28 weeks of gestation attended at the Hospital de los Valles from January 2014 to December 2018 were taken as a population. EpicLatino database and the patient's medical records. The data obtained were entered into the Excel program for tabulation and analysis. Results Between January 2014 and December 2018, 1710 patients were registered, of whom 479 are premature and of these 29 are premature preterm infants. There were 8 deaths 5 of which were born out of the institution, the earliest gestational age with survival is 24.5 weeks and the lowest recorded weight is 575 grams, the morbidity most commonly associated with extreme prematurity in descending order is disease. hyaline membrane, anemia, sepsis and pulmonary bronchodysplasia, there is no record of retinopathy and 6 cases of intraventricular hemorrhage were reported. The average dischange weight is 2045 grams, with 16 patients sent home with home oxygen. Conclusion. HDLV neonatology provides fourth level care with a survival in patients younger than 28 weeks gestational age comparable with other institutions worldwide, with a better response in patients born within the institution itself, it is important that patients at risk of being born at very short gestational ages are opportunely referred to institutions with greater resolutive capacity for the good of the patient and his family.

Aporte nutricional en pacientes prematuros extremos en la neonatología del hospital de los valles y su relación con el peso y perímetro cefálico a los 28 días de vida y a las 36 semanas de edad gestacional / Aporte nutricional en pacientes prematuros extremos en la neonatología del hospital de los valles y su relación con el peso y el perímetro cefálico a los 28 días de la vida y las 36 semanas de edad gestacional

Antecedentes: El peso al nacimiento es un factor importante y predictor de la morbimortalidad del neonato prematuro más aun en neonatos prematuros extremos y de peso bajo, sin embargo, las diferentes maneras de sustentar la alimentación enteral o parenteral nos permiten mejorar las la sobrevida y la calidad de vida. Los neonatos de muy bajo peso al nacer (menos de 1.500 g) tienen 200 veces más riesgo de morir, si sumamos esto a la edad gestacional la expectativa de vida es más complicada sobre todo en países en vías de desarrollo. Mantener guías de alimentación enteral y parenteral de manera precoz y sustentada evitan la desnutrición y proveen una mejor condición clínica para que el prematuro extremo pueda enfrentar esta primera etapa de la manera más satisfactoria. Varios son los nutrientes que tienen que ver en le crecimiento y desarrollo no solo de masa sino de funcionalidad y calidad sobre todo a nivel neurológico. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio de tipo retrospectivo de cohorte descriptivo analizando la base de datos de EPIQ latino y las historias clínicas de los pacientes prematuros extremos, las variables a analizar son edad gestacional, peso, perímetro cefálico, tipo de alimentación enteral y parenteral al nacimiento, a los 28 dias de vida y a las 36 semanas de edad gestacional. Objetivo: Determinar el aporte nutricional en los pacientes prematuros extremos de la neonatología del Hospital de los Valles desde enero de 2015 hasta diciembre del 2018 Resultados: La mayoría de pacientes de la unidad de estudio reciben alimentación enteral dentro de las primeras 24 hs de vida, al igual modo el apoyo nutricional inmediato o casi inmediato protege de la desnutrición, la ganancia ponderal aumento de perímetro cefálico está garantizada con un adecuado aporte nutricional enteral o parenteral Recomendaciones: ampliar el estudio a todos los pacientes prematuros y correlaciona con la valoración sanguínea de los micronutrientes requeridos para el normal desempeño de las múltiples funciones del prematuro sobretodo neurológicas.

Background: Birth weight is an important factor and predictor of morbidity and mortality in premature neonates even in extreme premature and low birth weight neonates, however the different ways of sustaining enteral or parenteral feeding allow us to improve survival and quality of life, Very low birth weight infants (less than 1,500 g) have a 200 times higher risk of dying, if you add this to gestational age life expectancy is more complicated especially in developing countries. Keeping enteral and parenteral feeding guides early and sustained prevent malnutrition and provide a better clinical condition for the extreme premature to face this first stage in the most satisfactory way, several are the nutrients that have to do with growth and development not only mass but functionality and quality especially at the neurological level. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of a descriptive cohort analyzing the Latin EPIQ database and the clinical histories of the extreme premature patients, the variables to be analyzed are gestational age, weight, cephalic perimeter, type of enteral and parenteral feeding. at birth, at 28 days of age and at 36 weeks of gestational age. Objective: To determine the nutritional contribution in the extreme premature patients of the neonatology of the Hospital de los Valles from January 2015 to December 2018. Results: Most patients in the study unit receive enteral nutrition within the first 24 hours of life, as well as immediate or almost immediate nutritional support protects against malnutrition, weight gain and head circumference is guaranteed with an adequate contribution enteral or parenteral nutrition Recommendations: extend the study to all premature patients and correlate with the blood evaluation of the micronutrients required for the normal performance of the multiple functions of the premature, especially neurological.

Reporte de infecciones nosocomiales en la unidad de neonatología del hdlv durante los años 2015, 2016, 2017 / Report of nosocomial infections in the neonatology unit of the hdlv during the years 2015, 2016, 2017

Introducción. La neonatología del Hospital de los Valles (HDLV) es un centro de referencia para atención de cuarto nivel. Las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud (IAAS) contribuyen a la mortalidad de los recién nacidos en la Región de las Américas, especialmente de aquellos más vulnerables. Se reportan importantes diferencias en la incidencia de IAAS en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCI NEO), así, en Estados Unidos, las tasas varían desde el 6% a más altas del 40% en la Región de las Américas, hay pocos datos disponibles, pero son frecuentes la información de brotes en estas UCI NEO, con repercusión en la opinión pública, generalmente, por la alta letalidad. Materiales y Métodos. Este es un estudio, observacional y descriptivo que incluye todos los pacientes nacidos, transferidos e ingresados en cuidado intensivo del área de neonatología del HDLV desde el primero de enero del 2015 hasta el 31 de diciembre del 2017. Los datos son registrados y analizados en Excel. Resultados. Entre enero del 2015 a diciembre del 2017 se registraron 1016 pacientes de los cuales 318 son ingresados al área de cuidado intensivo, la edad gestacional más común de los pacientes en estudio corresponde al periodo comprendido entre 28 y 32 semanas. El total de pacientes con reporte de cultivos positivos es de 44 casos que corresponde al 4.3% del total de pacientes registrados. El mayor número de casos está relacionado con 11 casos de Klebsiella Neumoniae y 8 casos con Klebsiella Neumoniae BLEE. La mayoría de las infecciones están relacionadas con menores de 1000 gramos y con una edad gestacional entre 28 y 32 semanas. Conclusión. La neonatología del HDLV presta atención prioritariamente a pacientes de menos de 28 semanas de edad gestacional y pacientes con patología quirúrgica grave, sin embargo, según los datos previos la incidencia de procesos infecciosos tiene tendencia a mantenerse antes que a incrementar con la mayor complejidad de las enfermedades de los pacientes transferidos

Introduction. The neonatology of the Hospital de los Valles (HDLV) is a reference center for fourth level care. Infections associated with health care (IAAS) contribute to the mortality of newborns in the Region of the Americas, especially those most vulnerable. Important differences are reported in the incidence of IAAS in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (UCI NEO), thus, in the United States, the rates vary from 6% to higher than 40% in the Region of the Americas. There is few data available, but information about outbreaks in these NEO UCIs is frequent, with repercussions on public opinion, generally, due to high lethality. Materials and methods. This is an observational and descriptive study that includes all the patients born, transferred and admitted to intensive care in the HDLV neonatology area from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. The data is recorded and analyzed in Excel. Results Between January 2015 and December 2017, 1016 patients were registered, of which 318 were admitted to the intensive care area; the most common gestational age of the patients in the study corresponds to the period between 28 and 32 weeks. The total number of patients reporting positive cultures is 44 cases, corresponding to 4.3% of the total number of registered patients. The largest number of cases is related to 11 cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 8 cases with Klebsiella pneumoniae BLEE. The majority of infections are related to children under 1000 grams and with a gestational age between 28 and 32 weeks. Conclusion. HDLV neonatology gives priority attention to patients less than 28 weeks gestational age and patients with severe surgical pathology, however, according to the previous data the incidence of infectious processes has a tendency to be maintained instead of increasing with the greater complexity of the diseases of transferred patients.

Deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria en un neonato: caso clínico / Leukocyte adhesion deficiency in a neonate: clinical case

Los síndromes de deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria (leukocyte adhesion deficiency [LAD por sus siglas en inglés]) engloban un conjunto de patologías causadas por defectos en el reconocimiento, la adhesión y la migración de los leucocitos mieloides hacia los lugares de invasión microbiana, lo que provoca la falta de defensa innata del huésped frente a bacterias, hongos u otros microrganismos. Se identifica en lactantes por antecedentes como la demora en la caída del cordón umbilical cuando los niños empiezan a tener complicaciones infecciosas. No es común identificar LAD en niños recién nacidos, posiblemente la presencia de la fistula ano rectal y el tratamiento quirúrgico aceleran la presentación clínica en el paciente facilitando así su diagnóstico. Por ser una enfermedad autosómica recesiva y teniendo el importante antecedente de los fallecimientos en sus dos hermanos anteriores a mayor edad. Poder contar con mecanismos de diagnóstico efectivos facilitan el llegar a una conclusión pronta, mejor manejo en general mejorando las expectativas de vida de los pacientes con este tipo de alteraciones hematológicas.

The syndromes of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) encompass a group of pathologies caused by defects in the recognition, adhesion and migration of myeloid leukocytes to microbial invasion sites. Causes the lack of innate host defense against bacteria, fungi or other microorganisms. It is identified in infants due to antecedents such as the delay in the fall of the umbilical cord when children begin to have infectious complications. It is not common to identify HDL in newborn children, possibly the presence of anus rectal fistula and surgical treatment accelerate the clinical presentation in the patient, thus facilitating its diagnosis. For being an autosomal recessive disease and having the important antecedent of the deaths in his two older brothers at older age. Being able to count on effective diagnostic mechanisms makes it easier to arrive at a quick conclusion better management in general, improving the life expectancy of patients with this type of hematological alterations.

Eosinophilia in Preterm Born Infants Infected with Chlamydia trachomatis.

A higher than 350 eosinophils/mm(3) is strongly associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in term born babies coursing with respiratory distress. However, in preterm newborns infected with this pathogen, the levels of eosinophils are unknown. Forty newborn infants with clinical data of respiratory problems and/or sepsis were analyzed. DNA of leukocytes from peripheral blood was used to identify C. trachomatis. Detection of chlamydial infection was performed by amplifying the ompA gene by an in-house PCR, and eosinophil levels were evaluated in an XT-2000-hematology analyzer. Eighteen infants showed chlamydial infection and 14 of them showed pneumonia (RR = 2.6; CI95% 1.03-6.5; p =.027). Their eosinophil levels were 719 ± 614 cells/mm(3). A significant association between eosinophilia ≥1250 cells/mm(3) and gestational age of less than 29 weeks (RR = 5.8; 1.35; CI95% [1.4-24.5], p <.008) was observed. The preterm infants with chlamydial infection did not show higher eosinophil levels than uninfected infants.

ADN de Chlamydia trachomatis en leucocitos de sangre periférica de neonatos / Chlamydia trachomaatis DNA in leukocytes of peripheral blood from neonates

INTRODUCCIÓN: El diagnóstico de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis es difícil en recién nacidos; sin embargo, este se realiza mediante el cultivo celular o por la detección de anticuerpos IgM anti-C. trachomatis (anti-CT). La detección de ADN de C. trachomatis en leucocitos de sangre mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) podría ser una mejor herramienta para el diagnóstico de infección por este patógeno. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron 44 recién nacidos, todos ellos prematuros y con peso menor de 2.500 g. De cada paciente se obtuvieron muestras de sangre y de lavado nasofaríngeo. El ADN de los leucocitos fue obtenido mediante la técnica de fenol-cloroformo. La detección de C. trachomatis fue llevada a cabo mediante la amplificación del gen ompA utilizando el PCR de punto final. Además, se realiza- ron las pruebas de cultivo celular y la detección de anticuerpos IgM anti-CT mediante la técnica de microinmunofluorescencia. RESULTADOS: Veinte pacientes fueron PCR-positivo (45,5%), y la prueba se asoció significativamente con la presencia de neumonía (RR = 2,28; IC 95%: 1,01-5,17; p = 0,035). El cultivo celular de lavado nasofaríngeo solo fue positivo en 7 muestras y no hubo asociación significativa con algún dato clínico o de laboratorio. El título de anticuerpos anti-CT asociado al PCR-positivo fue 1:32 (RR = 2,74; IC 95%: 1,21-6,23; p = 0,008); sin embargo, este título no se asoció a la presencia de neumonía. CONCLUSIÓN: La detección de ADN en leucocitos de sangre periférica podría ser útil para el diagnóstico de infección por C. trachomatis

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in newborns is difficult; however, this diagnosis is performed by cell culture or by detection of IgM antibodies against C. trachomatis. Detection of C. trachomatis DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes using polymer chain reaction (PCR) may be a better tool for the diagnosis of infection by this pathogen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 44 premature newborns, all weighing less than 2500 g, were included in the study. A blood sample and nasopharyngeal lavages were obtained from each newborn. Leukocyte DNA was obtained by phenol-chloroform extraction technique. Detection of C. trachomatis was performed by amplifying the ompA gene using the PCR endpoint. Cell culture tests and the detection of IgM antibodies against C. trachomatis by microimmunofluorescence assay were also performed. RESULTS: Twenty newborns were PCR-positive (45.5%), with this test being significantly associated with the presence of pneumonia (RR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.01 to 5.17; P = .035). The cell culture of nasopharyngeal lavage was positive in only 7 samples and no significant association was observed with any clinical or laboratory data. The titer of IgM antibodies against C. trachomatis associated with PCR-positive was 1:32 (RR = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.21 to 6.23; P = .008), however this titer was not associated with the presence of pneumonia. CONCLUSION: DNA detection in peripheral blood leukocytes could be useful for diagnosis of C. trachomatis infection