Perioperative Interrogation of Medtronic Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices: A Guide for Anesthesiologists.

This is the final review article in a 4-part series focusing on the perioperative management of the 4 major companies' cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) in the United States. This article presents information pertinent to the perioperative management of Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN) transvenous CIEDs, including responses to magnet application, interpretation of interrogation reports, and basic programming (eg, mode, rate, rate modulation, and tachyarrhythmia therapies). Information regarding the Medtronic Micra (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) has been published previously. In addition, it contains an introduction to the concept of magnetic resonance (MR) conditional devices and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) practices.

Perioperative Interrogation of Biotronik Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices: A Guide for Anesthesiologists.

Biotronik cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, specifically Biotronik pacemakers, contain unique features that are relevant to perioperative management. For example, Biotronik pacemakers have a programmable response to magnet application, a default magnet response that does not result in sustained asynchronous pacing, and a unique method of rate adaptation (eg, closed loop stimulation). This review article focuses on these unique features; the interpretation of Biotronik interrogation reports; and the basic programming (eg, mode, rate, rate adaptation, tachyarrhythmia therapies) relevant to the perioperative management of Biotronik cardiovascular implantable electronic devices.

Contrast-Enhanced MRI Evaluation of Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone and Hamstring ACL Autograft Healing in Humans: A Prospective Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: Gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or gadolinium-enhanced MRI, was used to prospectively study the postoperative course of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) and combined semitendinosus and gracilis (STG) tendon autografts following arthroscopically assisted reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in humans. Gadopentetate dimeglumine is a contrast agent that has been shown to enhance the signal of vascularized tissue when examined by MRI. PURPOSE: To prospectively determine and compare the pattern and timing of autograft revascularization following arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction by BPTB or STG autografts. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A total of 73 patients (63 males, 10 females) with ACL tears who were scheduled to undergo reconstruction consented to participate in this study. The patients were randomized to receive arthroscopically assisted reconstruction of the ACL employing either BPTB or STG autografts. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI scans were scheduled at 3-month intervals during the first postoperative year to assess the integrity, timing, and pattern of enhancement of the ACL graft. The temporal sequence and morphologic characteristics of imaged signals were compared for both types of ACL reconstructions. RESULTS: Based on all knees with 1 exception, there were no statistically significant differences in gadopentetate dimeglumine-mediated graft enhancement grade observed between BPTB and STG autografts. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that autograft revascularization probably varies in intensity and location during the time course of graft healing. The interval signal changes observed 3 to 9 months, but especially 6 to 9 months, postoperatively are due to increased contrast uptake as a reflection of ongoing neovascularization during the process of ligamentization.