Indicators of Dietary Behavior and Physical Activity Change Associated with Metabolic Control of Obesity, Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mexican Adults: National Nutrition and Health Survey in Mexico, 2016.

Introduction: Obesity (OB), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and hypertension (HTN) are health issues in Mexico linked to unhealthy behaviors. This study investigates the relationship between behavior change indicators and metabolic control in Mexican adults with OB, T2D, and HTN. Methods: We used data from the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey Midway (ENSANUT MC-2016), representing ∼59.5 million Mexican adults aged 20-59 with these conditions. We assessed behavior change indicators, including stages of change, self-efficacy, and perceptions of benefits and barriers. In addition, we conducted descriptive analyses and used statistical tests, such as Pearson's chi-squared test and logistic regression models, adjusted for multiple variables. Results: We found that adults in the action and maintenance stages of physical activity (PA) were four times more likely to have adequate HTN control than those in the precontemplation stage. Self-efficacy for PA was related to better control in T2D and HTN. Self-efficacy for reducing the consumption of sugary beverages was positively associated with control in OB and T2D. No significant association was observed with self-efficacy for consuming fruits and vegetables. Conclusion: Behavior-change indicators are significantly linked to metabolic control in adults with HTN. These results support the importance of these indicators in managing chronic diseases such as HTN and their potential use in public health strategies.

Design and implementation of AMBAR: an innovative evidence-based training program for childbirth and newborn care.

OBJECTIVE: To present the development of a training model called AMBAR (Atención a la mujer embarazada y al recién nacido [Care for pregnant women and newborns]), which was designed to improve the quality of attention of health personnel responsible for obstetric care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AMBAR was designed based on the results of a qualitative study exploring public health providers' needs and experiences. It was implemented in three health networks, and a total of 339 health personnel participated. RESULTS: The educational design of the course was appealing to the trained personnel, and the inclusion of simulations in all modules encouraged interest, participation, as well as the integration of new knowledge and skills into practice. CONCLUSION: AMBAR can promote better practices and increase the quality of birth care. With the proper support and willingness of staff and management, AMBAR can be implemented in all health services, both public and private.

Políticas nacionales para el control del VIH y la evolución de la epidemia en México: un análisis de 1990 a 2017.

OBJETIVO: Analizar los cambios en la carga de la enfermedad del VIH de 1990-2017 y la influencia de las políticas y programas implementadas para su prevención y control. Material y métodos. Se elaboró una línea de tiempo de políticas e intervenciones en México; mediante modelos de regresión JoinPoint, se analizó su relación con los cambios ocurridos en las tendencias de la carga de la enfermedad del VIH. RESULTADOS: Los cambios en la carga de enfermedad se relacionan con la universalización del acceso a los medicamentos antirretrovirales (ARV), programas de atención integral y el combate al estigma y la discriminación. En el periodo analizado se observa descenso de la mortalidad relacionado con el acceso universal y gratuito a los ARV. La magnitud de los cambios tiende a ser mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: Las políticas y programas implementados para tratar a las personas con VIH/Sida en México se integraron en estrategias cada vez más cohesionadas y eficaces.

[Use of antibiotics, in a pediatric hospital, for respiratory infection and diarrheal disease]. / Uso de antibióticos, en hospital pediátrico, para infección respiratoria y enfermedad diarreica.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an increasing unjustified use of antibiotics in the treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) in children under five years of age. This has generated problems such as polypharmacy and the inappropriate use of antibiotics; characterized by incorrect dosage, use in viral infections, prescription inconsistent with clinical guidelines. Objective: To analyze the prescription of antibiotics, their diagnostic-therapeutic congruence, as well as the correct filling of the medical prescription, in a tertiary level hospital in Mexico. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. The electronic medical prescriptions made during the period January-December 2017 with a clinical diagnosis of ARI and EDA were analyzed. Results: Of a total of 21,446 boys and girls under five years of age, 10,233 prescriptions were issued for the treatment of ARI and ADD diagnoses. 80% of the prescriptions complied with the items indicated in the electronic file. Conclusions: The prescription of antibiotics showed a prudent use of antibiotics both in the management of acute diarrheal diseases and in the management of acute respiratory diseases. Diagnostic-therapeutic congruence was found in most of the cases in the prescriptions analyzed.

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) reporta un creciente uso injustificado de antibióticos en el tratamiento de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) y las enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA) en menores de cinco años de edad. Lo anterior ha generado problemas como la polifarmacia y el uso inapropiado de antibióticos, caracterizado por dosis incorrectas, uso en infecciones virales y prescripción incongruente con las directrices clínicas. Objetivo: analizar la prescripción de antibióticos, su congruencia diagnóstico-terapéutica, así como el correcto llenado de la receta médica, en un hospital de tercer nivel de México. Material y métodos: estudio transversal observacional, descriptivo. Se analizó las recetas médicas electrónicas realizadas durante el periodo enero-diciembre de 2017 con diagnóstico clínico de IRA y EDA. Resultados: de un total de 21,446 niños y niñas menores de cinco años se otorgaron 10, 233 recetas para el tratamiento de los diagnósticos de IRA y EDA. El 80% de las recetas cumplieron con de los rubros indicados en el expediente electrónico. Conclusiones: la prescripción de antibióticos mostró un uso prudente de antibióticos tanto en el manejo de las enferdades diarreicas agudas como en el manejo de las enfermedades respiratorias agudas. Se encontró, en la mayoría de los casos, congruencia diagnóstico-terapéutica en las prescripciones analizadas.

Governance in mental healthcare policies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.

The COVID-19 pandemic has become the greatest burden of disease worldwide and in Mexico, affecting more vulnerable groups in society, such as people with mental disorders (MD). This research aims to analyze the governance processes in the formulation of healthcare policies for people with MD in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. An analytical qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews with key informants in the healthcare system was conducted in 2020. The study followed the theoretical-methodological principles of the Governance Analytical Framework (GAF). The software ATLAS.ti-V.9 was used for inductive thematic analysis, classifying themes and their categories. To ensure the proper interpretation of the data, a process of triangulation among the researchers was carried out. The findings revealed that in Mexico, the federal Secretary of Health issued guidelines for mental healthcare, but there is no defined national policy. Decision-making involved multiple actors, with different strategies and scopes, depending on the type of key-actor and their level of influence. Majority of informants described a problem of implementation in which infection control policies in the psychiatric population were the same as in the general populations which decreased the percentage of access to healthcare during the pandemic, without specific measures to address this vulnerable population. The results suggest that there is a lack of specific policies and measures to address the needs of people with mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. It also highlights the importance of considering the role of different actors and their level of influence in the decision-making process.

Barriers to achieving quality birth care under the Sentinel Care model in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of birth care in a Sentinel Unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We interviewed eight health providers and 12 female users of health services to explore the main reasons to use birth care in a Sentinel Unit. RESULTS: Findings indicate that the reasons for which health providers do not attend births were fear of legal claims by users, lack of institutional support if complications arise, lack of training, not feeling confident in obstetric care, and the lack of necessary supplies. Female users mentioned the perception of a lack of trained physicians and a lack of necessary materials and medicines. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the strengthening of the infrastructure and human resources, as well as a 24/365 model attention and the increase of health personnel in the sentinel units, there are still significant barriers in certain units to achieve compliance with coverage of quality obstetric care focused on the needs of women.

Burden, Incidence, Mortality and Lethality of Maternal Disorders in Mexico 1990-2019: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BACKGROUND: Estimates of the sub-national distribution of maternal disorders in Mexico beyond Maternal Mortality Ratios are scarce. Characterizing the sub-national variation of maternal disorders may make it possible to focus more on interventions and thereby reduce their occurrence in a more meaningful and sustained manner. AIM: To analyze and describe the sub-national distribution, magnitude, trends and changes in the contribution of maternal causes to women's loss of health in Mexico from 1990-2019. METHODS: Using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, we describe the distribution and trends of maternal mortality ratio (MMR), mortality rate, case-fatality rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to maternal causes, at both national and state levels. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, DALYs attributable to maternal causes had decreased 59.5%, mortality 63.8%, and incidence 46.5%. However, Maternal Mortality Ratio only decreased by 33%. The case-fatality rate of maternal disorders decreased by 50% overall; although for obstructed labor and uterine rupture, it remained unchanged. Lethality showed great variation between states, with a 3 fold difference between the maximum and minimum values. CONCLUSIONS: Although mortality and incidence of maternal causes in Mexico have greatly decreased in the last 30 years, these changes mostly reflect declines in fertility. The decrease seen in case-fatality rates is driven by decreases in causes such as hypertension and hemorrhage, though for others it remained constant. Efforts should be directed at improving access to, and management of, locally frequent maternal emergencies, formulating tailor-made regional interventions for maternal health.

Use of self-help groups by people living with HIV in Central America.

Self-help groups (SHGs) for people living with HIV (PLHIV) are organizations created by the community to provide individuals with security, affection, improved self-esteem, and a sense of belonging. However, SHGs have also been used by the government to help implement HIV control policies. This study aimed to identify the characteristics associated with the use of SHGs by PLHIV and the routes and displacement patterns adopted by users. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on data collected in six Central American countries during 2012. Using a list of SHGs, a random sampling was conducted in two stages. Firstly, the SHGs were selected. Then, the selected SHGs were visited and every third user who attended the SHG was surveyed. Logistic regression models were used to identify the characteristics associated with the use of SHGs and with attending the nearest SHGs. A spatial analysis was performed to identify the routes followed by users to reach the SHGs from their home communities. We found that the characteristics significantly associated with higher odds of SHG usage were country of residence and schooling level. The average and median distances traveled by users to attend SHGs were 20 and 5 kilometers, respectively. PLHIV do not use the SHGs closest to their locality, perhaps for fear of stigma and discrimination. We recommend that research on this topic use a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology to better understand utilization decisions, user expectations, and the degree to which these are being met.

How to deal with the suffering: Utility of an emotional containment strategy to collect data for verbal autopsies in Mexico.

Verbal autopsies are often used to establish cause of death but can be emotionally taxing on the interviewers. We conducted focus groups with interviewers (N = 15) who collected data for verbal autopsies in Mexico in order to explore the utility of an emotional containment strategy designed to boost self-confidence and resilience. The interviewers reflected on broader cultural perspectives on illness and death and described the strategy as helpful in developing strategies to manage emotionally stressful situations and develop their confidence in their work performance. This type of intervention may be useful for field personnel who perform verbal autopsy interviews.KEY MESSAGESIn low- and middle-income countries with less reliable statistics systems, a significant proportion of deaths is not certified by a professional doctor. This complicates the registration of causes of death, which is a crucial issue for health systems. In the absence of reliable vital statistics systems, verbal autopsies (VA) offer an alternative for establishing cause of death.In response to emotional crises leading to resignations among the interviewers while testing an instrument for collecting VA, we designed an emotional containment strategy (ECS). It was specifically crafted to boost the self-confidence and resilience of participants in addition to enhancing their capacity for emotional recovery and to regain a functional state. In order to explore ECS results we conducted a qualitative cross-sectional study with four focus groups of interviewers who collected VA.The results obtained were positive, the interviewers were able to perform their work better by overcoming the emotional crisis that occurred both in them and in the people they interviewed.We recommend developing this type of intervention with all field staff performing verbal autopsy interviews, not only as a resource for emotional health, but also as a means of achieving better-quality data collection.

Use of self-help groups by people living with HIV in Central America / Uso de grupos de autoayuda por personas que viven con el VIH en América Central / Uso de grupos de autoajuda por pessoas vivendo com HIV na América Central

Self-help groups (SHGs) for people living with HIV (PLHIV) are organizations created by the community to provide individuals with security, affection, improved self-esteem, and a sense of belonging. However, SHGs have also been used by the government to help implement HIV control policies. This study aimed to identify the characteristics associated with the use of SHGs by PLHIV and the routes and displacement patterns adopted by users. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on data collected in six Central American countries during 2012. Using a list of SHGs, a random sampling was conducted in two stages. Firstly, the SHGs were selected. Then, the selected SHGs were visited and every third user who attended the SHG was surveyed. Logistic regression models were used to identify the characteristics associated with the use of SHGs and with attending the nearest SHGs. A spatial analysis was performed to identify the routes followed by users to reach the SHGs from their home communities. We found that the characteristics significantly associated with higher odds of SHG usage were country of residence and schooling level. The average and median distances traveled by users to attend SHGs were 20 and 5 kilometers, respectively. PLHIV do not use the SHGs closest to their locality, perhaps for fear of stigma and discrimination. We recommend that research on this topic use a mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology to better understand utilization decisions, user expectations, and the degree to which these are being met.

Los grupos de autoayuda (GAA) para personas que viven con el VIH (PVVIH) son organizaciones creadas por la comunidad para proporcionarles seguridad, afecto, mejor autoestima y un sentido de pertenencia. Sin embargo, el gobierno también ha utilizado los GAA para ayudar a implementar políticas de control del VIH. Se buscó identificar las características asociadas con el uso de GAA por PVVIH y las rutas y patrones de desplazamiento adoptados por los usuarios. Este es un estudio analítico transversal basado en datos recogidos en seis países centroamericanos en 2012. A través de una lista de GAA, se construyó un muestreo aleatorio de dos etapas. Primero, se seleccionaron los GAA. Luego, los participantes recibieron una visita, y se evaluó cada tercio de ellos. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para identificar las características asociadas al uso y visitas a los GAA más cercanos a los usuarios. Se realizó un análisis espacial para identificar las rutas que los voluntarios tomaron para llegar a los GAA en sus comunidades de origen. Se constató que las características significativamente asociadas con mayores probabilidades de uso de los GAA fueron el país de residencia y la escolaridad. Las distancias medias y medianas recorridas por los usuarios para visitar los GAA fueron de 20 kilómetros y 5 kilómetros, respectivamente. Las PVVIH no utilizan los GAA más cercanos a su casa, tal vez por miedo al estigma y a la discriminación. Se necesitan investigaciones sobre este tema que utilicen una metodología mixta cualitativa-cuantitativa para comprender mejor las decisiones de uso, las expectativas de los usuarios y el grado en que se están atendiendo.

Grupos de autoajuda (GAAs) para pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) são organizações criadas pela comunidade para proporcioná-los segurança, afeto, melhor autoestima e senso de pertencimento. No entanto, o governo também tem usado os GAAs para ajudar a implementar políticas de controle do HIV. Buscamos identificar as características associadas ao uso de GAAs por PVHIV e as rotas e padrões de deslocamento adotados pelos usuários. Este é um estudo analítico transversal realizado com base em dados coletados em seis países da América Central em 2012. Através de uma lista de GAAs, uma amostragem aleatória em dois estágios foi construída. Em primeiro lugar, os GAAs foram selecionados. Em seguida, eles foram visitados e cada terceiro de seus participantes foi avaliado. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística para identificar as características associadas ao uso e às visitas aos GAAs mais próximos aos usuários. Foi realizada uma análise espacial para identificar as rotas que voluntários tomavam para chegar aos GAAs em suas comunidades de origem. Verificamos que as características significativamente associadas com maiores chances de uso dos GAAs foram país de residência e escolaridade. As distâncias médias e medianas percorridas por usuários para visitar os GAAs foram de 20 quilômetros e 5 quilômetros, respectivamente. As PVHIV não utilizam os GAAs mais próximos de onde moram, talvez por medo de estigma e discriminação. Recomendamos que as pesquisas sobre este tema utilizem uma metodologia qualitativa-quantitativa mista para entender melhor as decisões de utilização, as expectativas dos usuários e o grau em que eles estão sendo atendidos.

Perinatal Outcomes Among Venezuelan Immigrants in Colombia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

In the last decade, Venezuela suffers a humanitarian crisis, leading to massive emigration. One of the most vulnerable migrants´ groups is pregnant women. We analyzed the perinatal outcomes of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia and identified if migration was associated with perinatal outcomes. Birth data were obtained from the 2017 Colombian national birth registry (1085 births in migrants and 654,829 in Colombians). Logistic and linear regression models were used to identify the association between the demographic, obstetric and neonatal characteristics with premature birth (PB), low birth weight (LBW), 1-min, and 5-min Apgar score. Venezuelan were more likely to have newborns with LBW, lower Apgar scores at 1-min and 5-min in comparison to Colombians. Furthermore, a difference was observed in the low health insurance coverage and antenatal care visits among Venezuelan in comparison to natives. Access to health care services for the migrants is desirable for the improvement of perinatal health conditions.

Estimating the effectiveness of self-help groups on the adoption of secondary preventive measures by people living with HIV in Central America, 2012.

BACKGROUND: According to UNAIDS, the HIV epidemic has stabilized. This as a result of increased condom use and greater access to coverage for antiretroviral therapy (ART). In Central America, civil society organizations work with self-help groups (SHGs) organized in conjunction with public health services to implement interventions seeking to increase condom use and ART adherence for people living with HIV (PLH). METHOD: To analyze the effectiveness of SHGs in Central America aimed on increasing condom use and ART adherence in PLH, We conducted a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and a random sample of 3024 intervention group and 1166 control group. Based on propensity scoring and one-to-one matching (with replacement), we formed a comparison group to help estimate the effectiveness of the above-mentioned intervention on two outcome variables (condom use and ART adherence). The internal consistency of the results was tested through weighted least squares (WLS) and instrumental variable (IV) regression. RESULTS: Although bivariate comparisons yielded differences between intervention and control group, we found no evidence that the intervention was effective; nor did we find evidence of a heterogeneous impact among countries after adjusting for propensity scoring and the IV model. The impact observed after performing raw comparisons of the indicators may be attributable to self-selection on the part of PLH rather than to the SHGs strategy. Our results demonstrate that it is imperative to use rigorous intervention evaluation methodology to validate the consistency of results. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention had no impact on the outcome indicators measured. We recommend prioritizing the allocation of economic resources for the implementation of interventions with previously proven effectiveness. We also recommend that future studies explore why the intervention failed to produce the expected impact on condom use and ART adherence.

[Health conditions and use of services amongindigenous peoples of Mexico]. / Condiciones de salud y uso de servicios en pueblos indígenas de México.

OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in socioeconomic indi-cators, health conditions and use of services between the indigenous (IP) and non-indigenous population (NIP) of the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out with information obtained by the 2018-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey. RESULTS: Most IP are in the lowest socioeconomic quintile and they use less health services. Indigenous women reported a higher number of children, as well as childbirth care with midwives. IP go for medical care to institutions for the population without social security as the first option but expressed less desire to return to the same place. CONCLUSIONS: IPs use less health services. An epidemiological panorama of double burden and inequity in access indicators that affect IP is configured. Reproductive health is the area where the greatest inequali-ties are observed.

OBJETIVO: Identificar diferencias en indicadores socioeco-nómicos, de condiciones de salud y uso de servicios entre la población indígena (PI) y no indígena (PNI) del país. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio trasversal descriptivo con información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de la PI se encuentra en el quintil socioeconómico más bajo y usa menos los servi-cios de salud. Las mujeres indígenas reportaron un mayor número de hijos, así como atención del parto con parteras. La PI acude por atención médica a las instituciones para población sin seguridad social como primera opción, pero manifiesta menor deseo de regresar a atenderse al mismo lugar. CONCLUSIONES: La PI utiliza menos los servicios de salud. Se configura un panorama epidemiológico de doble carga e inequidad en indicadores de acceso que afecta a la PI. La salud reproductiva es el ámbito donde se observan las mayores desigualdades.

Is it possible to incorporate evidence-based professional midwifery practices into public health services in Mexico?

PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND: During the past two decades, Mexico has launched innovative maternal health initiatives to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes, placing emphasis on the incorporation of professional midwifery practices into the healthcare system. This study explored the perceptions of healthcare providers and women using public birth care services regarding professional midwifery practices and how can the inclusion of evidence-based midwifery techniques improve the quality of service. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a qualitative, cross-sectional study of three healthcare networks in Mexico. A content analysis was performed of data collected through 109 semi-structured interviews: 72 with healthcare providers and 37 with women. RESULTS: Healthcare providers and women had minimal knowledge of the competencies and skills of professional midwives. Medical personnel accepted the incorporation of some evidence-based midwifery practices. Women had experienced fear and anguish during childbirth so they considered that incorporating professional midwifery practices into maternal health services would be favourable in that it would render birth care more respectful. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers are willing to consider the inclusion of some evidence-based midwifery practices in health services and regard assistance from professional midwives. They believe that structural conditions will complicate their incorporation. Although the women interviewed had experienced fear, anxiety and loneliness during childbirth, most of them admitted to feeling "safer" in a hospital (secondary-care health centre) setting where possible complications could be resolved. This perception of safety served to justify the delivery of healthcare in a manner that is inattentive to women's needs, which go beyond biomedical issues and include emotions and the positive experience of childbirth.

Crisis sintomáticas agudas y epilepsia en niños y adolescentes en época de COVID-19 / Acute symptomatic crisis and epilepsy in children and adolescents in times of COVID-19

Objetivo: Describir los aspectos de mayor relevancia en niños y adolescentes con crisis sintomáticas agudas o diagnóstico de epilepsia, en tiempo de pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos: La información se obtuvo de las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, Scielo, y Clinical Key utilizando palabras clave incluidas en el Descriptor de Ciencias de la Salud en idioma inglés o español, sin límite de tiempo, y todo tipo de publicación; se seleccionaron los artículos relacionados con epilepsia, crisis epilépticas, y COVID-19. Resultados: En la literatura se justifica la ocurrencia de crisis epilépticas por varias causas en enfermos con la COVID-19 y se insiste en la conducta terapéutica y la necesidad de vigilancia de las interacciones farmacológicas entre los medicamentos indicados para la prevención de recurrencia de las crisis epilépticas y los específicos para esta nueva enfermedad. Basado en estos criterios, presentamos una propuesta para la conducta a seguir en cada situación. Consideraciones finales: Esta comprobada la posibilidad de que ocurran complicaciones neurológicas en pacientes con la COVID-19 y específicamente en las crisis epilépticas y la epilepsia. El uso de interferón y lopinavir/ritonavir, en caso de estar indicado en los protocolos de actuación, y el mantenimiento del tratamiento previo con los medicamentos para prevenir la recurrencia de crisis en los epilépticos, considerando las posibles interacciones y la vigilancia requerida en cada caso, parece ser la mejor opción en la mayoría de los niños y adolescentes con COVID-19(AU)

Objective: To describe the most outstanding aspects in children and adolescents with acute symptomatic crisis or diagnosis of epilepsy in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The information was collected in PubMed/Medline, Scielo and Clinical Key databases using the keywords included in the Descriptor of Health Sciences in English or Spanish language, with not time limit, and looking for all kind of publications. There were selected articles related to epilepsy, epileptic seizures and COVID-19. Results: In the consulted literature, it was justified the occurrence of epileptic seizures due to different causes in patients with COVID-19 and it is highlighted the therapeutic behaviour and the need of surveillance of the pharmacologic interactions among the drugs indicated for the prevention of epileptic seizures and the specific of this new disease. Based in these precepts, we present a final proposal for the behaviour to follow in each situation. Final considerations: It is proved the possibility of neurologic complications in patients with COVID-19 and specifically in the epileptic seizures and epilepsy. The use of interferon and lopinavir/ritonavir, in case of being indicated in the action protocols, and to keep the previous treatment with the drugs to prevent the recurrence of crisis in epileptic patients considering the possible interactions and the required surveillance in each case, seems to be the best option in most of the children and adolescents with COVID-19(AU)

Condiciones de salud y uso de servicios en pueblos indígenas de México / Health conditions and use of services among indigenous peoples of Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar diferencias en indicadores socioeconómicos, de condiciones de salud y uso de servicios entre la población indígena (PI) y no indígena (PNI) del país. Material y métodos: Estudio trasversal descriptivo con información de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19. Resultados: La mayoría de la PI se encuentra en el quintil socioeconómico más bajo y usa menos los servicios de salud. Las mujeres indígenas reportaron un mayor número de hijos, así como atención del parto con parteras. La PI acude por atención médica a las instituciones para población sin seguridad social como primera opción, pero manifiesta menor deseo de regresar a atenderse al mismo lugar. Conclusiones: La PI utiliza menos los servicios de salud. Se configura un panorama epidemiológico de doble carga e inequidad en indicadores de acceso que afecta a la PI. La salud reproductiva es el ámbito donde se observan las mayores desigualdades.

Abstract: Objective: To identify differences in socioeconomic indicators, health conditions and use of services between the indigenous (IP) and non-indigenous population (NIP) of the country. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out with information obtained by the 2018-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Results: Most IP are in the lowest socioeconomic quintile and they use less health services. Indigenous women reported a higher number of children, as well as childbirth care with midwives. IP go for medical care to institutions for the population without social security as the first option but expressed less desire to return to the same place. Conclusions: IPs use less health services. An epidemiological panorama of double burden and inequity in access indicators that affect IP is configured. Reproductive health is the area where the greatest inequalities are observed.

Certificación de establecimientos de atención médica en México: análisis de los incentivos para su continuidad / Certification of medical care facilities in Mexico: analysis of the incentives for its continuity

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar el posible efecto de los modelos de certificación y de los incentivos implementados en la participación de establecimientos de atención médica (EAM) en la certificación del Consejo de Salubridad General entre 1999-2017. Material y métodos: Se colectaron documentos oficiales, impresos y en línea, sobre la certificación de EAM y se solicitó información a diversas instancias relacionadas mediante mecanismos de transparencia. Se analizó la participación de EAM en los períodos político-administrativos entre 1999-2017. Resultados: El promedio anual de participación entre 1999-2000 fue de 259.5 EAM; entre 2013-2016, de 72.5. La participación de EAM públicos es decreciente. En 2017, los EAM certificados eran <1%. Conclusiones: No se identificaron efectos positivos ni sostenidos de ajustes al modelo, ni de los incentivos implementados. Se observa disminución de la participación en los distintos periodos político-administrativos. Debe evaluarse profundamente el Sistema Nacional de Certificación de EAM y su posible efecto en la calidad clínica.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the possible effect of certification models and healthcare organizations' (HOs) participation incentives in the General Health Council certification process in the 1999-2017 period. Materials and methods: Official printed and online documents about HOs' certification were collected. Information from instances related to the process was requested through transparency mechanisms. Health organizations' participation in political-administrative periods between 1997-2017 was analyzed. Results: The annual average participation in the certification process during the 1999-2000 period was 259.5 HOs; during the 2013-2016 period, the average was 72.5. Public units' participation in this process has been decreasing. In 2017, certified HO were <1%. Conclusions: No positive effects of adjustments to the certification model or the incentives applied were identified. Conversely, there is decreasing participation in the different political-administrative periods. The National HO Certification System and its possible effect on clinical quality must be thoroughly evaluated.

[Certification of medical care facilities in Mexico: analysis of the incentives for its continuity.] / Certificación de establecimientos de atención médica en México: análisis de los incentivos para su continuidad.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the possible effect of certification models and healthcare organizations' (HOs) participation incentives in the General Health Council certification process in the 1999-2017 period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Official printed and online documents about HOs' certification were collected. Information from instances related to the process was requested through transparency mechanisms. Health organizations' participation in political-administrative periods between 1997-2017 was analyzed. RESULTS: The annual average participation in the certification process during the 1999-2000 period was 259.5 HOs; during the 2013-2016 period, the average was 72.5. Public units' participation in this process has been decreasing. In 2017, certified HO were <1%. CONCLUSIONS: No positive effects of adjustments to the certification model or the incentives applied were identified. Conversely, there is decreasing participation in the different political-administrative periods. The National HO Certification System and its possible effect on clinical quality must be thoroughly evaluated.

OBJECTIVE: Analizar el posible efecto de los modelos de certificación y de los incentivos implementados en la participación de establecimientos de atención médica (EAM) en la certificación del Consejo de Salubridad General entre 1999-2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Se colectaron documentos oficiales, impresos y en línea, sobre la certificación de EAM y se solicitó información a diversas instancias relacionadas mediante mecanismos de transparencia. Se analizó la participación de EAM en los períodos político-administrativos entre 1999-2017. RESULTS: El promedio anual de participación entre 1999-2000 fue de 259.5 EAM; entre 2013-2016, de 72.5. La participación de EAM públicos es decreciente. En 2017, los EAM certificados eran <1%. CONCLUSIONS: No se identificaron efectos positivos ni sostenidos de ajustes al modelo, ni de los incentivos implementados. Se observa disminución de la participación en los distintos periodos político-administrativos. Debe evaluarse profundamente el Sistema Nacional de Certificación de EAM y su posible efecto en la calidad clínica.

[Results of certification audit in Mexican hospitals, a review from 2009 to 2012]. / Revisión de los resultados de la auditoría de certificación en hospitales mexicanos de 2009 a 2012.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the participation of Mexican hospitals in the certification process (equivalent to accreditation in other countries). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Crosssectional study that analyzes results of 136 establishments audited between 2009 and 2012. Standards with an excellent rating (9.0-10.0), approving (6-8.9) and non-approving (0-5.9) were identified. With a multinomial model, the probability of obtaining non-approving, approving and excellent qualification was calculated. RESULTS: The general average score was 7.72, higher in ambulatory surgery centers (9.10), than in general hospitals (7.30) and specialty hospitals (7.99). All public establishments obtained an approval score. Hospitals audited in 2011 had a higher risk of obtaining an approval (RRR= 4.6, p<0.05) and excellent (RRR= 6.6, p<0.05) rating. CONCLUSIONS: The scope of the certification process in Mexico has been limited, with greater participation of the private sector. The evaluation certificate applied in 2011 favored the achievement of approval and excellence results. We recommend homologating the entire process with that of the Joint Commission International JCI.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la participación de hospitales mexicano en el proceso de certificación (equivalente a la acreditación en otros países). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, analiza resultados de 136 establecimientos auditados entre 2009 y 2012. Se identificaron estándares con calificación excelente (9.0-10.0), aprobatoria (6-8.9) y no aprobatoria (0-5.9). Con un modelo logístico multinomial se calculó la probabilidad de obtener calificación no aprobatoria, aprobatoria y excelente. RESULTADOS: La calificación promedio general fue 7.72, más alta en hospitales de cirugía ambulatoria (9.10), que en hospitales generales (7.30) y de especialidad (7.99). Todos los establecimientos públicos obtuvieron calificación aprobatoria. Los hospitales auditados en 2011 tuvieron mayor riesgo de obtener calificación aprobatoria (RRR= 4.6, p<0.05) y excelente (RRR= 6.6, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONES: El alcance del proceso de certificación en México ha sido limitado, con mayor participación del sector privado. La cé- dula de evaluación aplicada en 2011 favoreció la obtención de resultados aprobatorios y de excelencia. Se recomienda homologar el proceso en su totalidad con el empleado por la Joint Commission International (JCI).

Revisión de los resultados de la auditoría de certificación en hospitales mexicanos de 2009 a 2012 / Results of certification audit in Mexican hospitals, a review from 2009 to 2012

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la participación de hospitales mexicanos en el proceso de certificación (equivalente a la acreditación en otros países). Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, analiza resultados de 136 establecimientos auditados entre 2009 y 2012. Se identificaron estándares con calificación excelente (9.0-10.0), aprobatoria (6-8.9) y no aprobatoria (0-5.9). Con un modelo logístico multinomial se calculó la probabilidad de obtener calificación no aprobatoria, aprobatoria y excelente. Resultados: La calificación promedio general fue 7.72, más alta en hospitales de cirugía ambulatoria (9.10), que en hospitales generales (7.30) y de especialidad (7.99). Todos los establecimientos públicos obtuvieron calificación aprobatoria. Los hospitales auditados en 2011 tuvieron mayor riesgo de obtener calificación aprobatoria (RRR= 4.6, p<0.05) y excelente (RRR= 6.6, p<0.05). Conclusiones: El alcance del proceso de certificación en México ha sido limitado, con mayor participación del sector privado. La cédula de evaluación aplicada en 2011 favoreció la obtención de resultados aprobatorios y de excelencia. Se recomienda homologar el proceso en su totalidad con el empleado por la Joint Commission International (JCI).

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the participation of Mexican hospitals in the certification process (equivalent to accreditation in other countries). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study that analyzes results of 136 establishments audited between 2009 and 2012. Standards with an excellent rating (9.0-10.0), approving (6-8.9) and non-approving (0-5.9) were identified. With a multinomial model, the probability of obtaining non-approving, approving and excellent qualification was calculated. Results: The general average score was 7.72, higher in ambulatory surgery centers (9.10), than in general hospitals (7.30) and specialty hospitals (7.99). All public establishments obtained an approval score. Hospitals audited in 2011 had a higher risk of obtaining an approval (RRR= 4.6, p<0.05) and excellent (RRR= 6.6, p<0.05) rating. Conclusions: The scope of the certification process in Mexico has been limited, with greater participation of the private sector. The evaluation certificate applied in 2011 favored the achievement of approval and excellence results. We recommend homologating the entire process with that of the Joint Commission International JCI.