Residual elbow instability in children with posterior or postero-lateral elbow dislocation.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence and the severity of residual elbow instability in children treated for posterior (PED) or postero-lateral (PLED) elbow dislocation. This retrospective study included all children younger than 14 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of acute post-traumatic elbow dislocation (ED). Subjective data such as perceived pain, stiffness and impact of daily activities, and objective data such as skin lesions, surgical-site infections, and range of motion were recorded. All patients underwent the milking test, the chair sign test (CST) and the Drawer test (DT). The functional status has been rated according to the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) and the Roberts criteria (RC). Radiographs of the injured arm were performed at the last follow-up visit to evaluate axial alignment, growth disturbances, osteoarthrosis, heterotopic calcifications, and the presence of loose intra-articular bodies. Nineteen patients with a mean age of 9 years and 5 months at the time of injury were available for review. Six patients had PED (31.6%) and 13 PLED (68.4%); in five cases (26.3%) the dislocation was simple and in 14 cases (73.7%) it was complex. None of the patients complained of subjective symptoms of elbow instability, although 2 patients had positive CST, and one of them also had positive milking test. RC and MEPS ranged from good to excellent in all patients. Clinical examination with multiple stability tests is important to detect residual elbow instability in children treated for ED as functional scores alone may underestimate the clinical picture.

Nail changes in children with idiopathic congenital clubfoot deformity.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nail alterations are commonly seen in cases of idiopathic clubfoot and may cause parental concern. The nature of and whether these changes are congenital or develop secondary to treatment has been poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate toenail morphology in clubfoot patients at presentation, to re-evaluate them during the course of treatment for the clubfoot, and to analyze findings in the light of the few literature reports for healthy children of the same age. METHODS: Thirty infants (21 males and 9 females) with idiopathic clubfoot were prospectively enrolled at the Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital. Nails of affected and non-affected feet were evaluated by a team of pediatric dermatologists at presentation and re-evaluated once per patient during the bracing period of Ponseti treatment. RESULTS: Toenails of affected (47) and non-affected (13) feet were abnormal at presentation in 43.3% of patients, in both clubfeet (40.4%) and non-affected feet (38.5%), but most changes were physiologic or transitory alterations, commonly found in healthy children, with nail concavity (koilonychia) being the most common finding (29.7%). Changes were not related to clubfoot severity or laterality (P > .05). In most (76.9%) unilateral cases, there was concordance of nail changes between clubfoot and non-affected foot. At re-evaluation (follow-up time 410 ± 207 days), nail problems were more frequent (53.3%); ingrown toenail was the most common (21.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of nail alterations seems not to be caused by clubfoot pathology and could be related to unfavorable local condition in the brace.

Flexible intramedullary nailing for supracondylar femoral fractures in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

BACKGROUND Femoral fractures are common in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and represent a critical moment in the natural history of the disease. The immobilization required for fracture healing frequently leads to further weakening and worsening (or definitive loss) of functional abilities. Surgical treatment has been advocated in ambulatory and nonambulatory patients with rapid mobilization of patients as the main goal; however, it exposes patients to considerable anesthetic risk. CASE REPORT We present a previously unreported experience of flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) in 2 DMD patients (aged 11.7 and 12.8 years) who were still able to walk or stand when the supracondylar femoral fractures occurred. The surgical procedures were performed with sufficient reduction and stabilization of fractures. Rapid mobilization of the patients was achieved, including muscle strengthening exercises. A prompt recovery of the upright standing position and successive ambulation was accomplished in the patient with the higher functional status before the fracture, whereas the standing ability was not recovered in the other patient. No increase of knee flexion contractures and no growth disturbances were recorded at the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The operative treatment option should be considered by a multidisciplinary team; they should evaluate the advantages and risks for each patient considering their functional status. For ambulatory children (or patients still able to stand), FIN can represent a valid, minimally invasive, apparently growth-sparing and sufficiently stable osteosynthesis, allowing rapid rehabilitation of the patient that can limit, but not completely avoid the consequences of the femoral fracture.

The influence of laterality, sex and family history on clubfoot severity.

PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies on idiopathic clubfeet have shown a typical distribution consistent across ethnic groups: bilaterality in about 50% of cases and a male to female ratio of 2:1. Whether this corresponds also to differences in severity according to laterality and sex has been poorly evaluated. As well, the correlation between family history and severity has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate how laterality, sex and family history influence severity and treatment. METHODS: In all, 97 infants with idiopathic clubfoot (81 male, 16 female; 55 unilateral, 42 bilateral; 19 with a first or second-degree relative affected) consecutively treated with Ponseti method were prospectively enrolled. Initial severity (according to Dimeglio and Pirani scores) and treatment (number of casts and need for tenotomy) were analyzed in the different subgroups. RESULTS: Initial severity according to Pirani (p = 0.020) and Dimeglio score (p = 0.006), number of casts (p = 0.000) and tenotomy (p = 0.045) were significantly higher in bilateral than in unilateral cases. In bilateral cases, a significant correlation was found between the right and left foot of each patient in terms of initial severity, number of casts and tenotomy performed. No statistically significant difference was found according to sex and family history. CONCLUSIONS: This study has confirmed the different behaviour of bilateral cases reported by previous studies; bilateral cases are more severe and show similar features in their right and left foot. This could be the result of different pathogenic mechanisms, likely on a genetic basis. Sex and family history did not seem to influence severity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level of evidence II.

Extraskeletal Chondroma: A Rare Cause of Trigger Finger in Children.

INTRODUCTION: Trigger finger is ten times less common than trigger thumb in infants and children and, unlike trigger thumb, may arise from a variety of underlying causes. To our knowledge, we describe the first case of pediatric trigger finger secondary to an extraskeletal chondroma. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of an 11-year-old girl presenting with a typical history of triggering of the fourth finger, in whom a nodule attached to the flexor digitorum superficialis was found; clinical, ultrasound, and operative findings are described. Histological analysis was diagnostic of extraskeletal chondroma, also known as chondroma of soft tissues. CONCLUSION: This is a very uncommon benign cartilaginous tumor, mostly reported in patients aged 30 to 60 years (just one pediatric extraskeletal chondroma of the hand has been described), and presentation with trigger finger has been reported just once, in a 76-year-old man. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric trigger finger.

Tri-length laser therapy associated to tecar therapy in the treatment of low-back pain in adults: a preliminary report of a prospective case series.

Low-back pain is very frequent, especially in active adult population. There are several different orthopaedic condition that can cause low-back pain, and the pain worsen the quality of life significantly. The treatments vary from drugs, physical therapies, kinesiology, local infiltrations, and so on. Laser therapy has an important role in the treatment of the inflammatory causes of pain, with several studies that demonstrate the efficacy of low and high energy laser therapy in the treatment of low-back pain. Sixty-six consecutive patients with low-back pain with or without leg pain were treated using a combination of Tri-length laser I-Triax® (Mectronic Medicale, Bergamo, Italy) and Pharon® tecar therapy (Mectronic Medicale, Bergamo, Italy). The patients were treated three times a week, every other day, for a total of 10 sessions. Clinical results were evaluated using visual analogic scale for individual pain (0 to 10) and the Oswestry disability scale (ODS). Tests started before the beginning of therapies and 8 weeks after the end of the therapies. Visual analogic scale (VAS) score significantly improved from an average value of 8.1 ± 1.58 pre-treatment to an average value 8-weeks post-treatment of 2.63 ± 2.74 (P < .01). ODS values start from a pre-treatment average value of 53.0 ± 13.0 to a post-treatment average value of 23.5 ± 19.8 (P < .01). A higher improvement both in VAS and in ODS was denoted in the group of patient with low-back pain and leg pain (respectively, VAS from 8.66 ± 1.58 to 2.86 ± 2.94 and ODS from 57.8 ± 15.5 to 23.7 ± 19.5). Low-back pain, associated or not with leg pain, is a very common clinical situation. The treatments of this condition are different, and an important role can be given to the laser therapy. The conclusion of this study is that the association between laser therapy iLux-Triax® and tecar therapy Pharon® in the treatment of low-back pain, with or without leg pain, can significantly reduce pain and improve the quality of life in patients with degenerative and inflammatory problems.