Sexual dysfunction among patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported a higher prevalence of sexual dysfunction (SD) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the current study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the role of PD as a potential risk factor for SD in both genders. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. All observational studies comparing the prevalence of SD in PD with the general population were included. RESULTS: After screening 22 studies were included in our qualitative and statistical analysis. We included 13 studies that reported odds ratio (OR) and found a significant association between PD and SD (pooled OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 2.19-5.58). Five studies included only male patients and reported an OR of 3.34 (95% CI = 1.34-8.35; heterogeneity I2 = 81%, Tau2 = 0.79, p < 0.00), while seven studies included both sexes and reported an OR of 3.55 (95% CI = 1.89-6.66; heterogeneity I2 = 78%, Tau2 = 0.53, p < 0.00). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study suggests a strong association between PD and SD in both men and women. Our analysis of 22 observational studies reveals that the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is significantly higher in patients with PD compared to the general population. These findings highlight the importance of addressing SD as part of the comprehensive management of patients with PD.

Investigating the barriers to clinical education among medical students in Iran: A narrative review study.

Various factors can affect the clinical education of medical students. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers to clinical educational related to medical students in Iranian universities of medical sciences. To conduct this study, all studies related to the subject under discussion, during the years 2000-2022, by systematically searching internationally available databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, were reviewed. Finally, 14 fully relevant studies were selected to investigate the main objective. The results of the present study showed that some factors, such as clinical environment, educational programs, facilities and equipment, number of students, how teaching professors, educators and hospital staff interacted with students, motivation and interest of students, hope for the future, job security and other similar parameters could affect the quality of clinical education. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the quality of clinical education in different universities of medical sciences is different and depended on many factors. Furthermore, it is necessary for the educational administrators of medical universities in Iran to identify the needs and shortcomings related to the clinical education of universities and then remove those barriers.