Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associated cost of acute poisoning: a retrospective study.

Introduction: Poisoning is a major public health issue and a leading cause of admission to the emergency department (ED). There is a paucity of data describing the epidemiology and cost of acute poisoning. Therefore, this study investigated the epidemiology, patterns, and associated costs of acute poisoning in emergency department of the largest tertiary care healthcare centre in Qatar. Method: This study was a retrospective review of the health records of patients admitted to the ED due to poisoning between January 2015 and December 2019. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and costs associated with acute poisoning were assessed. Frequency and percentages were calculated for categorical variables and mean and SD for continuous variables. The relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and poisoning profile was assessed using the chi-square test. A micro-costing approach using the cost of each resource was applied for cost calculations. Result: The incidence of acute poisoning was 178 cases per 100,000 patients. Females (56%) and children below 14 years (44.3%) accounted for the largest proportion. Most of the exposures were accidental involving therapeutic agents (64.2%). The mean length of hospital stay was found to be 1.84 ± 0.81 days, and most patients (76.6%) were discharged within the first 8 h. A statistically significant difference was found between age groups and type of toxin (χ2 = 23.3, p < 0.001), cause and route of exposure (χ2 = 42.2, p < 0.001), and length of hospital stay (χ2 = 113.16, p < 0.001). Admission to intensive care units had the highest cost expenditure (USD 326,008), while general wards accounted for the least (USD 57,709). Conclusion: Unintentional poisoning by pharmacological agents is common in infants and children. This study will assist in the development of educational and preventive programmes to minimise exposure to toxic agents. Further studies are required to explore the impact of medical toxicology services, and post discharge monitoring of poisoning.

Accuracy of procalcitonin for diagnosing sepsis in adult patients admitted to the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Differentiating sepsis from non-infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is challenging. Biomarkers like procalcitonin (PCT) aid early risk assessment and guide antibiotic use. This study aims to ascertain PCT's accuracy as a sepsis biomarker among adult emergency department admissions. METHOD: The PRISMA guidelines were followed to search for relevant articles in five electronic databases between April 14th and August 4th, 2023: PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EMBASEs, and ScienceDirect. Studies had to be published in English to avoid directly translating scientific terms. Besides, the inclusion criteria were based on the diagnosis of sepsis in adult patients admitted to an emergency department. QUADAS-2 tool provided by the Review Manager version 5.4.1 was utilized to assess the risk of bias in included studies. STATA (v. 16) software was used to perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Ten of 2457 studies were included. We sampled 2980 adult sepsis patients for the under-investigated role of PCT in ED sepsis diagnosis. PCT emerged as the primary early diagnostic biomarker with high levels (29.3 ± 85.3 ng/mL) in sepsis patients. Heterogeneity in outcomes, possibly due to bias in cohort and observational studies, was observed. CONCLUSION: PCT tests offer moderate accuracy in diagnosing sepsis and stand out for rapidly and precisely distinguishing between viral and bacterial inflammations.

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of the bacteria isolated from Hyalomma dromedarii infesting camels in Al-Jouf province, Saudi Arabia.

Ticks are important ectoparasites that transmit various pathogens causing morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Saudi Arabia faces several challenges that can contribute to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria. These challenges require collaborative efforts to successfully achieve significant control of AMR in the country. The present study aims to isolate bacteria from camels' tick Hyalomma dromedarii in Al-Jouf province to identify and determine these isolates' antimicrobial susceptibilities. Forty-nine ticks were collected from dromedary camels and morphologically classified as H. dromedarii. Ticks were then homogenized and plated individually, which resulted in the isolation of 55 bacteria. The results showed that the bacterial isolates belong to 20 different species. About 71% (n = 39) of the total isolates were identified as Gram-positive bacteria comprised of 11 different species, while 29% (n = 16) of the total isolates were Gram-negative bacteria comprised of 9 different species. The most prevalent isolate within the total samples was Staphylococcus lentus (22.45%, 11/49), followed by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (18.37%, 9/49) and Sphingomonas paucimobilis (16.33% 8/49). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Gram-positive bacteria showed that 100% (n = 31) were resistant to benzylpenicillin; 90.3% (n = 28) were resistant to oxacillin; 58.1% (n = 18) were resistant to clindamycin; 48.4% (n = 15) were resistant to vancomycin. In addition, 32.3% (n = 10) were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin; 25.8% (n = 8) were resistant to erythromycin; 16.1% (n = 5) were resistant to teicoplanin; 6.5% (n = 2) were resistant to tetracycline. All Gram-positive bacteria were 100% susceptible to linezolid, gentamicin, tobramycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, and nitrofurantoin. In antimicrobial susceptibility tests for the Gram-negative bacteria, 57.14% (n = 8) of the identified bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, whereas 50% (n = 7) were resistant to cefoxitin and ceftazidime. About 28.57% (n = 4) of the Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. In addition, 21.43% (n = 3) were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cephalothin; 14.29% (n = 2) were resistant to cefepime and nitrofurantoin; 7.14% (n = 1) were resistant to piperacillin/tazobactam and tigecycline. However, all Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to other examined antimicrobials. This is the first study that investigates the role of the hard tick as a potential reservoir for AMR pathogens within our region.

Patterns and outcomes of paracetamol poisoning management in Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar: A retrospective cohort study.

We aimed to investigate the characteristics and clinical outcomes of paracetamol poisoning and paracetamol overdose in Qatar. This retrospective cohort study included patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). We included patients who presented with excessive paracetamol ingestion, between December 2018 and September 2019. The primary outcomes were describing the characteristics and outcomes of paracetamol overdose (from a suicidal overdose or accidental overdose, dose ≤ 150 mg/kg, when serum levels of <60 mmol/L) or dose ingested (≤75 mg/kg) with staggered ingestion poisoning due to suicidal attempt or accidental attempt, defined as the dose ingested (>150 mg/kg), acute ingestion, nomogram level more than the treatment line, or dose ingested (>75 mg/kg) with staggered ingestion, and assessing the management of excessive paracetamol ingestion. Secondary outcomes included evaluation of the time difference between ingestion and time of administration, hospitalization, and adverse drug events. Significant differences were detected between patients who presented with paracetamol overdose and those who presented with paracetamol toxicity. A total of 69 patients were analyzed, of whom 43 received paracetamol overdose (mean age 27.5 ± 11.1 years) and 26 had paracetamol poisoning (mean age 25 ± 6.22 years). Paracetamol poisoning was identified in 26% of the patients with a 24.3% history of psychiatric illness, compared to 18.6% with paracetamol overdose. More patients presented with paracetamol toxicity in the time between ingestion and obtaining serum levels compared to the overdose group. A significantly longer length of hospitalization was observed in the toxicity group. A significantly higher number of patients in the toxicity group received N-acetylcysteine (NAC). More hypotension and rashes were observed among those who received NAC in the toxicity group. Patients presenting to the ED due to paracetamol toxicity are not uncommon, and most cases occur in young adults, and few in patients with a history of psychiatric illness, suggesting that preventive approaches are highly required.

Seroprevalence of Toscana and sandfly fever Sicilian viruses in humans and livestock animals from western Saudi Arabia.

High seroprevalence rates of several phleboviruses have been reported in domestic animals and humans in sandfly-infested regions. Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two of these viruses commonly transmitted by Phlebotomus sandflies. While SFSV can cause rapidly resolving mild febrile illness, TOSV could involve the central nervous system (CNS), causing diseases ranging from aseptic meningitis to meningoencephalitis. Sandfly-associated phleboviruses have not been investigated before in Saudi Arabia and are potential causes of infection given the prevalence of sandflies in the country. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of SFSV and TOSV in the western region of Saudi Arabia in samples collected from blood donors, livestock animals, and animal handlers. An overall seroprevalence of 9.4% and 0.8% was found in humans for SFSV and TOSV, respectively. Seropositivity was significantly higher in non-Saudis compared to Saudis and increased significantly with age especially for SFSV. The highest seropositivity rate was among samples collected from animal handlers. Specifically, in blood donors, 6.4% and 0.7% tested positive for SFSV and TOSV nAbs, respectively. Animal handlers showed higher seroprevalence rates of 16% and 1% for anti-SFSV and anti-TOSV nAbs, respectively, suggesting that contact with livestock animals could be a risk factor. Indeed, sera from livestock animals showed seropositivity of 53.3% and 4.4% in cows, 27.5% and 7.8% in sheep, 2.2% and 0.0% in goats, and 10.0% and 2.3% in camels for SFSV and TOSV, respectively. Together, these results suggest that both SFSV and TOSV are circulating in the western region of Saudi Arabia in humans and livestock animals, albeit at different rates, and that age and contact with livestock animals could represent risk factors for infection with these viruses.

Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the Complete Genome Sequence of Leishmania (Mundinia) procaviensis Isolate 253, Strain LV425.

Leishmania (Mundinia) procaviensis is a parasitic kinetoplastid that was first isolated from a rock hyrax in Namibia in 1975. We present the complete genome sequence of Leishmania (Mundinia) procaviensis isolate 253, strain LV425, sequenced using combined short- and long-read technologies. This genome will contribute to our understanding of hyraxes as a Leishmania reservoir.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Elicits Long-lasting Specific Antibody, T and B Cell Immune Responses in Recovered Individuals.

BACKGROUND: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic betacoronavirus and a global public health concern. Better undersetting of the immune responses to MERS-CoV is needed to characterize the correlates of protection and durability of the immunity and to aid in developing preventative and therapeutic interventions. Although MERS-CoV-specific circulating antibodies could persist for several years post-recovery, their waning raises concerns about their durability and role in protection. Nonetheless, memory B and T cells could provide long-lasting protective immunity despite the serum antibodies levels. METHODS: Serological and flow cytometric analysis of MERS-CoV-specific immune responses were performed on samples collected from a cohort of recovered individuals who required intensive care unit (ICU) admission as well as hospital or home isolation several years after infection to characterize the longevity and quality of humoral and cellular immune responses. RESULTS: Our data showed that MERS-CoV infection could elicit robust long-lasting virus-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies as well as T- and B-cell responses up to 6.9 years postinfection regardless of disease severity or need for ICU admission. Apart from the persistent high antibody titers, this response was characterized by B-cell subsets with antibody-independent functions as demonstrated by their ability to produce tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) cytokines in response to antigen stimulation. Furthermore, virus-specific activation of memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets from MERS-recovered patients resulted in secretion of high levels of TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: MERS-CoV infection could elicit robust long-lasting virus-specific humoral and cellular responses.

Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Species among Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Asir Province, Saudi Arabia.

Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniais (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major, respectively, are endemic vector-borne diseases in southern Saudi Arabia. In 2021, an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in the province of Asir. The main objective of our investigation was to analyze the epidemiological features of CL in southern Saudi Arabia. The ministry of health recorded 194 CL patients between January and December 2021 from the Asir province. Our findings showed that the majority of CL patients (87.1%) originated from the governorates of Khamis-Mushait and Abha. Most of the patients were males (62.3%). While CL affected all age groups, those under 13 years old were the most affected (38.1%). For both genders, CL patients were mostly Saudi citizens (90.7%) compared to non-Saudi expatriates. The majority of CL patients (75.2%) suffered from a single lesion, and the majority of lesions (61.3%) were located on the face. The seasonal prevalence of CL showed two peaks, a small one in July-August and a larger one in March. Of a total of 194 Giemsa slides samples, 188 showed positive amplification of Leishmania ITS1 gene. Based on PCR-RFLP and PCR-HMR, 183 patients showed positive amplification of L. tropica and five patients showed positive amplification of L. major. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear distinct separation between L. major and L. tropica sequences. Our results provided strong evidence of the pre-domination of L. tropica, the main etiological agent of ACL in Asir province. We reported for the first time the presence of L. major, an etiological agent of ZCL in the study areas. The co-circulation of ACL and ZCL highlighted the complexity of the epidemiology of CL in southern Saudi Arabia, and subsequently, further studies to identify competent vectors and reservoir hosts for the establishment of control strategies are needed.

A Comparative Analysis Between Ultrasound and Electromyographic and Nerve Conduction Studies in Diagnosing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common upper extremity neuropathy. The disease initially manifests as a sensory disorder in the form of paresthesia, numbness, or tingling of the fingers. The diagnosis is usually made based on history and clinical symptoms, which are confirmed using nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography. More recently, ultrasound has gained more use in CTS diagnosis due to its advantages, which include patients' comfort during diagnosis, better visualization of anatomy and nerve forms directly, and cost-effectiveness. However, a literature review shows that the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound over NCS is still in question; therefore, the present systematic review was carried out to compare the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound to NCS and electromyography. A systematic literature search was performed on five electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. The search strategy limited the retrieval of literature published between 2000 and 2022. Of the 1098 articles retrieved from the electronic databases, only 12 met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of outcomes from the included studies showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.88) and 0.90 (0.83, 0.96), respectively. On the other hand, combing the outcomes of electromyography and NCS resulted in sensitivity and specificity values of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.95) and 0.77 (95% CI; 0.64, 0.90), respectively. The results show that ultrasound has comparable sensitivity and slightly higher specificity than NCS and electromyography; therefore, ultrasound can be used as an alternative diagnostic test for CTS. However, it cannot replace NCS and electromyography since more research needs to be done on doubtful and secondary cases of CTS.

An Integrative Comparative Study Between Digoxin and Amiodarone as an Emergency Treatment for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation With Evidence of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The emergency treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) involves utilizing two strategies. The first strategy normally involves permitting the atrial fibrillation to persevere as the ventricular rate is controlled. The other method involves utilizing anti-arrhythmic drugs in cardioversion and attempting to maintain sinus rhythm. Different pharmacological treatments, including digoxin and amiodarone, have been used to manage AF. A literature review on amiodarone and digoxin in the treatment of AF among patients with heart failure (HF) has shown that both drugs have potential risks. Therefore, we are conducting this systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of amiodarone and digoxin in the treatment of AF among patients with evidence of HF. A literature search of relevant articles was conducted on six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) from 2000 to 2022. The search yielded seven studies that had met the inclusion criteria. Our meta-analysis of four studies showed that there was no significant difference in the reduction of heart rate after treatment with either amiodarone or digoxin (mean difference (MD): -5.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): -9.53 to -1.34; I2 = 25%; p = 0.26). On the other hand, the statistical analysis showed that amiodarone had a better effect on the conversion to sinus rhythm than digoxin (63% versus 35%, respectively). Based on evidence from our meta-analysis, the clinical effect of amiodarone and digoxin in the emergency treatment of AF on heart rate control was unclear. However, amiodarone has a significant impact on the restoration of sinus rhythm compared with digoxin and can be considered the first-line drug regimen in conversion to sinus rhythm for AF patients with evidence of heart failure. However, the use of amiodarone and digoxin is complicated by adverse events and all-cause mortality.

A Comparative Study Between Amiodarone and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Decreasing Mortality From Sudden Cardiac Death in High-Risk Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unexpected death that occurs within one hour of symptom onset. In the United States, sudden cardiac death is considered the leading cause of natural death, accounting for 325,000 adult patients annually. SCD is more common in adult patients (above the mid-30s) and men. The risk factors that predict SCD are categorized into clinical, sociological, genetic, and psychological. To prevent the occurrence of SCD, several treatment options, especially antiarrhythmic drugs and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), have been used. A literature search from 2000 to 2022 was conducted on six electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search query used Boolean expressions and keywords such as amiodarone, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, sudden cardiac death, cardiac arrest, arrhythmic death, and all-cause mortality. The articles identified from the literature search were screened using the eligibility criteria, resulting in eight articles relevant for inclusion in the review. A meta-analysis of data from six of the included studies showed that ICD was more effective in the reduction of SCD rates, with an SCD rate of 5.97% (n = 84/1,408) observed in the ICD group compared with an SCD rate of 11.81% (n = 168/1,423) observed in the amiodarone group. The results also show that ICD was more effective in reducing all-cause mortality compared with amiodarone (odds ratio (OR): 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.74; I2 = 57%; P = 0.03). ICD treatment of high-risk patients was more effective in reducing SCD and all-cause mortality rates compared with amiodarone treatment. There is evidence that amiodarone can be used as an adjuvant treatment option, especially for patients who are not eligible for ICD treatment and those who face more adverse events. Evidence has also shown that using amiodarone with ICD treatment significantly improves survival rates compared to ICD treatment only.

A Rare Case of Metronidazole Overdose Causing Ventricular Fibrillation.

Ventricular fibrillation is not known as a complication of metronidazole poisoning. Although some arrhythmias have been reported as a complication of metronidazole intake while taking antiarrhythmic medications, most such arrhythmias are possibly related to co-ingestion of drugs with metronidazole as it affects the metabolism of these drugs. In this case, ventricular fibrillation occurred in a young patient without preexisting medical conditions or any other known drug ingestion, which was never been reported before. We present a case of an 18-year-old male brought in by the ambulance service after attempting to end his life by overdosing on metronidazole. While being transported he developed ventricular fibrillation and received an electric shock, which reverted the episode. Laboratory investigations did not show any clear cause that might have precipitated his arrhythmia.

Prehospital Care (EMS) in Yemen: Brief Report.

OBJECTIVE: A well-organized emergency medical system with adequate prehospital care can save lives and prevent disability. In Yemen, there are no data available about its prehospital care system. This qualitative, cross-sectional study aims to assess the status of prehospital care or emergency medical services in Yemen. METHODS: Data were collected from January to February 2019 through interviews and a questionnaire obtained from the Prehospital Trauma Care Systems Guideline published by the World Health Organization (WHO). Respondents were key representatives of the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MoPHP), Civil Defense/Police departments, and Yemeni Red Crescent Association (YRCA). RESULTS: Overall, based on 153 responses, it was found that, despite the availability of some formal services, the prehospital care system in Yemen is uncoordinated, fragmented, and insufficient. CONCLUSIONS: Given the importance of regulation, legislation, and funding support in the establishment of an effective prehospital care system, these areas merit the greatest attention and efforts. Future policies and strategies should also strive to improve communication and coordination between existing prehospital care providers, to establish a lead agency, and to increase accessibility to training.

Salbutamol-Induced QT Interval Prolongation in a Two-Year-Old Patient.

Salbutamol-induced QT interval prolongation is a relatively rare adverse effect of beta2-agonists. We report a case of a two-year-old female patient with no known past medical history, brought by her parents to the ED 30 minutes after ingesting a total dose of 97 mg of salbutamol solution. ECG was done for the patient when she arrived and showed sinus tachycardia with prolonged QTc (509 ms) and normal QRS complex. The patient was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) with persistent tachycardia and tachypnea in the initial reassessment. ECG was repeated with normal QT interval after IV Mg sulfate. The patient was observed in PICU for 12 hours with serial ECG and venous blood gas (VBG). IV potassium chloride (KCL) infusion started, and serial VBG showed normal potassium and lactate. The patient was doing well in the next six hours, with normal serial ECG, labs, and vital signs. In conclusion, salbutamol-induced QT prolongation has infrequently been reported in the literature. Although inhaled salbutamol is commonly used in clinical practice, physicians have limited experience with the severe features of its toxicity. Salbutamol is known to cause minimal side effects, which may be under-recognized and progress to serious manifestations such as hypokalemia, QT prolongation, and sudden cardiac death.

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) Poisoning Mistaken for an Anaphylactic Reaction.

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is commonly used in parts of Africa and Asia in combination with Lawsonia alba leaves (also widely known as henna) or as a substitute to dye the hair, palms, soles, or arms for wedding ceremonies or spiritual events. At the same time, it is quickly trending as an agent for suicidal attempts through ingestion. Toxicity is dose-dependent and can lead to serious complications both locally, such as angioedema and airway swelling, or systemically such as acute kidney injury, fatal arrhythmias, and acute hepatitis. We present a case of a 26-year-old pregnant female patient, with no known underlying medical history or known allergies. She ingested PPD-based dye in an attempt to end her life. She initially presented asymptomatically but started developing delayed toxicity symptoms including angioedema and acute liver failure. Her initial diagnosis was an anaphylaxis reaction, and her workup and management were conducted accordingly. We discuss the appropriate course of action in terms of investigations and management in cases of PPD poisoning, and what measures should have been taken in this patient to provide the best healthcare outcome.

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Treated with Snake Antivenom.

Cardiac complications following snakebites are uncommon but fatal. Here, we discuss a case of a snakebite that led to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Forty-five-year-old male presented to the emergency room with snakebite on the right middle finger. He was given symptomatic treatment and admitted for observation. His vital signs and initial investigations were normal except for the white blood count that was high. During observation, he developed vomiting and bradycardia. He was diagnosed with a right bundle branch block on ECG. The patient developed chest pain after a few hours and was diagnosed with AMI on ECG. The toxicology team started antivenom therapy. His troponin kept rising initially but later started coming down without percutaneous intervention (PCI). He was treated successfully with antivenom therapy and discharged.

Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the Complete Genome Sequence of Porcisia hertigi, Isolate C119, Strain LV43.

Porcisia hertigi is a parasitic kinetoplastid first isolated from porcupines (Coendou rothschildi) in central Panama in 1965. We present the complete genome sequence of P. hertigi, isolate C119, strain LV43, sequenced using combined short- and long-read technologies. This complete genome sequence will contribute to our knowledge of the parasitic genus Porcisia.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Canine Leishmaniasis in Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is caused by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) that is transmitted by sand fly vectors with dogs acting as the main reservoir. METHODS: The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of CanL in dogs from Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors. The study was conducted from 2019 to 2020 in five governorates situated in Northern Egypt. Serum samples from 450 asymptomatic dogs were serologically examined by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Overall, the seroprevalence rate of CanL was 21.3% and the highest rates were observed in Cairo and Giza governorates. The univariable analysis revealed that the seropositivity of CanL was strongly related to the dogs' ages, length of hair, absence of veterinary care or application of insecticides, and the type of floor of their shelters. The risk factors that were found to be associated with CanL in exposed dogs were: age group 2-4 years old (OR = 12, 95% CI: 1.6-92.3); short hair (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.2-3.6); absence of veterinary care (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3-5.8); no application of insecticides (OR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.5-6.5) and their residence in a shelter with an earthen floor (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.7-2.9). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present results, CanL is present in Egyptian dogs and this increases the possibility of transmission by sand fly to humans with whom they have contact. Consequently, an efficient monitoring programme and effective control measures are important to reduce the risk of infection.

Chromosome-scale genome sequencing, assembly and annotation of six genomes from subfamily Leishmaniinae.

We provide the raw and processed data produced during the genome sequencing of isolates from six species of parasites from the sub-family Leishmaniinae: Leishmania martiniquensis (Thailand), Leishmania orientalis (Thailand), Leishmania enriettii (Brazil), Leishmania sp. Ghana, Leishmania sp. Namibia and Porcisia hertigi (Panama). De novo assembly was performed using Nanopore long reads to construct chromosome backbone scaffolds. We then corrected erroneous base calling by mapping short Illumina paired-end reads onto the initial assembly. Data has been deposited at NCBI as follows: raw sequencing output in the Sequence Read Archive, finished genomes in GenBank, and ancillary data in BioSample and BioProject. Derived data such as quality scoring, SAM files, genome annotations and repeat sequence lists have been deposited in Lancaster University's electronic data archive with DOIs provided for each item. Our coding workflow has been deposited in GitHub and Zenodo repositories. This data constitutes a resource for the comparative genomics of parasites and for further applications in general and clinical parasitology.

Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the Complete Genome Sequence of Leishmania (Mundinia) sp. Ghana, Isolate GH5, Strain LV757.

Leishmania (Mundinia) sp. Ghana is a kinetoplastid parasite isolated in 2015 in Ghana. We report the complete genome sequence of L. (M.) sp. Ghana, sequenced using combined short-read and long-read technologies. This will facilitate greater understanding of this novel pathogen and its relationships within the subgenus Mundinia.