Visual simulations of presbyopic corrections through cataract opacification.

PURPOSE: To study the viability of visual simulation of presbyopic correction in patients with cataract and the effect and impact of the cataract on the perceived visual quality of the different simulated presbyopic corrections preoperatively and postoperatively. SETTING: San Carlos Clinical Hospital, Madrid, Spain. DESIGN: Observational, noninterventional, pilot study, early feasibility of the device being studied. METHODS: Cataract patients were tested preoperatively (n = 24) and postoperatively (n = 15) after bilateral implantation of monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). The degree of cataract was evaluated objectively with the objective scatter index (OSI). Visual acuity (VA) and perceived visual quality of natural scene images (Multifocal Acceptance Score) were measured before and after cataract surgery at far (4 m), intermediate (64 cm) and near distance (40 cm) with 4 binocular presbyopic corrections (single vision, bifocal, monovision and modified-monovision) simulated with a binocular Simultaneous Vision simulator based on temporal multiplexing. RESULTS: VA was significantly correlated with OSI ( r = -0.71, P < .0005), although the visual degradation at far for each correction was constant and not correlated with OSI. The visual benefit at near distance provided by the presbyopic correction was noticeable (23.3% ± 27.6% across corrections) for OSI <5. The individual perceptual scores were highly correlated preoperatively vs postoperatively ( r = 0.64, P < .0005) for all corrections and distances. CONCLUSIONS: Visual simulations of IOLs are an excellent tool to explore prospective postoperative vision. The high correlation in the perceptual scores pre- and post-cataract surgery demonstrates that SimVis Gekko can be used in cataractous patients to guide the selection of the optimal correction for a patient.

Depth of field and visual performance after implantation of a new hydrophobic trifocal intraocular lens.

PURPOSE: To assess the depth of field (DOF) by means of defocus curve analysis applying different visual acuity criteria in patients following cataract surgery and bilateral implantation of a new trifocal diffractive intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: Fifty eyes of 25 consecutive patients who underwent implantation of the Asqelio™ trifocal IOL (AST Products Inc., USA) were enrolled in this observational prospective study. Monocular subjective DOF was obtained from defocus curves with absolute and relative criteria of tolerance for different visual acuities values. Patient's visual satisfaction, postoperative refraction and visual acuity at far, intermediate (67 cm) and near (40 cm) distances were also measured at 1 and 3-months post-surgery. Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in refractive error after the surgical procedure, and paired t-tests were used to assess differences in VA. Patient satisfaction results were reported as percentages. RESULTS: Spherical equivalent was 0.05 ± 0.23 D and residual cylinder 0.01 ± 0.23 D 3-months after the surgery. Absolute DOF obtained was 3.29 ± 0.91 D considering 0.1 LogMAR as cut-off value, and 4.82 ± 0.69 D when 0.3 logMAR as cutoff value. Relative DOF considering a drop of 0.1 logMAR from maximum visual acuity was 2.57 ± 0.82 D, and 1.27 ± 0.70 D when a drop of 0.04 logMAR was considered. Visual acuities obtained 3-months after the surgery were 0.03 ± 0.13, - 0.05 ± 0.06, 0.03 ± 0.08 and 0.04 ± 0.08 logMAR for uncorrected and best-corrected for distance, and best distance-corrected for intermediate and near distances, respectively. Average response to visual satisfaction queries was 8.24/10 at distance, 8.04/10 at intermediate, and 7.88/10 at near. CONCLUSIONS: Patients implanted with this trifocal IOL showed a significant improvement in visual acuity at different distances providing wide absolute and relative DOF values. The outcomes demonstrate that this lens is predictable yielding good patient satisfaction rates.

Clinical outcomes of combined Preserflo Microshunt implantation and cataract surgery in open-angle glaucoma patients.

To assess the effectiveness and safety of the Preserflo Microshunt (PMS) implantation combined with cataract surgery in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients. Retrospective, open-label study conducted on insufficiently controlled OAG patients, who underwent a PMS implant procedure with mitomycin-C 0.2%, either alone or in combination with cataract surgery, and were followed for at least 12 months. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 18 mmHg and a reduction of at least 20% without (complete) or with (qualified) hypotensive medication. Fifty-eight eyes were included in the study, 35 eyes underwent PMS alone and 23 underwent PMS + Phaco. In the overall study sample, mean IOP was significantly lowered from 21.5 ± 3.3 mmHg at baseline to 14.6 ± 3.5 mmHg at month 12 (p < 0.0001). The IOP was significantly reduced in both groups; p < 0.0001 each, respectively. Ocular hypotensive medication was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) in both groups. No significant differences were observed in IOP lowering or medication reduction between groups. At month 12, 62.1% eyes were considered as complete success and 82.8% eyes as qualified success. The most common adverse events were device close-to-endothelium, conjunctival fibrosis, and wound leakage. PMS, either alone or in combination with phacoemulsification, may be considered as a valuable option for treating OAG patients.

Depth of field measures in pseudophakic eyes implanted with different type of presbyopia-correcting IOLS.

To evaluate depth of field (DOF) provided by different presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens (IOL) designs, comparing the results obtained using different criteria for defining the defocus tolerance. A total of 150 eyes undergoing cataract surgery were enrolled and divided into 6 groups depending on the IOL implanted: AT.LISA Tri (Carl Zeiss Meditec), FineVision (PhysIOL), PanOptix (Alcon Laboratories), Tecnis Symfony (Johnson & Johnson Vision), Miniwell (SIFI MedTech) and Tecnis Synergy (Johnson & Johnson Vision). Subjective DOF was obtained from defocus curves with absolute and relative criteria of tolerance of 0.1 logMAR. Aberrometry was also measured and the visual strehl optical transference function (VSOTF) with percentage of degradation of 90%, 80% and 60% was used to quantify objectively the DOF. Tecnis Symfony, Tecnis Synergy and Panoptix IOL groups showed better subjective and objective DOF compared to the rest of IOL groups, being these differences statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). Comparison between subjective and objective DOF showed that subjective measures were higher for all IOLs, being also these differences statistically significant for all groups (p < 0.001). A moderate significant correlation was found between absolute subjective criteria and VSOTF60% (r = 0.73, p < 0.05). Objective and subjective measures of DOF are not comparable due to differences in methodologies and criterions to define the level of degradation tolerance. Nevertheless, both objective and subjective measures showed a trend to a greater DOF for Tecnis Symfony and Tecnis Synergy IOLs compared to most of trifocal diffractive designs, with the exception of PanOptix.

Synergic effect of corneal hysteresis and central corneal thickness in the risk of early-stage primary open-angle glaucoma progression.

PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal hysteresis (CH), acquired with ocular response analyzer (ORA), as a risk factor for glaucoma progression in early-stage primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: In a historical cohort study, patients diagnosed in 2011 with early-stage POAG according to the Hodapp, Parrish and Anderson classification modified for Octopus perimetry and followed up until glaucomatous progression development; otherwise, observations were censored in October 2018. Cox regression was used to obtain hazard ratios (HR) to evaluate baseline variables (CH, central corneal thickness, gender, age IOP and glaucoma family history) as risk factors for perimetric glaucoma progression. A likelihood ratio test for interaction was performed in order to assess the effect of the combination of CH and CCT on the risk of progression. RESULTS: Of the cohort of 1573 patients, 11.38% developed early-stage POAG progression during the follow-up. The mean follow-up time was 3.28 ± 1.92 years. Patients without progression had a higher CH (11.35 ± 1.43 vs 9.07 ± 1.69 mmHg; p < 0.001) and CCT (570.75 ± 17.71 vs 554.51 ± 23.20; p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, each 1 mmHg of lower CH was associated with an increase of 2.13 times in the HR of progression (95% CI: 1.92-2.32; p < 0.001). CH hazard ratio was modified by CCT, with higher values of CCT and CH resulting in a higher HR of early glaucoma progression (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CH can be considered as a risk factor of progression in early-stage POAG. The risk associated with CH changed depending on CCT values, acting synergistically slowing the risk of glaucoma progression with higher values.

Corneal densitometry and biomechanical properties in patients with primary congenital glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To describe corneal densitometry, topographic measurements, and biomechanical properties in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and healthy patients. To examine correlations between variables and determine their glaucoma diagnostic capacity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, case-control study conducted in 50 eyes of 50 patients with PCG (G1) and 40 eyes of 40 healthy patients (G2). The variables determined in each participant were: intraocular pressure, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal densitometry, topographic data using the Pentacam HR-Scheimpflug imaging system (Oculus Optikgerate GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), and corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) using the Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY). RESULTS: Overall densitometry was significatively higher in the PCG group (G1: 17.94 ± 4.99 vs G2: 13.25 ± 1.96, p < 0.001). CH (G1: 8.02 ± 11.35 vs G2: 11.35 ± 1.42, p < 0.001) and CRF (G1: 9.48 ± 2.83 vs G2: 10.77 ± 1.34, p < 0.001) were lower in the glaucoma group. Mean posterior, central, and anterior elevation and mean keratometry were higher in G1 (p < 0.05). In the PCG group, overall densitometry showed significant correlation with CH (r = -0.321, p = 0.028) and with BCVA (r = -0.498, p = 0.002). AUCs (areas under the curve) for CH and overall densitometry were high (0.839 and 0.899 respectively) and the best overall densitometry; CH and CRF cutoffs were 14.0, 9.3 and 9.2 respectively. CONCLUSION: Densitometry is increased, and biomechanical corneal properties are decreased in patients with PCG. Densitometry and visual acuity showed a negative and significant correlation, so this measurement could be used as an indirect parameter of BCVA in the clinical practice.

Spectacle Independence for Pseudophakic Patients - Experience with a Trifocal Supplementary Add-on Intraocular Lens.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the refractive and functional outcomes of the trifocal 1stQ AddOn® (Medicontur) supplementary intraocular lenses (IOLs) designed for implantation into the ciliary sulcus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 18 eyes of 11 pseudophakic patients with uncomplicated previous implantation of monofocal capsular bag IOLs. These patients had a desire for spectacle independence. Distance, intermediate and near visual acuities were measured, and defocus curves were plotted over a period of 6 months following implantation of the add-on IOLs. Intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell density measurements and biomicroscopic evaluation were also performed. RESULTS: In this study, 83.3% of eyes had spherical refractions within ±0.5 D from emetropia and 100% of eyes had spherical equivalent refractions that were within ±1.0 D of the target refraction. Visual acuities and defocus curves clearly confirmed trifocal optical performance (UDVA=0.03 ±0.05; UIVA=0.21 ±0.04; UNVA=0.12 ±0.04 logMAR; expressed as mean ±SD). Depth of focus showed identical results (DOF=0.486 D) compared to a trifocal capsular bag IOL, while the defocus curve was found to be superior in the intermediate and near ranges when compared to a trifocal capsular bag IOL. All patients achieved spectacle independence at all distances. All add-on IOLs were well positioned in the ciliary sulcus. No negative changes were noted in connection with endothelial cell counts, IOPs, the angle structure during surgery and during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The supplementary trifocal add-on IOL seems to be a safe, efficient and stable solution for achieving spectacle independence in pseudophakic patients with monofocal primary IOLs.

Influence of Axial Length on Intraocular Pressure Measurement With Three Tonometers in Childhood Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To determine the agreement between intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained using the handheld version of the Goldmann applanation (Perkins; Clement-Clarke, Haag-Streit, Harlow, United Kingdom), rebound Icare-Pro (Icare, Tiolat Oy, Helsinki, Finland), and Tonopen XL (Reichert Inc., Depew, NY) tonometers in children with childhood glaucoma and to identify factors that may affect those measurements. METHODS: Ninety-one eyes of 46 children with early-onset childhood glaucoma were included in this cross-sectional study in which IOP, ocular axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous length, and central corneal thickness measurements were obtained under general anesthesia. Agreement between tonometers was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the Bland-Altman method. The influence of ocular biometric parameters and central corneal thickness on IOP measurements was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the children in the current study was 29.1 months (range: 13 to 31 months). The Icare-Pro and Tonopen XL overestimated IOP measurements compared to the Perkins tonometer (Icare-Pro-Perkins mean IOP difference: 2.2 ± 3.4 mm Hg, P < .0001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 2.9 vs Tonopen XL-Perkins mean IOP difference: 6.7 ± 7.1 mm Hg, P < .0001, 95% CI: 5.2 to 8.2). The Icare-Pro showed greater agreement with the Perkins tonometer than the Tonopen XL (ICC: 0.789, 95% CI: 0.697 to 0.856, P < .0001 vs 0.453, 95% CI: 0.272 to 0.603, P < .0001). Ocular axial length affected IOP measurements the most, finding increased impact on Tonopen XL (slope: 0.086, 95% CI: 0.013 to 0.16, P = .022 vs 0.997, 95% CI: 0.369 to 1.625, P = .002 vs 1.571, 95% CI: 0.541 to 2.602, P < .0001 for Perkins, Icare-Pro, and Tonopen XL IOP measurements, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular axial length affects IOP measured by the Perkins, Icare-Pro, and Tonopen XL devices in patients with childhood glaucoma. The Icare-Pro shows more agreement with the Perkins tonometer than the Tonopen XL; therefore, it seems to be a more suitable option for these patients. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(1):27-32.].

Subjective and objective depth of field measures in pseudophakic eyes: comparison between extended depth of focus, trifocal and bifocal intraocular lenses.

PURPOSE: To evaluate different intraocular lens (IOL) designs and to determine whether extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses provide a higher depth of field (DOF) than the rest considering both subjective and objective measurements. METHODS: A total of 100 eyes undergoing cataract surgery were divided into six groups depending on the IOL implanted: bifocal designs were Tecnis ZMB and ZLB (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, USA), trifocal designs were Finevision (PhysIOL, Liège, Belgium) and AT LISA Tri (Carl Zeiss Meditec., Jena, Germany) and EDOF designs were Symfony (Abbott Laboratories, Illinois, USA) and MiniWell (SIFI MedTech, Catania, Italy). Subjective DOF was obtained from defocus curves for the range of vergences which provide a VA over 0.1 LogMAR and 0.2 LogMAR. Aberrometry was measured and Visual Strehl Optical Transference Function (90%) was used to quantify objectively the DOF. RESULTS: Symfony IOL group showed better subjective and objective DOF compared to the rest of IOL groups, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). Comparison between subjective and objective DOF showed that subjective measures were higher for all IOLs, being these differences statistically significant for all groups when compared with objective measures (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Objective and subjective measures of DOF are not comparable due to differences in methodologies and criterions to define the level of degradation acceptance. Nevertheless, both objective and subjective measures demonstrate a greater DOF for EDOF designs compared to bifocal and trifocal IOLs, being the Symfony IOL the one providing higher levels of subjective and objective DOF.

Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with primary congenital glaucoma measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in a population of children diagnosed with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 59 eyes of 59 children diagnosed with PCG and 87 eyes of 87 healthy children were evaluated by SD-OCT to measure the RNFL. The global average peripapillary RNFL thickness and sectional RNFL thickness were evaluated in both groups. Differences in global average and sectional thickness were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean age in the PCG group was 9.61 ± 3.23 years; in the control group, 8.47 ± 2.99 years (P = 0.0516). There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.007) in all sectors between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: SD-OCT is a promising tool for evaluating the eyes of children diagnosed with PCG. Future research should examine the test-retest variability of SD-OCT parameters and their ability to diagnose progression in these children.

Refractive predictability and visual outcomes of an extended range of vision intraocular lens in eyes with previous myopic laser in situ keratomileusis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the refractive predictability obtained with an extended range of vision intraocular lens in eyes with previous myopic laser in situ keratomileusis, confirming which intraocular lens power formula provides the most accurate calculation. METHODS: The study enrolled 71 eyes with previous successful myopic laser in situ keratomileusis surgery of 43 patients undergoing cataract surgery with implantation of the extended range of vision intraocular lens TECNIS Symfony (Johnson and Johnson Vision). Intraocular lens power was calculated using all American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons formulas, and their average value was selected for implantation. Refractive outcomes were evaluated at 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Postoperative spherical equivalent within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D was found in 61.6% and 86.3% of eyes, respectively. In eyes with pre-laser in situ keratomileusis data available, no significant correlation was found between pre-laser in situ keratomileusis spherical equivalent and post-cataract surgery spherical equivalent (r = 0.237, p = 0.114). A postoperative spherical equivalent within ±0.50 D was found in 65.2% and 55.6% of eyes in the subgroups with and without pre-laser in situ keratomileusis data available, respectively (p = 0.480). Statistically significantly higher differences between the intraocular lens power implanted and the calculation provided by the Potvin-Hill (p = 0.028) and Barrett True K No History formulas (p = 0.022) were found in those eyes with postoperative spherical equivalent > 0.50 D. CONCLUSION: The extended range of vision intraocular lens evaluated can provide a predictable refractive correction in eyes with previous laser in situ keratomileusis surgery. The Potvin-Hill and Barrett True K No History are the most adequate formulas to perform intraocular lens power calculations in these cases.

Changes in corneal biomechanical properties after 24 hours of continuous intraocular pressure monitoring using a contact lens sensor.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess changes in corneal topography and biomechanics after intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring using the Triggerfish contact lens sensor (CLS). METHODS: For this prospective study, 30 eyes of 30 subjects: 14 healthy subjects (G1) and 6 glaucoma patients (G2), were recruited for 24 hours of continuous IOP monitoring using the CLS. The following measurements were taken before CLS fitting and after lens removal: maximum keratometry (Kmax), mean keratometry (MK), and corneal astigmatism (Cyl) measured through Pentacam corneal topography, and the corneal biomechanical variables corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) measured with the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). RESULTS: Pentacam data revealed significant changes after CLS removal in Kmax (+3.14 ± 2.46 D, p = 0.002), MK (+0.52 ± 0.63 D, p = 0.02), and Cyl (+0.48 ± 0.53 D, p = 0.019) in G1; and Kmax (+1.38 ± 1.43 D, p = 0.002) in G2. The changes observed were more pronounced in G1 than in G2 but differences were not significant. The ORA results indicated higher CH (11.35 ± 2.42 vs 8.17 ± 2.09) and CRF (10.3 ± 2.03 vs 9.1 ± 1.81) before lens fitting in G1 than G2, while no significant changes were produced after CLS removal in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CLS for IOP monitoring over 24 hours caused topographic changes in both healthy subjects and glaucoma patients. No changes were produced in corneal biomechanics.

Diagnostic capacity of SD-OCT segmented ganglion cell complex versus retinal nerve fiber layer analysis for congenital glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic performance of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) analysis versus segmented ganglion cell complex analysis both by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). METHODS: Participants were 40 children diagnosed with PCG and 60 healthy children. Ophthalmological data collected (for one eye per child) were cup-disc ratio (C/D) and axial length (AL). SD-OCT with automated segmentation was used to measure the thicknesses and volumes of the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer (IPL). For the cpRNFL measurements conventional S-D OCT software was used and the capacity of each method to discriminate between normal and glaucomatous eyes was compared. RESULTS: Mean age was 11.20 ± 3.94 years for the glaucoma patients and 10.90 ± 2.46 years for controls (p = 0.64). All measurements were reduced (thinner) in the glaucoma group, significantly so for: cpRNFL, GCL, IPL and outer-superior and outer-inferior quadrant mRNFL. According to their areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), temporal superior cpRNFL (0.869) and outer superior GCL (0.840), IPL (0.799), and mRNFL (0.767) showed the better diagnostic capacity. No differences were observed in AUCs for the most discriminatory cpRNFL and macular measurements. CONCLUSION: Segmented macular layer analysis shows a good capacity to discriminate between normal and glaucomatous eyes; which is comparable to that of cpRNFL analysis in children with PCG.

Impacts of age and sex on retinal layer thicknesses measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography with Spectralis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in individual retinal layer thicknesses measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) (Spectralis®) produced with age and according to sex. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. METHODS: The study was conducted in 297 eyes of 297 healthy subjects aged 18 to 87 years. In one randomly selected eye of each participant the volume and mean thicknesses of the different macular layers were measured by SD-OCT using the instrument's macular segmentation software. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Volume and mean thickness of macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigmentary epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor layer (PR). RESULTS: Retinal thickness was reduced by 0.24 µm for every one year of age. Age adjusted linear regression analysis revealed mean GCL, IPL, ONL and PR thickness reductions and a mean OPL thickness increase with age. Women had significantly lower mean GCL, IPL, INL, ONL and PR thicknesses and volumes and a significantly greater mRNFL volume than men. CONCLUSION: The thickness of most retinal layers varies both with age and according to sex. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the rate of layer thinning produced with age.

Ocular Redness Measured with the Keratograph 5M in Patients Using Anti-Glaucoma Eye Drops.

PURPOSE: To examine correlations between ocular redness measured with the new topographer Keratograph 5M and the use of topical anti-glaucoma medication. METHODS: A total of 211 eyes of 211 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension on topical medication and 51 eyes of 51 healthy volunteers were recruited over 10 months. Outcome variables were keratograph redness scores (RS): overall, bulbar temporal (BT), bulbar nasal (BN), limbar temporal (LT), and limbar nasal (LN). In each subject, we also recorded the intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops used, daily doses and daily and cumulative preservative concentrations, fluorescein corneal staining score (OXFORD), lower tear meniscus height (Fourier-domain OCT), non-invasive tear film breakup time (Keratograph 5M), and ocular surface disease questionnaire index (OSDI). RESULTS: Higher RS were recorded in the medication than control group (P < 0.01 all scores). Within the medication group, older patients returned greater RS (P < 0.05 all scores). Prostaglandin was a strong predictor of higher scores, except LN RS. A higher OSDI was associated with a higher LN RS (ß = 0.007; P < 0.05), while the use of ß-blockers was linked to a lower LN RS (ß = -0.225; P < 0.05). The use of ≥3 daily eye drops with preservative gave rise to a higher BN RS and ≥3 daily eye drops to a higher LN RS (ß = 0.366, P < 0.01; ß = 0.296, P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Keratograph 5M can objectively detect the hyperaemia induced by glaucoma medication. The factors contributing to ocular redness were advanced age, more daily eye drops (nasal sectors), a higher OSDI, and prostaglandin as the medication used.