Endoscopic rescue of early percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy tube dislodgement.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is one of the most common methods for establishing durable enteral access. Early PEG dislodgement occurs in < 5% of cases but typically prompts urgent surgical intervention to reestablish the gastrocutaneous tract and prevent intra-abdominal sepsis. To date, there is a single case report in the literature where successful endoscopic "rescue" of an early dislodged PEG tube negated the need for operative intervention. Here, we report our experience with a series of endoscopic PEG rescues for early dislodged PEG tubes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of cases was reviewed from two institutions. Patients with early PEG dislodgements underwent PEG rescue using a gastroscope and standard Ponsky "Pull" PEG techniques through the original tract. RESULTS: Eleven patients were identified from the database and underwent PEG rescue after early PEG dislodgement. Mean operative time was 68 min, and there were no complications related to PEG rescue. PEG rescue permitted safe re-establishment of the gastrostomy tract while avoiding laparoscopic or open surgical intervention in hemodynamically stable patients. All patients tolerated the procedure well and were able to resume use of the PEG tubes shortly after intervention. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic rescue represents a feasible noninvasive option for PEG tube replacement following early inadvertent PEG tube dislodgement in appropriate clinical settings.

First record of clinical coccidiosis (Eimeria ovinoidalis) in adult sheep from northwestern Argentina.

Coccidiosis of sheep is an intestinal infection caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. An outbreak of the disease in adult sheep from Salta province, northwestern Argentina, was studied to establish its clinical, epidemiological, pathological and etiological aspects. The affected animals were part of a flock of 20 sheep brought from Formosa province about 10 days before. Most sheep (80% incidence) showed hemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration and loss of body condition; six of them died and two that became permanently recumbent were euthanized. Three necropsied sheep showed mild mesenteric lymphadenomegaly, diffuse proliferative enteritis in the small and large intestines, and mucosal thickening. Histopathological studies exhibited diffuse proliferative enteritis and presence of structures compatible with intracellular coccidia at different stages of development. Parasitological studies (n = 12) resulted in an average of 16,636.6 (± 15,266.8) Eimeria oocysts per gram of feces (range 1680-46,400). Taxonomy of Eimeria species based on analysis of sporulated oocysts derived from 4 fecal samples (n = 100 oocyst per sample) showed, on average, a high prevalence of E. ovinoidalis (61.5%), followed by E. parva (27.2%), and lower proportions of E. crandallis (5.3%), E. ahsata (3.2%) and E. intricata (2.8%). Clinical and pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of coccidiosis in the affected sheep; parasitological results showed that E. ovinoidalis was the main species responsible for the clinical signs. Clinical coccidiosis is considered unusual in adult sheep, but the present case shows that under favorable environmental and/or management conditions, this infection may be highly deleterious for adult sheep.

Indicadores de calidad del Programa de Detección Precoz de Hipoacusia Permanente del Hospital Padre Hurtado / Quality indicators of the newborn hearing screening program in Hospital Padre Hurtado

Introducción: La detección precoz de hipoacusia permanente en lactantes beneficia el desarrollo integral del paciente. Los programas cuyo objetivo es la identificación universal de hipoacusia debieran tener como meta determinados criterios de calidad en su ejecución. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es comunicar los resultados del Programa de Detección Precoz de Hipoacusia en el Hospital Padre Hurtado. Material y método: Se incluyen los recién nacidos entre el 1 de enero de 2014 y el 31 de agosto de 2016. Los pacientes sin factores de riesgo para hipoacusia congénita se evalúan con examen de emisiones otoacústicas, y los pacientes con factores de riesgo con potenciales auditivos automatizados de tronco encefálico. Refieren aquellos pacientes con exámenes alterados en forma uní o bilateral. La etapa diagnóstica incluye potenciales auditivos evocados con tono, impedanciometría de alta frecuencia y audiometría de refuerzo visual. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de hipoacusia permanente son amplificados e inician proceso de habilitación. Resultados: En el período de estudio el universo a evaluar fue de 12.313 recién nacidos. Se completó la etapa de pesquisa en 98.4% con una tasa de referencia de 0.6%. 79 pacientes pasaron a etapa diagnóstica, completaron su evaluación antes de 3 meses en 95% de los casos. Se confirmó hipoacusia sensorioneural en 7 casos, con una tasa de 0.56 por 1.000 recién nacidos vivos. En 57% de los pacientes se amplificaron antes de los seis meses de vida. Conclusiones: El Programa de Hipoacusia Congénita del Hospital Padre Hurtado cumple con los indicadores de calidad recomendados en los ítemes de pesquisa y diagnóstico. En la etapa de habilitación con audffonos esto se realiza antes de los seis meses de vida sólo en 57% de los casos.

Introduction: Quality indicators of the newborn hearing screening program in Hospital Padre Hurtado. Aim: Asses the accomplishment of quality indicators of the newborn hearing screening program in Hospital Padre Hurtado, Chile, as proposed by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing Loss (JCIH). Material and method: Two stage screening protocol: otoacoustic emissions for babies in the well-infant nursery and automated auditory brainstem responses for those in the intensive care unit orwith risk factors. If they fail one or both ears they proceed to a comprehensive audiological assessment. Results: 12.313 live births between 01/01/2014 and 108/31/16, 12.103 were screened before discharge (98.4%). 79 cases proceeded to diagnostic assessment, referral rate 0.6%. 95% infants completed audiological evaluation before three months, seven cases were diagnose with permanent sensorineural hearing loss for a prevalence of 0.56 per 1000 live births. Amplification was provided before 6 months of age in 57% of deaf children. Conclusions: Quality indicators of the JCIH are met by our newborn hearing screening program with the exception of adequate timing for the provision of hearing aids: 57% before six months of age.

Niveles de ansiedad de médicos residentes / Anxiety levels in medical residents

Introducción: La residencia médica es un período de riesgo para el desarrollo de problemas de salud mental. Los estudios de ansiedad en residentesson contrastantes; sin embargo, se cree que los niveles de ansiedad son altos ya que los programas se desarrollan en hospitales nacionales que carecende recursos fsicos, materiales y humanos. El objetvo del presente estudio es determinar los niveles de ansiedad en médicos residentes en diferentesespecialidades empleando el cuestonario inventario de la ansiedad rasgo-estado (IDARE).Métodos: Se administró una encuesta electrónica para determinar el nivel de ansiedad en médicos residentes en diferentes especialidades del HospitalGeneral San Juan de Dios.Resultados: Se obtuvieron 132 encuestas para el análisis. La mayoría de los médicos encuestados son hombres (59%), solteros (83%) que no tenendependientes (79%), cursan residencia de cirugía o medicina interna (54%), trabajan más de 80 horas por semana (85%) y viajan menos de una horapara llegar al lugar de residencia (67%). El promedio del nivel de ansiedad-estado de los médicos residentes fue 46.94 puntos, mientras que el nivelpromedio de ansiedad-rasgo fue de 42.77 puntos. El 35% de los residentes poseen niveles de ansiedad medio y 59% altos en el momento de responderla encuesta; y el 56% posee niveles de ansiedad medio y 37% alto generalmente. No se encontró diferencia estadístcamente signifcatva en los nivelesde ansiedad en base a género, estado civil, tpo de residencia, dependientes y horas de tráfco. La única variable asociada con ansiedad fue la cantdadde horas de trabajo por semana.Conclusiones: La mayoría de los residentes encuestados poseen niveles de ansiedad medio-altos, la única variable asociada con niveles de ansiedadfue la cantdad de horas de trabajo por semana.

Background: Medical residency is a risky period for the development of mental health problems. Although anxiety studies in medical residents areinconclusive; we hypothesize anxiety levels in residents are high, since residency programs are developed in community hospitals that lack material andhuman resources. The aim of this study is to determine the levels of anxiety in medical residents of diferent specialtes using the State Trait-AnxietyInventary (STAI).Methods: An electronic poll with STAI was administered to medical residents of diferent specialtes of a tertary referral hospital.Results: We received 132 questonnaires for analysis. Most of the respondents are men (59%), single (83%), without dependents (79%), belong tosurgical or internal medicine residency (54%), work more than 80 hours per week (85%) and travel less than an hour to get to the hospital (67%). Theaverage level of state anxiety of the residents was 46.94 points, while the average level of trait anxiety was 42.77 points. Thirty fve percent of theresidents have medium anxiety levels and 59% high anxiety levels at the tme they answered the inventory; and 56% have medium anxiety levels and37% have high anxiety levels as a trait. We did not found a statstcal diference in anxiety levels based on gender, marital status, and type of residency,number of dependents or number of hours spent in trafc. The only variable that was associated with anxiety was the amount of work hours per week.Conclusions: Most of the residents have medium-high levels of anxiety; the only variable associated with anxiety levels was the amount of work hoursper week

Violencia escolar en estudiantes de educacion primaria y secundaria del Instituto Cultura Nacional de Tegucigalpa / Bullying in elementary school and high school in the National Culture Institute of Tegucigalpa

Acoso escolar es un continuo y deliberado uso de violencia que recibe un niño por parte de otro u otros, que se comportan cruelmente con él, a fin de someterlo, apocarlo, asustarlo, amenazarlo y que atentan contra su dignidad. Objetivo: Establecer los tipos de violencia escolar que sufren los estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria del Instituto Cultura Nacional, Tegucigalpa, Honduras Mayo, 2011.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, la población fue de 504 estudiantes de diferentes edades y niveles escolares, con una muestra de 226 alumnos; el sistema de muestreo fue estratificado por grados escolares de primaria 4º, 5º y 6º y secundario de diferentes carreras. La unidad de análisis fue seleccionada en forma aleatoria. Para la recolección de datos se elaboró un instrumento organizado y estructurado con datos generales y los propios de la violencia escolar. Se utilizó una variación del “Test de Cisneros” que mide violencia escolar (fiabilidad de 0.96), se capacitó a los investigadores para la recolección de la información. Resultados: La prevalencia de violencia escolar fue 36% (81), el tipo de violencia enfrentada por los escolares fue: verbal 68(84%), psicológica 59(73%), física 57(70%), económica 39(48%), social 25(31%); predominó en el sexo masculino 47(42%); la violencia según rangos de edad de los escolares afectados ocurrió en; de 8 a 10 años 7(64%), de 11 a 13 22(51%) y en mayores de 17 años19(25%); las consecuencias emocionales en las víctimas de violencia fueron: tristeza 17(7%), llanto11(5%), sin deseo de asistir a clase 6(3%); 78 (47%) de los niños estudiados han observado actos de violencia escolar; 133 (59%) se perciben como agresores; el área física de la escuela donde ocurrió la agresión son aulas de clases 37(16%) y cancha deportiva 20(9%). Conclusión: La violencia escolar está presente en la población estudiantil, cuyo ámbito de expresión es el colegio, con participación de estudiantes...

Identification of a novel recurrent gain on 20q13 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by array CGH and gene expression profiling.

BACKGROUND: The presence of genetic changes is a hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The most common cytogenetic abnormalities with independent prognostic significance in CLL are 13q14, ATM and TP53 deletions and trisomy 12. However, CLL displays a great genetic and biological heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to analyze the genomic imbalances in CLL cytogenetic subsets from both genomic and gene expression perspectives to identify new recurrent alterations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The genomic imbalances and expression levels of 67 patients were analyzed. The novel recurrent abnormalities detected with bacterial artificial chromosome array were confirmed by FISH and oligonucleotide microarrays. In all cases, gene expression profiling was assessed. RESULTS: Copy number alterations were identified in 75% of cases. Overall, the results confirmed FISH studies for the regions frequently involved in CLL and also defined a new recurrent gain on chromosome 20q13.12, in 19% (13/67) of the CLL patients. Oligonucleotide expression correlated with the regions of loss or gain of genomic material, suggesting that the changes in gene expression are related to alterations in copy number. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the presence of a recurrent gain in 20q13.12 associated with overexpression of the genes located in this region, in CLL cytogenetic subgroups.

Morfología del arco maxilar y mandibular en niños de ascendencia mapuche y no mapuche / Morphology of the aaxillary and mandibular arch in children of mapuche and non-mapuche ancestry

La forma de arco ideal se ha tratado de determinar por muchos autores, sin llegar a una forma única, debido a que existen variaciones en un mismo individuo, por género, raza y factores ambientales. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, en una muestra no probabilística de 40 niños de ascendencia mapuche y 35 niños no mapuche, en los cuales se determinó la forma de arco maxilar y mandibular a través de una regla morfométrica con las formas de arco triangular, ovoídea y cuadrada (Orthoform I, II y III). En el análisis de las formas de arco para cada grupo y su asociación, se observaron algunas diferencias en la distribución de las formas cuadrada y triangular, pero no son estadísticamente significativas. Respecto de la coincidencia de las arcadas se encontró para los mapuches un Índice de Kappa de 0,3096 y para los no mapuches de 0,1204, lo que indica que en ambos grupos no existe concordancia. Existe diferencia en la forma de arco entre mapuches y no mapuches. La forma predominante en ambos grupos es la ovoídea. Existe baja coincidencia de la forma de arco maxilar y mandibular en un mismo individuo.

The form of determination of ideal arch has been attempted by many authors, without reaching only one form, as variations exist in the same individual for sex, race and environmental factors. A cross sectional study was carried out in a non-probabilistic sample of 40 Mapuche children and 35 Non-Mapuche children in which the maxillary and mandibular form was determined through morphometric ruler with forms of triangular, ovoid and square arch (Orthoform I, II and III). In the analysis of arch forms for every group and its association, some differences were observed in the square and triangular distribution of the forms, these are however not statistically significant. In reference to the coincidence of the arcades was for the Mapuche Kappa Index of 0.3096 and for Non-Mapuche of 0.1204 indicating that concordance does not exist in both groups.There are differences in the form of arch between Mapuche and Non-Mapuche. The predominant form in both groups is the ovoid form. There is a lesser coincidence of maxillary and mandibular form to jaw arch in the same individual.

Manejo de la fibrilación auricular en la paciente obstétrica / Atrial fibrillation treatment in obstetric patient

Durante el embarazo las arritmias pueden comprometer el pronóstico fetal y la estabilidad hemodinámica de la madre. La fibrilación auricular en el embarazo es infrecuente pero requiere un reconocimiento de manera precoz para prevenir el embolismo cerebral, las alteraciones circulatorias, el aborto y el parto prematuro. El manejo médico no sólo se circunscribe a controlar el ritmo o la frecuencia cardiaca, o en la paciente inestable a realizar cardioversión eléctrica; es necesario también, de acuerdo al tiempo, realizar anticoagulación.

Clinical efficacy and safety of Flebogammadif, a new high-purity human intravenous immunoglobulin, in adult patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count and bleeding, whose incidence is approximately 6.2 for each 100,000 adults per year. Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) can be useful in patients with ITP to prevent bleeding or prior to surgery. In this study, the efficacy and safety of Flebogammadif, a new high-purity IVIG, were assessed by an open, multicentre, non-controlled, prospective study in adult patients with chronic ITP. A total of 20 patients (enrolled if experiencing chronic ITP since at least 6 months before recruitment and if platelet count <20 x 10(9)L(-1) before treatment) received 0.4 g kg(-1)-bw of Flebogammadif for 5 consecutive days and were followed-up for 3 months. Efficacy endpoints were three: proportion of patients who reached a platelet count > or = 50 x 10(9)L(-1), time for the platelet count to reach that level and duration of response. Safety parameters [adverse events (AE), laboratory determinations and vital signs] and viral markers were regularly monitored. A total of 14 patients achieved a platelet count of > or = 50 x 10(9)L(-1). The median time to platelet response was or = 50 x 10(9)L(-1) was > or = 7 days. A regression of haemorrhages was reported for 17 patients on day 14. Eight patients presented 21 AEs (mostly mild) potentially related to the study drug. Neither abnormalities in laboratory values nor in viral markers were registered during the follow-up period. Flebogammadif was well tolerated and succeeded in providing a haemostatic platelet count in patients with ITP.

Preortodoncia aplicada en niños de la IX Región de Chile / Preorthodontic applied in children of the Region IX of Chile

En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta clínica de intervención en niños basado en la experiencia de cuatro años de aplicación piloto de terapias pre-ortodóncicas en la Universidad de la Frontera en los pacientes de los alumnos de cuarto y quinto año de la Carrera de Odontología, así como la intervención temprana en la consulta privada de los autores. Se entregan las bases para un adecuado diagnóstico y posterior tratamiento, así como el desarrollo de la aparatología utilizada. En primer lugar el manejo de malos hábitos, luego la tracción frontal y finalmente el manejo del recambio en pacientes clase I, son revisados a la luz de una terapia, simple eficiente y económica, lo que permite ser utilizada como herramienta de intercepción en Ortodoncia en pacientes en crecimiento. La experiencia de cuatro años de aplicación permite concluir que a pesar de la sencillez de las terapias, requiere de la colaboración del paciente y la comprensión de los padres y apoderados. Aquellos pacientes que utilizan de buena manera sus aparatos obtienen resultados espectaculares. Por lo que la relación con los padres y la motivación a los niños son elementos fundamentales a la hora de decidir tratar a un niño con entrenadores, máscara de tracción o mantenedores de espacio dinámicos. A pesar de que no evita en todos los pacientes los tratamientos de ortodoncia correctiva, se mejoran las condiciones de los tejidos para una futura intervención de los especialistas, además de educar al paciente en el autocuidado en salud oral.

This paper presents a clinical intervention for children based on the experience of four years of preorthodontic pilot therapy at the Universidad de la Frontera in patients of students in fourth and fifth years of the Career of Dentistry, and early intervention in the private practice of the authors. Delivered the foundation for a proper diagnosis and subsequent treatment and the development of the apparatus used. First handling bad habits, then pull the frontal and finally managing the replacement in patients Class I, are reviewed in the light of this therapy, simple and cost-efficient, allowing use as a tool in orthodontic interception patient growth. The experience of four years of implementation suggests that despite the simplicity of therapies requires the cooperation of the patient and understanding of parents and guardians. Patients who use their machines to get good results. As the relationship with parents and the motivation of children, are key factors when deciding to treat a child with coaches, skin traction or dynamic space maintainers. Although not all patients avoids the corrective orthodontic treatments, improving the conditions of tissues for future involvement of specialists, as well as educate the patient self in oral health.

[Cerebral ischemia as first manifestation of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. / Isquemia cerebral como manifestación inicial de un caso de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna.

INTRODUCTION: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis, cytopenia and increased tendency to thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis has been observed in patients with PNH but is uncommon compared with venous thrombosis. Cerebral arterial thrombosis has been anecdotally described as the first clinical manifestation of PNH. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 48-yearold male who was admitted because of high-grade fever and infarction in the left middle cerebral artery territory. Other associated findings were mild anemia (hemoglobin level: 10.1 g/dl), renal ischemia and intra-abdominal venous thrombosis. Recurrent arterial and venous thromboembolic events were observed during his hospital stay. The diagnosis of PNH was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. CONCLUSIONS: PNH is a rare cause of cerebral ischemia and it should be considered in stroke patients with abnormal blood findings or marked prothrombotic tendency. We discuss the treatment guidelines and prevention of thrombotic complications.

Isquemia cerebral como manifestación inicial de un caso de hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna / Cerebral ischemia as first manifestation of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Introducción. La hemoglobinuria paroxística nocturna (HPN) es una rara enfermedad clonal clínicamente caracterizada por hemólisis crónica intravascular, citopenia y tendencia protrombótica. Las trombosis en el sector arterial han sido observadas en pacientes con HPN, pero son muy poco habituales comparadas con las trombosis venosas. Las oclusiones arteriales tromboembólicas en vasos cerebrales han sido descritas excepcionalmente como manifestación clínica inicial en casos de HPN. Caso clínico. Se describe el caso de un paciente varón de 48 años de edad ingresado por fiebre elevada y un ictus en el territorio de la arteria cerebral media izquierda. Otras manifestaciones asociadas fueron anemia moderada (hemoglobina: 10,1 g/dl), isquemias renales y trombosis de localización abdominal. Durante su ingreso se observaron eventos tromboembólicos recurrentes en los sectores arterial y venoso. El diagnóstico de HPN fue confirmado por citometría de flujo. Conclusiones. La HPN es una causa infrecuente de isquemia cerebral que debe ser considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes con ictus y alteraciones hematológicas o estados protrombóticos. Se discuten las pautas de tratamiento y prevención de las complicaciones trombóticas (AU)

Introduction. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal disease characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis, cytopenia and increased tendency to thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis has been observed in patients with PNH but is uncommon compared with venous thrombosis. Cerebral arterial thrombosis has been anecdotally described as the first clinical manifestation of PNH. Case description. We present the case of a 48-year-old male who was admitted because of high-grade fever and infarction in the left middle cerebral artery territory. Other associated findings were mild anemia (hemoglobin level: 10.1 g/dl), renal ischemia and intra-abdominal venous thrombosis. Recurrent arterial and venous thromboembolic events were observed during his hospital stay. The diagnosis of PNH was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Conclusions. PNH is a rare cause of cerebral ischemia and it should be considered in stroke patients with abnormal blood findings or marked prothrombotic tendency. We discuss the treatment guidelines and prevention of thrombotic complications (AU)

[Results of treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in refractory or relapsed Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Study of 9 patients]. / Resultados del tratamiento con 2-clorodesoxiadenosina en la histiocitosis de células de Langerhans resistente o en recaída. Estudio de 9 pacientes.

BACKGROUND: To analyse the results of the treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2CdA) in 9 patients with refractory or relapsed Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) tracted in 8 Spanish hospitals between 1993 and 1999. PATIENTS AND METHOD: In the 9 patients the following data were recorded: age, sex, organ involvement by LCH, first treatment and response, dose, number of cycles and schedule of administration 2CdA, response to 2CdA treatment, toxicity, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Median age was 25 years (range, 6-63). All patients had multiorganic involvement by LCH, with severe organ dysfunction in 4. 2CdA was administered as second line treatment in 7 cases and as third line in 2. The 2CdA dose was 0.1 mg/kg per day during 5 days in the majority of patients, and interval between cycles was 4 weeks. In 2 cases a complete remission (CR) was achieved and 4 cases attained a partial remission (PR) (overall response rate 66%). The main toxicity was hematologic, with neutropenia grade > 2 in 5 cases and thrombocytopenia > 2 in 5. Four patients had infections, with fatal evolution in one of them. After a median follow-up of 8 months (range 2-17), 2 patients remained in CR (12 months both), 4 in PR (range 2-12 months) and one had active disease (17 months). The other two died due to progressive disease and Aspergillus spp. sepsis, respectively. The actuarial probabilities of DFS and OS were 58% (95% CI, 38-78%) and 71% (95% CI, 54-88%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 2CdA is an active drug for patients with refractory or relapsed LCH, and its main toxicity is myelosuppression. The usefulness of 2CdA, isolated or in combination with other drugs, in patients with refractory or relapsed LCH must be assessed in controlled studies.

Methamphetamine-induced rapid and reversible changes in dopamine transporter function: an in vitro model.

This laboratory has demonstrated that a single methamphetamine (METH) injection rapidly and reversibly decreases the activity of the dopamine transporter (DAT), as assessed ex vivo in synaptosomes prepared from treated rats. This decrease does not occur because of residual drug introduced by the original injection or nor is it associated with a change in binding of the DAT ligand WIN35428. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism or mechanisms of this METH effect by determining whether direct application of this stimulant to synaptosomes causes changes in DAT similar to those observed ex vivo. Similar to the ex vivo effect, incubation of striatal synaptosomes with METH decreased DAT activity, but not WIN35428 binding: the effect on activity was not eliminated by repeated washing of synaptosomes. Also, as observed ex vivo, incubation with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, but not cocaine or methylphenidate, caused a METH-like reduction in DAT function. The rapid and reversible METH-induced diminution in DAT activity did not occur because of a change in membrane potential, as assessed in vitro and ex vivo by [(3)H]tetraphenylphosphonium accumulation. However, the METH-related decline in DAT function may be attributed to phosphorylation because NPC15437, a protein kinase C inhibitor, attenuated the METH-induced decline in DAT function. Similarities between previously reported effects ex vivo of a single METH injection on serotonin and norepinephrine transporter function and effects of direct METH application in vitro were also found. Together, these data demonstrate that the in vitro incubation model mimics the rapid and reversible effects observed after a single METH injection.

Methamphetamine decreases mouse striatal dopamine transporter activity: roles of hyperthermia and dopamine.

Multiple methamphetamine administrations rapidly decrease rat striatal dopamine transporter activity. To determine the species specificity of this phenomenon, the present studies examined effects of this stimulant on the dopamine transporter in mice. As in rats, multiple methamphetamine injections rapidly reduced striatal dopamine transporter activity; a decrease that was partially reversed 24 h later. Moreover, methamphetamine decreased binding of the dopamine transporter ligand, WIN35428, but to a lesser degree than the change in dopamine transporter function. These decreases did not appear to result from residual methamphetamine introduced by the original drug treatment. As in rats, hyperthermia contributed to this phenomenon. Unlike in rats, a role for dopamine was not observed in mice as dopamine depletion, resulting from alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatment, did not prevent this decrease. In addition, unlike in rats, pretreatment with either a dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonist (SCH23390 or eticlopride, respectively) did not attenuate the methamphetamine-induced reduction in dopamine uptake. These findings demonstrate both similarities and differences in the acute effects of methamphetamine on dopamine transporter function in mice and rats, and suggest the mouse as an additional model for assessing the acute effects of methamphetamine on the dopamine transporter.

Transformando la práctica de maestros y maestras desde la desconstrucción

Hemos iniciado un proceso de reflexión de nuestras acciones, pensamientos y sentidos como parte del movimiento de educadores populares de nuestro país. Hoy más que nunca estamos convencidos de la necesidad de debatir sobre ellas en la perspectiva de encontrar nuevos horizontes para la acción social con sectores empobrecidos y discrimados de nuestras sociedades.

Curvatura cervical: estudio cefalométrico en posición de reposo clínico postural / Cervical curvature: a cephalometric analysis in a position of clinical rest

Background: Alterations in the head position and in cervical curvature are associated with mandibular dysfunction, an increased vertical occlusal dimension, upper airways obstruction and bad postural behaviors at work among other conditions. Aim: To perform a cephalometric analysis in young adults. Subjects and methods: Lateral cervical X-ray examinations were performed in 46 university students (26 female) aged 19 years old as a mean. Cephalometric landmarks and planes reported by Sollow & Tallgren, determined by investigators, were used for radiographic analysis. Results: The combined error of the method did not exceed 0.9­ for any studied variable. Mean craniocervical angulations were 102­ for OPT-SNL, 109­ for CVT-SNL, 94.8­ for craneum-C2 and 105 for SN-vertical. There were significant sex differences in craniocervical angulations and these were abnormal in two thirds of subjects studies. The Forward Head Position is characterized by a cervical compensation with head inclination. This abnormal postural position showed a dolichofacial growth and an alteration of hyoid angle. Conclusions: The craniocervical position appeared to be related to a vertical craniofacial growth pattern

[Agglutination of hen egg-yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) against Salmonella enterica, serovar enteritidis]. / Aglutinación de inmunoglobulinas de yema de huevo de gallina (IgY) contra Salmonella enterica serovariedad enteritidis.

Two groups of 6 laying hens were used to produce IgY. In the vaccinated group (V), hens were injected by intramuscular route with two doses of a Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis bacterin at 20-day interval. In the control group (T) hens remained unvaccinated. Four IgY extractions were performed on the egg production of both groups. The first two extractions were carried out using the yolks obtained from the eggs produced during the 4th and 5th post-vaccination week (extracts 1V and 1T) and the other two using the ones from the 6th, 7th and 8th week (2V and 2T). Starting from the extracts 1V and 1T other products were obtained by freezing-thawing (1V-A and 1T-A) and simple (1V-B and 1T-B) or double (1V-C and 1T-C) flow capillary dialysis concentration. All these products were compared using an ELISA test specific for the detection of chicken antibodies against flagellar antigens of S. Enteritidis. In this test, V extracts were positive whereas T extracts were negative. The extract 1V was more positive than the extract 2V. The extract 1V-C was the most positive and was therefore selected to be used as an antiserum in the agglutination tests. This extract contained 1.9 g/dl of total proteins, 0.028 g/dl of triglycerides and 0.012 g/dl of cholesterol and showed an electrophoretic pattern characteristic of IgY. The 1T-C extract was used as a negative control in the agglutination tests. Slide somatic and tube flagellar agglutination tests were simultaneously carried out using both IgY extracts and a standard rabbit anti-Salmonella (IgG) sera. Overall 367 strains from the Enterobacteriaceae family were tested together with two other strains belonging to the Vibrionaceae family. The 1V-C extract specifically agglutinated S. Enteritidis strains in the same way as the rabbit sera. This extract also agglutinated other Salmonella strains antigenically related to S. Enteritidis. Salmonella which did not share somatic or flagellar antigens with S. Enteritidis, other different species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and the two strains of the Vibrionaceae family were all negative. None of the strains tested was agglutinated by the 1T-C extract. This paper show that it is possible to use specific IgY to identify S. enterica serovars. The more extended use of IgY for diagnostic purposes may be a convenient way to complement the current use of mammal polyclonal antibodies.

Aglutinación de inmunoglobulinas de yema de huevo de gallina (IgY) contra Salmonella enterica serovariedad Enteritidis / Agglutination of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteriditis

Para producir extractos de IgY se emplearon dos lotes de 6 gallinas ponedoras cada uno. En el lote vacunado (V) las aves se inocularon por vía intramuscular con dos dosis de una bacterina contra Salmonella enterica serovariedad Enteritidis. En el lote testigo (T) las aves no se vacunaron. Con las yemas de ambos lotes se efectuaron 4 extracciones de IgY. Las dos primeras se realizaron con las yemas de los huevos producidos durante la 4§ y 5§ semana post-vacunación (extractos 1V y 1T) y las otras dos con las de la 6§, 7§ y 8§ semana (2V y 2T). Los extractos 1V y 1T se congelaton y descongelaron (1V-A y 1T-A) y se concentraron por diálisis simple (1V-B y 1T-B) o doble (1V-C y 1T-C). Mediante una prueba de ELISA para detectar antígenos flagelares de S. Enteritidis, los extractos V fueron positivos y los T negativos. El extracto 1V-C fue el más positivo y se seleccionó para realizar las aglutinaciones. Este extracto contenía 1,9 g/dl de proteínas totales y presentó bandas electroforéticas características de IgY. El extracto 1T-C fue usado como control negativo de aglutinación. Emplenado ambos extractos IgY y antisueros policlonales de conejo (IgG) se efectuaron aglutinaciones somáticas en placa y flagelares en tubo. Se estudiaron 357 cepas de S. enterica, 10 cepas de diferentes especies de la familia Enterobacteriaceae y dos cepas de la familia Vibrionaceae. El extracto 1V-C aglutinó a distintas cepas de Salmonella con estructura antigénica somática o flagelar relacionada con la cepa vacunal, mientras que las salmonelas con antígenos diferentes y otras especies de la familia Enterobacteriaceae y Vibrionaceae fueron negativas. Este trabajo demuestra que es posible emplear las IgY para identificar serovariedades de S. enterica

Aglutinación de inmunoglobulinas de yema de huevo de gallina (IgY) contra Salmonella enterica serovariedad Enteritidis / Agglutination of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) against Salmonella enterica serovar Enteriditis

Para producir extractos de IgY se emplearon dos lotes de 6 gallinas ponedoras cada uno. En el lote vacunado (V) las aves se inocularon por vía intramuscular con dos dosis de una bacterina contra Salmonella enterica serovariedad Enteritidis. En el lote testigo (T) las aves no se vacunaron. Con las yemas de ambos lotes se efectuaron 4 extracciones de IgY. Las dos primeras se realizaron con las yemas de los huevos producidos durante la 4º y 5º semana post-vacunación (extractos 1V y 1T) y las otras dos con las de la 6º, 7º y 8º semana (2V y 2T). Los extractos 1V y 1T se congelaton y descongelaron (1V-A y 1T-A) y se concentraron por diálisis simple (1V-B y 1T-B) o doble (1V-C y 1T-C). Media