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Background The Sapindus mukorossi (SM) extract has been reported to possess antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics. However, there is limited research demonstrating the effectiveness of SM in dissolving dental pulp tissue. Methods In an in vitro investigation, pulp tissue samples were extracted from human teeth, collectively weighing 144 mg. These samples were divided equally and activated by manual digital agitation (MDA) or ultrasonic (US) irrigation for three 30-second cycles with a resting period of 45 seconds between each activation. The samples in each group were sub-categorized into a set of three groups based on the treatment received as normal saline (NS), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (Hypo), or Sapindus mukorossi (SM). Statistical tests, including the student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), were employed to compare the mean weight differences among the groups, with a significance level set at p ≤ 0.05 for all comparisons. Results The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test revealed significant intergroup differences (p<0.05). Turkey's post hoc analysis indicated significant distinctions, particularly when comparing Hypo with the other two irrigants, namely Hypo-NS (p<0.05) and Hypo-SM (p<0.05) when the MDA method was employed. Considering only the method adopted, the US technique was significantly superior (p=0.04) to the MDA. Conclusion Sapindus mukorossi (SM) demonstrated efficacy in dissolving pulp tissue but was not as effective as sodium hypochlorite (Hypo) which is the standard agent for root canal irrigation. SM to be used as an alternative to Hypo on clinical grounds needs further validation from research.
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Background Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) has been increasingly linked to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), prompting this study to explore its presence using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and evaluate its clinical significance. Methods In this pilot case-control study, 12 OSCC tissue samples and 12 non-cancerous oral mucosal tissue samples were analyzed. Total RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis were performed using Trizol-based methods, followed by PCR amplification and gel electrophoresis. The clinical characteristics of participants and PCR results were recorded. Results Among the OSCC tissue samples, three out of 12 tested positive for F. nucleatum, while none of the control samples showed its presence. The detection rate of F. nucleatum in OSCC was 25%. Gel analysis confirmed specific amplicon amplification, and ImageJ software enabled copy number quantification. Discussion Our findings support previous research indicating a potential association between F. nucleatum and OSCC. Understanding the etiological significance of F. nucleatum in OSCC has clinical implications, including early detection, risk stratification, and prognostication. However, the limited sample size and the need for further research to elucidate underlying mechanisms are acknowledged. Conclusion This pilot study provides initial evidence of F. nucleatum's presence in a subset of OSCC samples, supporting its potential association with oral cancer. Detecting F. nucleatum in OSCC tissues holds promise for future research and clinical applications as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Understanding its role in oral carcinogenesis will facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. Larger studies are warranted to validate these findings and investigate the precise mechanisms involved.
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Gingival enlargement comprises any clinical condition in which an increase in the size of the gingiva is observed. Among the drugs that induce gingival enlargement, the antiepileptic agent phenytoin has been widely related to this condition. The Cytochrome P450(CYP) superfamily is the most commonly involved enzymes in metabolism of drugs. Common coding region CYP variants that affects drug elimination and response has been studied in great detail. Pharmacogenetic influences on drug metabolism have been widely reviewed and gene polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 appeared to be responsible for much of the interindividual variability on drug elimination. Genetic variation in the CYP2C9 gene can affect metabolism, leading to altered phenotypes. Individuals with poor metaboliser alleles of CYP2C9 gene were shown to have a reduced metabolism of phenytoin compared with wild-type alleles. Thus identification of patients genotype prior to anti-epileptic drug administration could potentially prevent higher serum drug concentrations leading to adverse side effects such as gingival enlargement. This case report addresses the influence of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism on Phenytoin drug metabolism thereby causing gingival enlargement.
