Correlation of various dental parameters of mandibular first molar with age, body weight and breed in healthy dogs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of different radiographic parameters of mandibular first molar with respect to age, body weight and breed in healthy dogs. Overall, 50 dogs with the age from 5 to 156 months and body weight from 6.00 to 45.00 kg of various breeds were made the subject of study. Animals were categorized into different groups based on age, body weight and breed. A new dental parameters measurement technique was standardised which was in line with modified Lind's measurement technique of human dentistry. A significant decrease in least square count means of dental parameters was observed in age group 1 (0 - 12 months) in comparison with group 2 (13 - 60 months) and group 3 (> 60 months). A significant decrease in least square count means of dental parameters was observed in group A (0.00 - 10.00 kg) in comparison with group B (11.00 - 25.00 kg) and group C (> 25.00 kg). The root canal width showed a significant decrease with an increase in age; therefore, it was difficult to approach pulp cavity in older dogs. Small breeds showed decline in root length/crown height (R/C) ratio and mandible height/first mandibular molar height (MH/M1H) ratio in comparison with medium and large breeds because of which there were more chances of tooth loosening in smaller breeds. Regression equations formulated with respect to body weight and age can act as a ready reference to calculate values of different dental parameters at places where dental radiography is not available.

Successful surgical management of massive ovarian teratoma in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

A 5 years-old Rhesus macaque was presented with abdominal enlargement. The clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings suggested that a massive mass occupying the whole of the abdomen. The mass was surgically removed, and histopathology confirmed ovarian teratoma. The macaque recovered uneventfully; however, the management to avoid self-mutilation of skin sutures was challenging.

Aluminium Splint Incorporated Fibreglass Cast Preserves Limb Function in Bovines with Olecranon Fracture.

OBJECTIVE: Olecranon process fractures are rare in bovines. The aim of the study was to put on record satisfactory limb usage in cattle and buffaloes suffering from olecranon fractures and treated conservatively, primarily for carpal contracture or to prevent it, using aluminum splints incorporated within a fiberglass cast along with stall confinement. STUDY DESIGN: This one year study included 19 olecranon fractures in bovines (15 buffaloes and 4 cattle). Out of 19, 12 bovines (9 buffaloes and 3 cattle) were treated primarily to manage the associated carpal contracture, using external coaptation of aluminium splints incorporated within a fiberglass cast for 6 to 8 weeks. The owners of the remaining 7 bovines (6 buffaloes and 1 bullock) were only advised to keep their animal in stall-confinement, due to various reasons. RESULTS: Slipping and falling on hard surfaces was the primary aetiology of olecranon fractures (17/19). Most of the fractures (14/19) were presented more than 10 days after a traumatic event, with a mean duration of 24.0 ± 26.6 days. On follow up, all the treated bovines showed satisfactory limb usage whereas all stall-confined buffaloes showed no improvement. CONCLUSION: Slipping and falling on hard surfaces is a common cause of olecranon fracture in bovines. Olecranon fractures associated carpal contracture can be successfully treated/prevented by applying full limb cast (if possible including elbow) along with aluminum splints leading to satisfactory limb usage in bovines. Further it is concluded that stall confinement alone is insufficient to prevent limb contracture (which usually develops with olecranon fracture in bovines) leading to permanent non-weight bearing disability.

Comparative occurrence pattern of fractures in cattle and buffaloes.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dairy animals play an important role in the Indian economy. Knowledge of the occurrence pattern of long bone fractures in bovine may help in strategizing the possibilities of treatment and prognosis. This study aimed to find out the comparative occurrence pattern of fractures in cattle and buffaloes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 278 fractures of bovine (171 in cattle and 107 in buffaloes), presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, during a study of 1 year, were investigated for the occurrence pattern, in relation to species, age, body weight, gender, bone involved, type of fracture (closed or open), and the presentation of bovine as standing or in recumbent state. RESULTS: The overall hospital occurrence of fractures in bovine was 4.24% and most of the fractures resulted from slipping and falling on hard floor. Of 278 fractures, the majority (90.28%) involved long bones (n=251; 103 buffaloes and 148 cattle). Forelimb fractures were recorded more common in buffaloes (64.08%), whereas the cattle suffered more of hind limb fractures (60.23%). Cattle also included 11 cases of bilateral fractures of metacarpal (n=3), tibia (n=1), radius and ulna (n=1), and mandible (n=6). Fracture of olecranon constituted 6.83% (n=19) and majority (n=15) were in buffaloes. The cattle had higher percent of open fractures (54.38%) as compared to that in buffaloes (17.76%). Marginally higher percentage of cattle (33.33%) suffering from fracture were recumbent as compared to buffaloes (23.36%) and femur fractures were found to be a leading cause of recumbency (100% in cattle and 75.00% in buffaloes). CONCLUSION: Species-specific differences in the occurrence pattern of fractures exist among cattle and buffaloes. Cattle are found to be more susceptible (1.5 times) to fractures as compared to buffaloes. The buffaloes are vulnerable to forelimb fractures while the cattle to the hind limb. As compared to forelimb, long bone fractures of hind limb are more commonly associated with recumbency in bovine. Cattle are more prone to mandible fractures and the open fractures of long bones as compared to buffaloes.

Radiographic prediction of metallic foreign body penetration in the reticulum of cows and buffaloes.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the role of radiography in the standing (right and left) and recumbent (right) lateral positions for the detection and prediction of metallic foreign body penetration in the reticular wall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 41 bovines (23 cows and 18 buffaloes) having at least one sharp metallic foreign body (>1 cm) detected on reticular radiographs were investigated, and their extent of penetration in the reticular wall was confirmed on the left flank laparorumenotomy. RESULTS: Of total sharp metallic foreign bodies retrieved on rumenotomy, the maximum percent were detected on the right recumbent radiographic view (75.00% in cows and 57.14% in buffaloes) compared to the right standing (54.38% in cows and 40.42% in buffaloes) and left standing (51.06% in cows and 27.08% in buffaloes) radiographic views. The presence of gas pocket or nodule adjoining a foreign body, faintly visible foreign body, foreign body that appeared partially or completely out of the reticulum, and foreign body that appeared parallel, into, or directed toward the diaphragm indicated a high probability in the prediction of penetrating foreign body in the left standing (100%) followed by the right recumbent (85.71% in cattle and 90% in buffaloes) and right standing (94.74% in cattle and 55.56% in buffaloes) radiographic views. CONCLUSION: The right recumbent radiographic view is most reliable to detect sharp metallic foreign bodies in bovine. Buffaloes engulf more number of foreign bodies; however, comparatively, the number of completely or partially penetrating foreign bodies is high in cattle. The hypothesized radiographic parameters for the prediction of penetrability of the metallic foreign body were 100% reliable in the left standing radiographic view in both the species.

Comparison of radiography and ultrasonography in the detection of lung and liver cysts in cattle and buffaloes.

AIM: Echinococcosis is the major cause of lung and liver cysts in ruminants. This study compared usefulness of radiography and ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of lung and/or liver cysts in sick bovine animals. The study also worked out cooccurrence of lung and liver cysts, and whether these cysts were primary cause of sickness or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 45 sick bovine (37 buffaloes and 8 cattle) suffering from lung and liver cysts. A complete history of illness and clinical examination was carried out. Lateral radiographs of chest and reticular region were taken. In radiographically positive or suspected cases of cysts, USG of the lung and liver region was done. Depending on the location of cyst and clinical manifestations of the animal, the cysts were categorized as primary or secondary causes of sickness. RESULTS: Using either imaging technique, it was observed that 46.7% of the animals had both lung and liver cysts, whereas 33.3% had only lung and 20% had only liver cyst. Cysts were identified as primary cause of sickness in 31.1% animals only. For diagnosing lung cysts, radiography (71.1%) and USG (62.2%) had similar diagnostic utility. However, for detecting liver cysts, USG was the only imaging tool. CONCLUSION: The lung and liver cysts, depending on their number and size may be a primary cause of sickness in bovine. Radiography and USG are recommended, in combination, as screening tools to rule out echinococcosis.

Surgical retrieval of a metallic foreign body from the spleen of a dog.

This is the first report of a metallic foreign body in the spleen of a dog. The animal had abdominal discomfort with a tucked-up abdomen and occasional vomition. Radiography and ultrasonography were used to identify a splenic foreign body which was surgically removed through a ventral midline celiotomy. Migration of the foreign body through the stomach wall was suspected as the most likely cause.

Unicystic ameloblastoma: A diagnostic dilemma.

Ameloblastoma is a slow-growing, persistent and locally aggressive neoplasm of epithelial origin accounting for 10% out of 30% of all odontogenic tumors. According to the World Health Organization, ameloblastomas are classified into the following types: conventional, unicystic, and peripheral. Unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) refers to those cystic lesions that show clinical, radiographic, or gross features of a mandibular cyst, but on histologic examination show a typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity, with or without luminal and/or mural tumor growth. We report a case of young female with a radiolucent lesion in the right posterior mandible. Surgical removal of the lesion was performed, with differential diagnosis of a radicular cyst. However, histopathologic examination revealed UA. The patient was kept under observation and showed signs of local bone regeneration. The purpose of presenting this report of a clinical case of UA previously misdiagnosed as radicular cyst is to emphasize the significance of histopathologic examination of all tissue specimens recovered in surgery even when clinical and radiological finding are innocuous.

Branchial cleft cyst versus dermoid cyst of digastric triangle: report of two cases.

Lateral neck soft tissue masses manifests with variable etiologies, clinical signs and symptoms. Although these lesions are congenital in nature, manifestations of these may not occur until adulthood. Also some of these lesions may undergo malignant transformations.We present two cases with lateral neck swellings which were excised successfully under general anaesthesia and later confirmed histopathologically as dermoid and branchial cleft cysts.Formulation of an appropriate diagnosis is necessary and requires a clinician to bear a host of skills to systematically arrive at a correct treatment plan. Use of advanced imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging along with proper knowledge of anatomy, pathology and application of basic surgical principles goes a long way in successful and uneventful management of such lesions, as these may overlap many important neurovascular structures or may in turn be wrapped by them.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the omasum in cows and buffaloes.

The study was conducted to establish the ultrasonographic features of the healthy and impacted omasum in cows and buffaloes. Scanning was done using a 3.5 MHz microconvex transducer. In healthy buffaloes, the omasum could be scanned at the eighth to ninth intercostal space as a round or oval structure having thick echogenic wall with echogenic leaves. Gradual slow movements of omasal leaves could also be seen in real-time B-mode. The omasum appeared to be very clear, large, and close to the transducer at the start of the omasal contraction, and as the contraction progressed the omasum retracted away from the transducer and became very small. In healthy cows the omasum was seen as a crescent-shaped structure with an echogenic wall. The contents of the omasum or omasal leaves could not be visualized. Omasal contractility was not as prominent as in buffaloes. In buffaloes, the impacted omasum appeared amotile, the omasal leaves were not visible, and the omasum as a whole gave a prominent distal acoustic shadow. In cows, the impaction could be diagnosed based on amotile omasum covering a large area on the right side. Ultrasonography was found to be helpful in subjective assessment of omasal impaction but could not aid in diagnosing the severity of impaction.