Analysis of Results After Surgical Application of Bone Marrow Aspirate Stem Cell Concentrate in the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head.

Introduction: Avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis of the femoral head is defined as a pathological process that results in a critical reduction in the blood supply to the hip head with increased intraosseous pressure. Avascular necrosis is a multifactorial disease. The treatment used so far consists of transosseous decompression of the femoral head and is the most commonly used method in the early stages of osteonecrosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results after application of bone marrow stem cells obtained from the pelvic ridge, which was applied to the necrotic zone after previous decompression. Material and methods. The study is of prospective character and included 30 patients with first, second, and third degrees of AVN according to the Ficat classification, determined with X-ray. The range of motion in the hip was examined preoperatively by using a goniometer, a radiological evaluation of the degree of AVN was performed, according to the Ficat classification, and the VAS scale and the Harris Hip Score were examined preoperatively and postoperatively. Results: The average value for the Harris Hip Score (HHS) preoperatively was: for Ficat I -66.32±5.1, for Ficat II - 49.19±3.4 and for Ficat III - 33.71±2.1. At the 3-month postoperative follow-up, the average HHS values were: 87.92±4.3 for Ficat I, 78.64±6.6 for Ficat II and 76.48±2.6 for Ficat III. The same values for HHS were obtained in the control examinations at the 6th and 12th month postoperatively, indicating the fact that good bone regeneration was achieved and the progression of the condition was prevented. A decrease in the HHS value was observed at the control examination at 1 year after the surgical treatment, in 3 patients according to the Ficat classification of grade III, in whom a total hip replacement surgery was performed. Conclusion: The use of stem cells in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head has achieved good functional results and reduced pain in operated patients. Radiographically, good bone regeneration was achieved and the progression of necrosis to a higher degree was prevented.

Ultrasound-guided Biopsy of Musculoskeletal Soft-tissue Tumors: Basic Principles, Usefulness and Limitations.

The aim of this article is to provide a short review of the literature concerning the basic principles, usefulness and limitations of ultrasound-guided biopsy of musculoskeletal soft-tissue tumors, with particular focus on core needle biopsies. Musculoskeletal soft-tissue tumors represent a rare and complex group of heterogeneous lesions. Prompt diagnosis of these uncommon lesions can improve the outcome and increase the patient survival rate. A biopsy examination of soft-tissue tumors with imaging modalities is necessary in all cases of aggressive or undetermined lesions. Although fine needle aspiration can be helpful for the biopsy of certain tumor types, core needle biopsy is a standard procedure in most tertiary sarcoma centers. It has a high diagnostic accuracy, low complication rate and lower price in comparison to open biopsy, and can replace it in the majority of cases of soft-tissue tumor assessment. However, the examining physician has to be familiar with the technique, and the strengths and potential difficulties in performing ultrasound-guided biopsy, as well as possible solutions to obstacles. Several recently developed ultrasound techniques can be helpful and improve the outcome of imaging-guided biopsies of musculoskeletal lesions.

Percutaneous Imaging-Guided versus Open Musculoskeletal Biopsy: Concepts and Controversies.

Bone and soft tissue tumors are a largely heterogeneous group of tumors. Biopsy of musculoskeletal (MSK) tumors is sometimes a challenging procedure. Although the open biopsy is still considered the gold standard for the biopsy of MSK lesions, core needle biopsy can replace it in most cases, with similar accuracy and a low complication rate. The biopsy should be performed in a tertiary sarcoma center where the multidisciplinary team consists of at minimum a tumor surgeon, an MSK pathologist, and an MSK radiologist who can assess all steps of the procedure. Several factors can influence the success of the biopsy including the lesion characteristics, the equipment, and the method used for the procedure. This review highlights some of the important aspects regarding the biopsy of the MSK tumors, with special attention to imaging a guided core needle biopsy and highlighting some of the recent advancements and controversies in the field.

The Influence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant on Postoperative Clinical Results in Patients with Remnant Preserving Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) remnants have important biomechanical, vascular and proprioceptive function. AIM: To determine the influence of the ACL residual remnants after partial and complete ACL ruptures on postoperative clinical results in patients with remnant preserving ACL reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 66 patients divided into two groups. In patients from the investigation group remnant preserving ACL reconstruction was performed, in patients from the control group single bundle ACL reconstruction was performed. The results were assessed by Rolimeter measurements, Lysholm and Tegner scores and proprioception evaluation. RESULTS: The mean side-to-side difference of anterior tibia displacement (mm) was improved from 4.4 ± 1.06 to 0.4 ± 0.7 in the investigation group, and from 4.6 ± 0.68 to 1.9 ± 0.64 in the control group (p < 0.001). Difference in the angles in which the knee was placed by the device and the patient has improved from 1.5 ± 0.96° to 0.5 ± 0.53° in the investigation group and from 1.8 ± 0.78° to 1.3 ± 0.97° in the control group (p < 0.05). Tegner and Lysholm scores showed no difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Preservation of the ACL residual bundle provides a better knee stability and proprioceptive function.

FROM ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST TO TELANGIECTATIC OSTEOSARCOMA WITH METASTASIS IN INGUINAL LYMPH NODES - CASE REPORT.

INTRODUCTION: Aneurysmal bone cyst is a benign bone lesion composed of blood filled cystic cavities lined by fibrous septa. Its malignant transformation of is a rare event. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a lesion in the second metatarsal bone in a 29-year-old male, presented as a slight swelling of the right foot. After the curettage had been done, the diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst was made but the recurrence occurred 4 years later. The biopsy of the recurrent tumor showed compact neoplastic tissue consistent with diagnosis of giant cell tumor with malignancy. The malignant component was recognized as a high grade sarcoma with osteoid production. A tumor mass with the whole II metatarsal bone was extirpated and a resected part of fibula was transplanted. A year later, another recurrence occurred, an amputation was performed and a teleangiectatic osteosarcoma with ingvinal lymph nodes metastases was diagnosed. No other tumor mass was confirmed, either clinically or by imaging techniques at the time of his third operation. He died 4 months later with multiple pulmonary metastases. CONCLUSION: We emphasize the importance of team work in order to achieve the accurate diagnosis, highlighting careful radiological examinations, good sampling and awareness of unusual cases in bone tumor pathology.

Analysis of radiographic bone parameters throughout the surgical lengthening and deformity correction of extremities.

BACKGROUND: Radiographic examination of extremities in surgical lengthening and/or correction of deformities is of crucial importance for the assessment of new bone formation. The purpose of this study is to confirm the diagnostic value of radiography in precise detection of bone parameters in various lengthening or correction stages in patients treated by limb-lengthening and deformity correction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 50 patients were treated by the Ilizarov method of limb lengthening or deformity correction at the University Orthopaedic Surgery Clinic in Skopje, and analysed over the period from 2006 to 2012. The patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 27 patients with limb-lengthening because of congenital shortening. The second group consisted of 23 patients treated for acquired limb deformities. The results in both groups were received in three stages of new bone formation and were based on the appearance of 3 radiographic parameters at the distraction/compression site. RESULTS: The differences between the presence of all radiographic bone parameters in different stages of new bone formation were statistically signficant in both groups, especially the presence of the cortical margin in the first group (Cochran Q=34.43, df=2, p=0.00000). The comparative analysis between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference in the presence of initial bone elements and cystic formations only in the first stage. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Almost no statistical significance in the differences between both groups of patients with regard to 3 radiographic parameters in 3 stages of new bone formation, indicates a minor influence of the etiopathogenetic background on the new bone formation in patients treated by gradual lengthening or correction of limb deformities.

Comparative analysis of diagnostic methods in meniscal lesions.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of clinical and MRI diagnosis in comparison with arthroscopy for detection of meniscal lesions. Also, to answer if MRI diagnosis impacts on the decision of the surgeon for the choice of treatment (operative or conservative). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 70 patients with knee injuries. Clinical diagnosis was established using the case-history of the patient and positive clinical tests for meniscal injuries (McMurray and Aplay). All patients underwent MRI on a 1.5 T magnet for MRI diagnosis. This was followed by arthroscopy for final diagnosis. Clinical and MRI diagnoses were correlated with the arthroscopic diagnosis which was used as a gold standard. RESULTS: Of 70 patients with knee injuries, 55 had a clinical diagnosis of meniscal lesions out of whom 44 patients had a medial meniscal lesion and 11 had a lateral meniscal lesion. Arthroscopy confirmed the clinical diagnosis in 32 patients (72.72%) (44 vs 32) in medial meniscal lesion, and 8 patients (72.7%) (11 vs 8) with a lateral meniscal lesion. In MRI diagnosis of 56 patients with medial meniscal lesion arthroscopy confirmed the diagnosis in 34 patients (60.7%) (56 vs 34) and pf 10 patients with lateral meniscal lesion arthroscopy confirmed the diagnosis in 6 patients (60%) (10 vs 6). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of clinical diagnosis versus MRI for medial meniscus were (79.9% vs 79.5%); (58.1% vs 38.1%); (69.8% vs 69.6%); (69.2% vs 69.2%). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of clinical diagnosis versus MRI for lateral meniscus were (50% vs 40%); (92.7% vs 92.7%); (63.6% vs 60%); (87.9% vs 85.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Carefully performed clinical examination can give an equal or better diagnosis of meniscal lesions in comparison with MRI diagnosis. Any experienced orthopaedic surgeon can trust his clinical diagnosis as an indication of arthroscopy. When the clinical diagnosis is established, with no doubts due to positivity of the clinical tests, the MRI is not essential. In suspected cases where there is a dilemma, MRI is very helpful in making a decision for arthroscopy. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical and MRI diagnosis of meniscal lesions is high. Their reliability in diagnosing meniscal lesions is evident. lesion, clinical diagnosis, MRI, arthroscopy.

Treatment of non-metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma (study of 30 cases treated with Scandinavian osteosarcoma protocol XIV and surgery).

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to improve 3-years survival rates and functional outcome in high-grade osteosarcoma patients treated with amputations and limb-sparing surgery, introducing Scandinavian Sarcoma Group chemotherapy protocol (SSG XVI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the period 2000-2005, thirty seven patients with high-grade, non-metastatic osteosarcoma on the extremities were treated at the Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery in Skopje. Mail patients were 21 (57%) and female were 16 (43%). Patients age varied from 8 to 63 years (mean 18 +/- 13). Seven patients (7/37) did not comply with including criteria and were excluded from the study. The rest 30 patients were introduced to two courses of pre-operative chemotherapy (high doses of Methotrexate, Cisplatin and Adriamycin). Surgical treatment was in 9-th week of the protocol. In 27/30 (90%) of the patients limb-sparing surgery was done, and in 3/30 (10%) amputations were performed. Histopathological assessment of the tumour after the neo-adjuvant chemotherapy divided the patients into group with bad and group with good response. All the patients had 3 more courses of chemotherapy after surgery (same as the preoperative). Patients with bad response were introduced to 3 more cycles of 5 days with high-dose of Ifosfamide. Follow-up was from 2 to 8 years, mean 51 months. RESULTS: Histopathological assessment showed that 57% of the patients had bad response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, but there was no statistical significance in the survival time of the groups (p = 0.06). Three-years survival time was 40% of the patients with local recurrence in comparison with 80% of the patients with no local recurrence. Three-years survival time was 20% of the patients with distant metastases in comparison with 92% of the patients with no metastases. Overall survival time (OS) was 80%. After 3 years 60% of the patients were disease-free (DFS). CONCLUSION: High-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities treated with modern chemotherapy protocols enables limb-sparing in the same time with improved survival time of the patients. Introducing high-dose Ifosfamide in treatment of patients with bad response after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy improves their functional results as well as the survival time. Key words: osteosarcoma, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, limb-sparing.