Caffeic Acid in Dermatological Formulations: In Vitro Release Profile and Skin Absorption.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Caffeic acid (CA) is a cinnamic acid derivative, found in many vegetable products, with powerful antioxidant activity, the ability to increase collagen production and capacity to prevent premature aging of the skin. The classic emulsions of CA are widely used by the consumer to provide a pleasant, refreshing sensorial experience; however, preparations developed in the form of dry film are presented as a technological alternative due to its facile and safe transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release, permeation, and retention of CA in a film and emulsion through in vitro experiments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The release evaluation of CA from the emulsion and the film was performed using modified Franz diffusion cells, with an area of 1.77 cm², using Microette equipment (Hanson Research) with a cellulose membrane. The evaluation of the permeation of CA from the formulations was conducted using a similar technique of release, except that a biological membrane was used. RESULTS: High release of active compound and reduced permeation was observed, indicating that CA was able to be retained in the epidermis/dermis, where it should have the desired action. The concentration of caffeic acid in the skin was higher for the film formulation than for the emulsion. This demonstrates a greater efficiency of this type of innovative release system, besides its facile and safe transportation. CONCLUSION: The formulations tested in this paper can release caffeic acid with a Higuchi kinetic profile, in which release of active ingredient occurs by a diffusion process. The film formulations exhibited a lower permeation rate and higher retention in the skin, which is essential for a cosmetic product. The concentration of CA in the skin was also higher for the film formulation when compared to the emulsion. This demonstrates a greater efficiency of this type of innovative release system, in addition to its easy and safe transportation. Therefore, it is possible to suggest CA as a promising substance for dermal use due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and collagen production stimulating activity.

RP-HPLC×HILIC chromatography for quantifying ertapenem sodium with a look at green chemistry.

Ertapenem sodium is a polar and ionizable compound; therefore, it has little retention on traditional C18 columns in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, even using a highly-aqueous mobile phase that can result in dewetting in the stationary phase. Thus, the most coherent process for ERTM is to develop a method for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. However, for the traditional methods in HILIC, the use of a highly organic mobile phase is necessary; usually an amount exceeding 80% acetonitrile is necessary. On the other hand, the RP-HPLC mode is considered for the analysis technique, which is more often used for quantification of substances, and new columns are often introduced to analyze different groups of compounds. Two new analytical methods have been developed for routine analysis. The proposed chromatographic method was adequate and advantageous by presenting simplicity, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, detection limits, and satisfactory quantification. Analytical methods are constantly undergoing changes and improvements. Researchers worldwide are rapidly adopting Green Chemistry. The development of new pharmaceutical methods based in Green chemistry has been encouraged by universities and the pharmaceutical industry. Issues related to green chemistry are in evidence and they have been featured in international journals of high impact. The methods described here have economic advantages and they feature an eco-friendly focus, which is discussed in this work. This work was developed with an environmental conscience, always looking to minimize the possible generated organic waste. Therefore, discussion on this aspect is included.

Operculina macrocarpa: chemical and intestinal motility effect in mice

ABSTRACT Operculina macrocarpa (L.) Urb., Convolvulaceae, is used by the population as a laxative. In this work we described the isolation of the three phenolic acids present in the hydroethanolic extract of the O. macrocarpa roots. The quantification of the caffeic, chlorogenic acids and of the new caffeic dimer in the hydroethanolic and infusion extracts was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled photodiode array detector. These analyses showed the higher content of the chlorogenic, caffeic and the new 3,4'-dehydrodicaffeic acid in hydroethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts without resin in which infusion. The acid found in greater quantity is caffeic acid followed by the 3,4'-dehydrodicaffeic acid. The laxative activity was evaluated by different experimental models of intestinal transit with the hydroethanolic and infusion extracts, and the resin fraction, caffeic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids. The results showed all extracts and compounds tested had significant activity in the experimental model tested. These results obtained are essential for the future development of a pharmaceutical product with safety and efficacy.

Antimicrobial activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Equisetum hyemale extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana e toxicidade in vitro e in vivo de extratos de Equisetum hyemale

Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) species is considered a medicinal plant used in the form of teas to combat infectious or inflammation diseases, presenting several compounds related to these actions. There are no extensive studies about the use against different microbial groups as well as for the toxicity. The objective of these studies was for the first time evaluated the antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms and the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of 70% ethanol and methanol E. hyemale extracts. Antimicrobial activity assays were performed by broth microdilution technique to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the cytoxicity was assayed in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo was performed with mice. The methanol extracts, showed better antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms whit MIC of 0.5 mg/mL. Both extracts presented low cytotoxicity even in high concentrations and the 70% ethanol extract of E. hyemale did not present toxicity inducing significant alterations and/or death in mice. This results suggests that both extracts exhibits great potential to therapeutic applications...

Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) é considerada uma planta medicinal por ser utilizada sob a forma de chás para combater doenças infecciosas ou inflamatórias, apresentando vários compostos relacionados a essas ações. Não existem estudos extensos sobre a utilização contra diferentes grupos de micro-organismos, bem como para a toxicidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos orais e a toxicidade in vitro e in vivo dos extratos etanólico (70%) e metanólico de E. hyemale. A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), a citotoxicidade foi realizada in vitro frente a linhagens de macrófagos e fibroblastos e a toxicidade aguda foi realizado in vivo. O extrato metanólico apresentou melhor atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos orais, com CIM de 0,5 mg/mL. Ambos os extratos apresentaram baixa citotoxicidade, mesmo em altas concentrações e o extrato etanólico (70%) não apresentou toxicidade in vivo capaz de induzir alterações e/ou morte significativa em camundongos. Estes resultados sugerem que ambos os extratos apresentam potencial para aplicações terapêuticas...

Development and validation of a rapid turbidimetric assay to determine the potency of cefuroxime sodium in powder for dissolution for injection.

The cefuroxime sodium is a second generation cephalosporin indicated for infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Although this drug is highly studied and researched regarding the antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, there are few studies regarding the development of analytical methodology for this cephalosporin. Thus, research involving analytical methods is essential and highly relevant to optimize its analysis in the pharmaceutical industry and guarantee the quality of the product already sold. This study describes the development and validation of a microbiological assay applying the turbidimetric method for the determination of cefuroxime, using Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 as micro-organism test and 3x3 parallel line assay design, with nine tubes for each assay, as recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The developed and validated method showed excellent results of linearity, seletivity, precision and robustness, in the concentration range from 30.0 to 120.0 mg/mL, with 100.21% accuracy and content 99.97% to cefuroxime sodium in injectable pharmaceutical form.

Multivariate development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the determination of glimepiride in tablets.

This paper describes the multivariate development of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the quantification of glimepiride in pharmaceutical tablets. Full factorial design, Doehlert design, and response-surface methodology were used in conjunction with the desirability function approach. This procedure allowed the adequate separation of glimepiride from all degradant peaks in a short analysis time (about 9 min). This HPLC method uses potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5; 27.5 mmol/L)-methanol (34 + 66, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 228 nm. A Waters Symmetry C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5.0 pm) at controlled room temperature (25 degrees C) was used as the stationary phase. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and demonstrated linearity from 2 to 40 mg/L glimepiride, selectivity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. The LOD and LOQ were 0.315 and 1.050 mg/L, respectively. The multivariate strategy adopted in this work can be successfully applied in routine laboratories because of its fast optimization without the additional cost of columns or equipment.

A discriminating dissolution method for glimepiride polymorphs.

Glimepiride, an oral antidiabetic drug, is practically insoluble in water and exists in two polymorphic forms, I and II, of which form II has higher solubility in water. Because the dissolution rate of drugs can depend on the crystal form, there is a need to develop discriminating dissolution methods that are sensitive to changes in polymorphic forms. In this work, a dissolution method for the assessment of 4 mg glimepiride tablets was developed and validated. The optimal dissolution conditions were 1000 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) containing 0.1% (w/v) of sodium dodecyl sulfate as the dissolution medium and a stirring speed of 50 rpm using a paddle apparatus. The results demonstrated that all the data meet the validation acceptance criteria. Subsequently, tablets containing forms I and II of glimepiride were prepared and subjected to dissolution testing. A significant influence of polymorphism on the dissolution properties of glimepiride tablets was observed. These results suggested that the raw material used to produce glimepiride tablets must be strictly controlled because they may produce undesirable and unpredictable effects.

Development and validation of a successful microbiological agar assay for determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution.

Ceftriaxone sodium is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and belongs to the third generation of cephalosporins. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution has not been reported yet. This paper reports the development and validation of a simple, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of ceftriaxone sodium on the strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9371 IAL 1027 used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r = 0.999) in the selected range of 15.0-60.0 µg/mL, precise with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability intraday = 1.40%, accurate (100.46%) and robust with a RSD lower than 1.28%. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable ceftriaxone sodium quantitation in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine.

Chemical and antidiarrheal studies of Plinia cauliflora.

Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, widespread in South America, has edible fruits, and its bark is commonly used against diarrhea and other disorders, on account of its astringency. Because diarrhea is still one of the most important causes of illness and death among children in developing countries, where the population turns to traditional medicine for its treatment, the present study determined the composition of fruit and leaf extracts of P. cauliflora, analyzed the activity against diarrhea by antimicrobial and gastrointestinal motility, and evaluated the cytotoxicity of the extracts. Chemical composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatograpy-ultraviolet/photodiode array detection. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed by agar diffusion and the microdilution method against etiological agents of diarrhea. The effect on gastrointestinal motility was analyzed using an experimental model in mice. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro with the fibroblast cell line SIRC CCL 60, and leaf extract showed a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.48 µg/mL. Gallic acid, ellagic acid, and flavonoid derivatives were detected in the extracts. It was observed that fruit and leaf extracts showed some activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. However, neither extract had any effect on gastrointestinal motility.

Antidiarrheal activity of Campomanesia xanthocarpa fruit.

The growing list of drug-resistant microorganisms and the persistence of deaths due to diarrhea are compelling reasons to study plants in search of new therapeutic agents. The chemical constitution and popular use of the edible fruits of Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg motivated this study to assess the antimicrobial and antidiarrheal properties of the fruits. An extract in 70% ethanol was prepared, and its antimicrobial activity was tested against several strains of bacteria by the agar diffusion and microdilution methods. Antidiarrheal activity was analyzed by testing intestinal motility in an animal model. Preliminary phytochemical study indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in the hydroalcoholic extract. Antimicrobial activity was significant, but the minimum inhibitory concentration proved to be higher than the maximum extract concentration tested. The extract did not show significant activity for intestinal motility. Although this fruit extract did not show great results as an antimicrobial or antidiarrheal agent, the study contributes to the search for new plant agents and could be referred to as a research protocol by investigators in this area.

Development and validation of a microbiological agar assay for determination of orbifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations.

Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and belongs to the third generation of quinolones. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for determination of orbifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations has not as yet been reported. For this purpose, this paper reports the development and validation of a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify orbifloxacin in tablet formulations. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of orbifloxacin upon the strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r = 0.9992) in the selected range of 16.0-64.0 µg/mL, precise with relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability intraday = 2.88%, intermediate precision RSD = 3.33%, and accurate (100.31%). The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable orbifloxacin quantitation in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine.

Development and validation of a stability-indicative agar diffusion assay to determine the potency of linezolid in tablets in the presence of photodegradation products.

Linezolid (LNZ) is one of the first commercially available (and most widely used) oxazolidinone antibiotics. This study describes the development and validation of a microbiological assay, applying the cylinder-plate method, for the determination of the antibiotic linezolid, as well as the evaluation of the ability of the method in determining the stability of linezolid in tablets. The validation method yielded good results and included linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and selectivity. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of LNZ upon the strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9372 used as the test microorganism. The results of the assay were treated statistically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and were found to be linear (r(2)=0.9998) in the range of 20-80 microg mL(-1), precise (inter-assay: R.S.D.=0.61) and accurate (R.S.D.=1.7). The method developed and validated proved to be indicative of stability and capable of determining the decay of linezolid in the presence of photodegradation products. Comparison of bioassay and liquid chromatography by ANOVA showed no significant difference between methodologies. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which is a simple and useful alternative methodology for LNZ determination in routine quality control.

O Brasil no contexto de controle de qualidade de plantas medicinais / Brazil in the context of plants and derivates quality control

Atualmente, as plantas medicinais movem altos valores financeiros em todo o mundo e representam o tipo de tratamento mais acessível para cerca de 80 por cento da população, principalmente entre os países em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, existe ainda uma falta de conhecimento sobre propriedades químicas, farmacológicas e toxicológicas a fim de assegurar a eficácia e segurança das plantas medicinais. Os critérios de eficácia e segurança de plantas medicinais estão relacionados a qualidade, isto é, as plantas necessitam ser corretamente identificadas, cultivadas e coletadas, devem estar livres de material estranho, partes de outras plantas e contaminações inorgânicas e/ou microbianas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de elucidar os diferentes processos e padronizações sobre o controle de drogas vegetais, principalmente no Brasil.

Nowadays medicinal plants move high financial values at the world and represent a type of treatment more accessible for about 80 percent of people, mainly among developing countries. However, there is a lack of knowledge about chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties towards ensure their efficacy and safety. Efficacy and safety criteria of medicinal plants are related to quality, that is, the plants need to be correctly identified, cultivated and harvested, they must be free of strange material, part of other plants and inorganic and/or microorganisms contamination. The aim of this study was to elucidate different process and standardizations about quality control of vegetal drugs mainly in Brazil.

Controles físico, físico-químico, químico e microbiológico dos frutos de Dimorphandra mollis Benth., Fabaceae / Physic, physic-chemical, chemical and microbiological control of fruits of Dimorphandra mollis Benth., Fabaceae

Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas de desenvolvimento e produção, desde a coleta do vegetal até o produto final. O controle de qualidade de drogas vegetais e seus extratos é essencial quando utilizados como matéria-prima para o desenvolvimento de fitoterápicos. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas diversas técnicas (farmacopeicas e não farmacopeicas) visando estabelecer parâmetros de qualidade dos frutos de Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (Leguminosae), popularmente conhecida como faveiro. Os resultados obtidos determinaram as características físico-químicas da droga vegetal e mostraram que o pó dos frutos e o extrato etanólico 70 por cento de D. mollis apresentam um teor de flavonóides de 10,25 por cento e 17,21 por cento, respectivamente. A análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos caracterizou a presença de taninos, saponinas e flavonóides. Na análise microbiológica do extrato não houve crescimento de patógenos entre os testes realizados.

Considering the quality of phytotherapic agents, it is important to point out that the concern with this subject includes rigorous attendance the different steps of development and production of these products, from the collection of the vegetable to the availability of the final product. The quality control for the plants and their extracts is essential when they are used in the development of phytotherapics. In this work, methodologies (pharmacopoeic and no pharmacopoeic) were employed to establish norms for the quality control of Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (Leguminosae) fruit, popularly known as faveira. Pharmacopoeic and no pharmacopoeic methodologies were employed to physic, physic-chemical, chemical and microbiological quality control. The results obtained established the physic-chemical characters of the drug and showed that the fruits and the ethanol 70 percent extract present a content of flavonoids of 10.25 percent and 17.21 percent, respectively. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the D. mollis fruits evidenced tannins, saponnins and flavonoids. The microbiological analysis did not present pathogenic growth among the accomplished tests.

Antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima species (Malpighiaceae) / Atividade antimicrobiana de espécies de Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae)

Byrsonima species, family Malpighiaceae, is popularly known as "murici". There are several properties attributed to the leaves of Byrsonima species including febrifuge, to treat gastrointestinal dysfunctions and skin diseases. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima fagifolia, B. basiloba and B. intermedia extracts obtained from the leaves were evaluated by using the disc-diffusion method. The results obtained showed that the methanol extracts of leaves had presented antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms tested.

Espécies de Byrsonima, família Malpighiaceae, são popularmente conhecidas como "murici". Existem várias propriedades atribuídas às folhas de espécies de Byrsonima incluindo febrífuga, no tratamento de disfunções gastrintestinais e doenças de pele. Neste trabalho avaliamos a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos das folhas de Byrsonima fagifolia, B. basiloba e B. intermedia usando o método de difusão em disco. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os extratos metanólicos das folhas apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra todos os microrganismos testados.

Estudo fitoquímico de goiaba (Psidium guajava L. ) com potencial antioxidante para o desenvolvimento de formulação fitocosmética / Phytochemical study of guava (Psidium guajava L. ) with potential antioxidant activity aiming at developing a phytocosmetic formulation

Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho, foram realizados o controle da qualidade, o potencial antioxidante como também ensaios biológicos in vitro do fruto da goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.), para o desenvolvimento de uma formulação fitocosmética. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o fruto apresenta taninos e flavonóides, bem como atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana. A análise microbiológica não apresentou crescimento de patógenos na formulação desenvolvida entre os outros testes realizados. Destaca-se a importância do estabelecimento do controle da qualidade para as plantas, a fim de que sejam utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de uma formulação fitocosmética segura, eficaz e com qualidade.

Considering the quality of the phytotherapic products, it is important to point out that the concern with this question includes rigorous accompaniment of the different stages of the development and production of these products, since the collection of the vegetable until the availability of the end product. In this work the quality control, the antioxidant potential were performed as also biological assays in vitro of guava fruit (P. guajava L.), for the development of a phytocosmetic formulation. The results had shown that the fruit presents tannins and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The microbiological analysis did not present growth of pathogens. The importance of the establishment of the quality control for the plants is relevant, so that they are used for the development of a phytocosmetic formulation considered safe, efficient and with quality.

Controle da qualidade do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L. ) Skeels / Quality control of Syzygium cumini (L. ) Skeels fruits

Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho foi realizado o controle da qualidade do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, popularmente conhecido como jambolão. Para o controle físico-químico e microbiológico utilizaram-se metodologias farmacopéicas e não farmacopeicas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o fruto apresenta um teor de taninos de 4,2 por cento e a análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos de S. cumini evidenciou taninos, flavonóides, antocianidinas, iridóides, alcalóides e heterosídeos fenólicos simples. A análise microbiológica não apresentou crescimento de patógenos entre os outros testes realizados. Destaca-se a importância do estabelecimento de normas para o controle da qualidade para as plantas, a fim de que sejam utilizadas com finalidade fitoterápica.

Considering the quality of the phytotherapic agents, it is important to point out that the concern with this subject includes rigorous attendance of the different steps of the development and production of these products, from the collection of the vegetable to the availability of the final product. In this work the quality control of the Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fruit, popularly known as jambolão, was carried out. Pharmacopoeic and no pharmacopoeic methodologies were employed to physico-chemical and microbiological quality control. The obtained results showed that the fruits presents a content of tannins of 4.2 percent, the preliminary phytochemical analysis of the S. cumini fruits evidenced tannins, flavonoids, antocianidin, iridoids, alkaloids and heterosides simple phenols. The microbiological analysis didnÆt present phatogenic growth among the other accomplished tests. The work stands out the importance of the establishment of norms for the quality control for the plants, so that they are used with phytotherapic purpose.

Determination of lomefloxacin in tablet preparations by liquid chromatography.

A sensitive, precise, and specific high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of lomefloxacin (LFLX) in raw material and tablet preparations. The method validation parameters yielded good results and included the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and recovery. It was also found that the excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. The HPLC separation was performed on a reversed-phase Phenomenex C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm id, 5 microm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of 1% acetic acid-acetonitrile-methanol (70 + 15 + 15, v/v/v), pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The effluent was monitored at 280 nm. The calibration graph for LFLX was linear from 2.0 to 7.0 mg/mL. The interday and intraday precisions (relative standard deviation) were less than 1.0%. The method was applied for the quality control of commercial LFLX tablets to quantitate the drug.

Determination of gatifloxacin in bulk and tablet preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A sensitive, precise, and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the assay of gatifloxacin (GATX) in raw material and tablets. The method validation parameters yielded good results and included the range, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, and recovery. It was also found that the excipients in the commercial tablet preparation did not interfere with the assay. The HPLC separation was carried out by reversed-phase chromatography on a C18 absorbosphere column (250 x 4.6 mm id, 5 microm particle size) with a mobile phase composed of acetic acid 5%-acetonitrile-methanol (70 + 15 + 15, v/v/v) pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The effluent was monitored at 287 nm. The calibration graph for GATX was linear from 4.0 to 14.0 microg/mL. The interday and intraday precisions (relative standard deviation) were less than 1.05%.

Evaluation of efficacy of preservatives associated with Achillea millefolium L. extract against Bacillus subtilis

A eficácia antimicrobiana de conservantes empregados em formulações cosméticas foi avaliada usando Phenova® e Imidazolinidil uréia que inibiram o crescimento de Bacillus subtilis no extrato de Achillea millefolium L. e Nipagin®/ Nipasol® 0,2 por cento em propilenoglicol não apresentaram efeito microbicida.