Evolución de la incidencia de pacientes con colonización e infección por bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas VIM en un hospital pediátrico en España / Evolution of the incidence of colonized and infected patients by VIM carbapenemase-producing bacteria in a pediatric hospital in Spain

Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es describir la evolución de la incidencia de infecciones y colonizaciones por bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas de tipo VIM (BPC-VIM) en pacientes ingresados en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en Madrid entre 2012 y 2015. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de vigilancia epidemiológica. El sistema de vigilancia incluyó detección de casos (cribado de colonización por BPC de todos los pacientes ingresados con periodicidad variable según unidad de ingreso) y medidas de control (precauciones de contacto, identificación al ingreso de pacientes colonizados previamente, limpieza, formación, observación de adherencia a precauciones de contacto, cohortes). Se incluyeron los pacientes ingresados con primera muestra microbiológica positiva para BPC-VIM entre 2012 y 2015. Se realizó seguimiento de pacientes con colonización para detectar infección a través de historia clínica. Resultados: Se detectaron 239 pacientes con colonización y 51 con infección por BPC-VIM (49,3% mujeres, 47,6% edad igual o menor a 5 meses, 52,1% ingresado en UCI). Las incidencias de infección y de colonización fueron, respectivamente, 2,6 y 6,7 casos por mil pacientes ingresados en 2012, 1,8 y 10,0 en 2014 y 0,3 y 5,0 en 2015. El 84,4% compartía unidad con paciente con muestra previa positiva. El 13,0% (31/239) de pacientes colonizados tuvieron infección posterior. Conclusiones: La incidencia de pacientes pediátricos colonizados o infectados por BPC-VIM ha sido variable entre 2012 y 2015, con una clara disminución tras un periodo epidémico. La intensificación de las medidas de vigilancia y control de la transmisión y la coordinación entre los servicios fueron claves en la reducción de casos afectados

Introduction: The aim of this study is to describe the evolution of the incidence of infected and colonized patients with carbapenemase VIM-producing bacteria (CPB-VIM) at a national referral pediatric center in Madrid, Spain, between 2012 and 2015. Material and methods: Descriptive epidemiological surveillance study. The surveillance system included case detection (screening for BPC colonization in all admitted patients, with periodicity according to the ward) and control measures (contact precautions, identification of previously colonized patients at admission, environmental cleaning, education, supervision of contact precautions, and patient cohort). All hospitalized patients with first positive microbiological sample for CPB-VIM in 2012-2015 were included. Colonized patients were followed through clinical history to evaluate later infection. Results: We found 239 colonized and 51 infected patients with CPB-VIM (49.3% women, 47.6% were 5 months old or younger, 52.1% admitted at Intensive Care Unit). Infection and colonization incidence were, respectively, 2.6 and 6.7 cases per one thousand hospitalized patients in 2012, 1.8 and 10.0 in 2014 and 0.3 and 5.0 in 2015. Within these patients, 84.4% shared ward with other patient with previous positive sample. 13.0% (31/239) of colonized patients had a subsequent infection. Conclusions: We have shown data of pediatric patients affected by BPC-VIM, collected from an epidemiological surveillance system that included systematic screening at a national referral center. After an epidemic period, the incidence of cases went down. The surveillance and infection control measures intensification, as well as coordination with involved departments, were key in the handling of the situation

Effect of vaccination, comorbidities and age on mortality and severe disease associated with influenza during the season 2016-2017 in a Spanish tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND: Identifying risk factors for complications or death associated with influenza remains crucial to target preventive interventions. Scores like the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) may be of help. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of vaccination and comorbidities on severe influenza disease and influenza-related death among hospitalized patients during the season 2016/17; and to evaluate the validity of the CCI to predict death among these patients. METHODS: Data from adult patients (≥18 years old) with influenza infection admitted to La Paz University Hospital (LPUH) were recorded during the 2016/17 epidemic. The effect of influenza vaccine to prevent severe influenza or death was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression models. The area under the curve of the CCI and the age-adjusted CCI were compared to assess the predictive effect on mortality. RESULTS: A total of 342 adult patients with influenza infection were admitted, of which 83 developed severe influenza and 25 died during hospitalization. There were no differences between patients who survived and those who died concerning the CCI, but the age-adjusted CCI was higher in fatal cases (p-value=0.005). Influenza vaccine had no statistically significant effect on the risk of mortality (p-value=0.162) while age (OR: 1.12, p-value<0.001) and dementia (OR: 3.05, p-value=0.016) proved to be independent predictors for mortality. The seasonal vaccine was found to be protective for severe infection (OR: 0.54, p-value=0.019). The age-adjusted CCI was a better predictor of mortality than the crude CCI. CONCLUSIONS: Age and dementia are significant independent risk factors for mortality associated with influenza among hospitalized patients. The age-adjusted CCI seems to be a better predictor of mortality than the crude CCI. Influenza vaccine has shown to be effective in preventing severe influenza in the season 2016/17 among hospitalized patients and should be promoted in population at risk.

Serratia marcescens outbreak in a neonatology unit of a Spanish tertiary hospital: Risk factors and control measures.

BACKGROUND: We describe the investigation undertaken and the measures adopted to control a Serratia marcescens outbreak in the neonatology unit of La Paz University Hospital in Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Weekly rectal and pharyngeal screenings for S marcescens were performed in the neonates starting after detection of the outbreak. Environmental samples and samples from health care workers (HCWs) were obtained for microbiological analysis. An unmatched case-control study was carried out to investigate risk factors for infection/colonization. RESULTS: The outbreak began in June 2016 and ended in March 2017, affecting a total of 59 neonates. Twenty-five (42.37%) neonates sustained an infection, most frequently conjunctivitis and sepsis. Multivariate logistic regression identified the following risk factors: parenteral nutrition (odds ratio [OR], 103.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9-894.8), history of previous radiography (OR, 15.3; 95% CI, 2.4-95.6), and prematurity (OR, 5.65; 95% CI, 1.5-21.8). Various measures were adopted to control the outbreak, such as strict contact precautions, daily multidisciplinary team meetings, cohorting, allocation of dedicated staff, unit disinfection, and partial closure. Hands of HCWs were the main suspected mechanism of transmission, based on the inconclusive results of the environmental investigation and the high number of HCWs and procedures performed in the unit. CONCLUSIONS: S marcescens spreads easily in neonatology units, mainly in neonatal intensive care units, and is often difficult to control, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Strict measures, including cohorting and medical attention by exclusive staff, are often needed to get these outbreaks under control.

Implantación de un sistema de vigilancia de infección de la herida quirúrgica al alta en herniorrafia y mastectomía / Implementation of a post-discharge surgical site infection system in herniorrhaphy and mastectomy procedures

INTRODUCCIÓN: La vigilancia tradicional de la infección de localización quirúrgica (ILQ) que se realiza durante el ingreso hospitalario puede infraestimar su incidencia, al ser cada vez más corta la estancia hospitalaria. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las tasas reales de ILQ prolongando la vigilancia después del alta. MÉTODOS: Se incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a los procedimientos de herniorrafia y mastectomía en el Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2011. Los datos de ILQ se recogieron prospectivamente según el sistema de vigilancia de infección nosocomial de Indicadores Clínicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad (INCLIMECC). La vigilancia postalta (VPA) se realizó mediante encuesta telefónica. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 409pacientes en el estudio: 299herniorrafias y 110mastectomías. En herniorrafia la tasa de infección antes del alta era del 6,02%, incrementándose tras VPA al 7,69%. En mastectomía la tasa de infección antes del alta era del 1,8%, incrementándose tras VPA al 3,6%. Del total de infecciones se detectaron tras VPA el 50% en mastectomía y el 21,7% en herniorrafia. CONCLUSIONES: La VPA incrementó la incidencia de ILQ en los procedimientos estudiados; La VPA es útil para analizar la tendencia real de ILQ y evaluar posibles acciones de mejora. Es necesario estandarizar los protocolos de VPA

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring surgical site infection (SSI) performed during hospitalization can underestimate its rates due to the shortening in hospital stay. The aim of this study was to determine the actual rates of SSI using a post-discharge monitoring system. METHODS: All patients who underwent herniorraphy or mastectomy in the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 were included. SSI data were collected prospectively according to the continuous quality improvement indicators (Indicadores Clinicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad [INCLIMECC]) monitoring system. Post-discharge follow-up was conducted by telephone survey. RESULTS: A total of 409 patients were included in the study, of whom 299 underwent a herniorraphy procedure, and 110 underwent a mastectomy procedure. For herniorrhaphy, the SSI rate increased from 6.02% to 7.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 21.7% of SSI). For mastectomy, the SSI rate increased from 1.8% to 3.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 50% of SSI). CONCLUSIONS: Post-discharge monitoring showed an increased detection of SSI incidence. Post-discharge monitoring is useful to analyze the real trend of SSI, and evaluate improvement actions. Post-discharge follow-up methods need to standardised

[Implementation of a post-discharge surgical site infection system in herniorrhaphy and mastectomy procedures]. / Implantación de un sistema de vigilancia de infección de la herida quirúrgica al alta en herniorrafia y mastectomía.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring surgical site infection (SSI) performed during hospitalization can underestimate its rates due to the shortening in hospital stay. The aim of this study was to determine the actual rates of SSI using a post-discharge monitoring system. METHODS: All patients who underwent herniorraphy or mastectomy in the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 were included. SSI data were collected prospectively according to the continuous quality improvement indicators (Indicadores Clinicos de Mejora Continua de la Calidad [INCLIMECC]) monitoring system. Post-discharge follow-up was conducted by telephone survey. RESULTS: A total of 409patients were included in the study, of whom 299 underwent a herniorraphy procedure, and 110 underwent a mastectomy procedure. For herniorrhaphy, the SSI rate increased from 6.02% to 7.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 21.7% of SSI). For mastectomy, the SSI rate increased from 1.8% to 3.6% (the post-discharge survey detected 50% of SSI). CONCLUSIONS: Post-discharge monitoring showed an increased detection of SSI incidence. Post-discharge monitoring is useful to analyze the real trend of SSI, and evaluate improvement actions. Post-discharge follow-up methods need to standardised.