Proof-of-Principle Study Suggesting Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Butyrate and Propionate in Periodontal Cells.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are potent immune modulators present in the gingival crevicular fluid. It is therefore likely that SCFAs exert a role in periodontal health and disease. To better understand how SCFAs can module inflammation, we screened acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid for their potential ability to lower the inflammatory response of macrophages, gingival fibroblasts, and oral epithelial cells in vitro. To this end, RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages were exposed to LPSs from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) with and without the SCFAs. Moreover, gingival fibroblasts and HSC2 oral epithelial cells were exposed to IL1ß and TNFα with and without the SCFAs. We report here that butyrate was effective in reducing the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of IL6 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) in the RAW 264.7 and primary macrophages. Butyrate also reduced the IL1ß and TNFα-induced expression of IL8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and CXCL2 in gingival fibroblasts. Likewise, butyrate lowered the induced expression of CXCL1 and CXCL2, but not IL8, in HSC2 cells. Butyrate further caused a reduction of p65 nuclear translocation in RAW 264.7 macrophages, gingival fibroblasts, and HSC2 cells. Propionate and acetate partially lowered the inflammatory response in vitro but did not reach the level of significance. These findings suggest that not only macrophages, but also gingival fibroblasts and oral epithelial cells are susceptive to the anti-inflammatory activity of butyrate.

Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Postoperative Pain and Edema in Third Molar Surgeries: A Randomized, Comparative, Double-Blind, and Prospective Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Laser light has biological effects that can modulate inflammatory processes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on pain, edema, and trismus after the extraction of retained third molars. METHODS: A split-mouth, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted in 13 patients with similar bilateral third molars who received intraoral application PBM therapy at 4 points with a diode laser at 810 nm wavelength, 6 J (100 mW, 60 seconds/point) on 1 side (the PBM side); and laser irradiation simulation on the other side (SHAM side). The pain was assessed through visual analog scale (VAS) at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, number of analgesic-relief (NAR), and mean time of first analgesic use; edema, through VAS, and linear facial measurements at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours; and trismus, through the mouth opening measurements at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The repeated-measures analysis was applied to assess the effect of the treatment, followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons (P < .05). RESULTS: Thirteen patients (61.77% male and 38.63% female) with age of 24.16 ± 2.06 participated in this research. VAS showed that PBM controlled pain better (7.56 ± 6.25) than SHAM (32.25 ± 22.78) at 24 hours (P < .001) and 48 hours (19.47 ± 9.27 and 39.87 ± 4.21, respectively) (P = .011). VAS also showed that PBM controlled edema better (19.7 ± 13.27) than SHAM (32.38 ± 15.28) at 24 hours (P = .037) and 48 hours (19.47 ± 13.11 and 39.87 ± 22.77, respectively) (P = .002). CONCLUSION: The PBM therapy in this study resulted in pain and edema reduction after third molar surgery and may be considered as adjuvant therapy after the surgical procedure.

Avaliação do processo de reparo alveolar em ratos utilizando ß- tricálcio-fosfato associado ou não ao laser de baixa potência / Evaluation of the alveolar repair process in rats using ß-Tricalcium Phosphate associated or not with low power laser

O uso de biomateriais em substituição ao enxerto autógeno tem sido objeto de estudo, e apresentando resultados promissores. Deste modo, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do ß-tricálcio-fosfato e do LASER de baixa potência no processo de reparo alveolar. Foram utilizados 96 ratos (Rattus novergicus albinus Wistar), sendo 24 ratos para análise dos cortes calcificados e 72 ratos para análise dos cortes descalcificados. Os animais foram submetidos a exodontia do incisivo superior direito e em seguida foi feita a separação por grupo e por tempo. Para os cortes calcificados, foi feita a divisão em 4 grupos de 6 animais cada: Grupo CO (Controle), Grupo BTF (Biomaterial), Grupo LS (LASER de baixa potência), Grupo BTFL (biomaterial LASER de baixa potência), eutanasiados no período de 28 dias. Para análise dos cortes descalcificados foram utilizados os mesmos grupos em tempos de eutanasia de 7,14 e 28 dias. As maxilas foram removidas e submetidas às análises histológica e histométrica nos cortes descalcificados e análise tomográfica microcomputadorizada (Micro-Ct) nos cortes calcificados. A análise por micro-Ct evidenciou formação de tecido ósseo em todos os grupos, porém não houve diferença entre os grupos experimentais e o controle. A análise histométrica evidenciou maior presença de tecido ósseo neoformado estatististicamente significante em LS aos 7 dias quando comparados aos demais grupos. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o LASER de baixa potência acelerou as fases inicias do processo de reparo alveolar(AU)

The use of biomaterials to replace autogenous grafts has been the subject of study, and has shown promising results. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the effects of ß-tricalcium-phosphate and low-power LASER on the alveolar repair process. 96 rats (Rattus novergicus albinus Wistar) were used, being 24 rats for analysis of calcified cuts and 72 rats for analysis of decalcified cuts. The animals underwent extraction of the upper right incisor and then the separation was made by group and by time. For the calcified cuts, the division was made into 4 groups of 6 animals each: Group CO (Control), Group BTF (Biomaterial), Group LS (low power LASER), Group BTFL (low power LASER biomaterial), euthanized in the 28-day period. For the analysis of decalcified cuts, the same groups were used at times of euthanasia of 7.14 and 28 days. The jaws were removed and subjected to histological and histometric analysis in the decalcified sections and microcomputerized tomographic analysis (Micro-Ct) in the calcified sections. Micro-Ct analysis showed bone tissue formation in all groups, but there was no difference between experimental and control groups. Histometric analysis showed a greater presence of statistically significant neoformed bone tissue in LS at 7 days when compared to the other groups. Thus, it was concluded that the low-power LASER accelerated the early stages of the alveolar repair process(AU)

Critical Defect Healing Assessment in Rat Calvaria Filled with Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement.

(1) Background: The tissue engineering field has been working to find biomaterials that mimic the biological properties of autogenous bone grafts. (2) Aim: To evaluate the osteoconduction potential of injectable calcium phosphate cement implanted in critical defects in rat calvaria. (3) Methods: In the calvarial bone of 36 rats, 7-mm diameter critical size defects were performed. Afterwards, the animals were randomly divided into three groups according to filler material: a blood clot group (BC), blood clot membrane group (BCM), and an injectable ß-tricalcium phosphate group (HBS) cement group. After periods of 30 and 60 days, the animals were euthanized, the calvaria was isolated, and submitted to a decalcification process for later blades confection. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the neoformed bone tissue were conducted, and histometric data were statistically analyzed. (4) Results: Sixty days post-surgery, the percentages of neoformed bone were 10.67 ± 5.57 in group BC, 16.71 ± 5.0 in group BCM, and 55.11 ± 13.20 in group HBS. The bone formation values in group HBS were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in groups BC and BCM. (5) Conclusions: Based on these results, it can be concluded that injectable calcium phosphate cement is an osteoconductive material that can be used to fill bone cavities.