Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: a psychometric investigation and evaluation of the influence of individual characteristics on social appearance anxiety in Brazilian adults who practice physical exercise.

Introduction: Evaluating signs of anxiety related to body appearance is becoming increasingly important in contemporary society and, in this sense, the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) seems an interesting alternative of measurement. Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the SAAS when applied to Brazilian adults who practice physical exercise and verify the influence of individual characteristics on participants' social appearance anxiety. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted online. The participants completed the SAAS and a demographic questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the SAAS one-factor model were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. A structural model was built for men and women to verify the influence of individual characteristics of the participants on social appearance anxiety. Results: 1,495 individuals participated in the study (70.8% women; mean age = 29.5, SD = 8.9 years). The data obtained with the SAAS presented good indicators of validity and reliability for both genders (CFI > 0.97, TLI > 0.97, SRMR = 0.04, α > 0.97, ω > 0.85). For both men and women, greater levels of social appearance anxiety were observed among younger participants, who had a higher body mass index, self-reported an eating disorder, and perceived a change in their body after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. For women specifically, higher income and having started physical exercise more recently were associated with greater levels of social appearance anxiety. Conclusion: The findings supported the validity and reliability of the data obtained with the SAAS and revealed that when investigating social appearance anxiety in future research and clinical protocols, specific individual characteristics should be considered.

Randomised Controlled Trial of Fish Oil Supplementation on Responsiveness to Resistance Exercise Training in Sarcopenic Older Women.

This study aims to investigate the effects of fish oil supplementation on the muscle adaptive response to resistance exercise training, physical performance and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in sarcopenic older women. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is performed with thirty-four sarcopenic women (2010 European Consensus of Sarcopenia), aged ≥ 65 years. The participants are allocated into the following two groups: Exercise and Fish Oil (EFO) and Exercise and Placebo (EP). Both groups undertook a resistance exercise programme over 14 weeks. All participants are instructed to ingest 4 g/day of food supplements; the EP group received sunflower oil capsules, and the EFO group, fish oil capsules. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps muscle is calculated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The strength of the lower limbs is measured using isokinetic dynamometry. Both groups show improvements in CSA and strength after the intervention. Changes in EFO are significantly greater compared with EP for muscle strength (peak torque, 19.46 Nm and 5.74 Nm, respectively, p < 0.001). CSA increased after the intervention in both groups (EFO; 6.11% and EP; 2.91%), although there is no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.23). There are no significant intra-group, inter-group or time differences in any of the cytokines measured. The use of fish oil supplementation potentiates the neuromuscular response to the anabolic stimulus from training, increasing muscle strength and physical performance in sarcopenic older women.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment of the Portuguese language version of the Eating and Appraisal due to Emotions and Stress (EADES) Questionnaire in Brazilian adults.

PURPOSES: To develop a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Eating and Appraisal due to Emotions and Stress (EADES) Questionnaire and estimate the psychometric properties of the EADES factorial model for young Brazilian adults and also to assess the association between EADES factors and age, body mass index (BMI), and economic level. METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation was performed using a standardized protocol. The psychometric properties were assessed separately for each sex. A structural model for each sex was developed to investigate the influence of age, economic level, and BMI on the EADES factors. RESULTS: A total of 1240 participants completed the study [65.8% female, mean age 23.91 (SD = 5.03) years]. The EADES original factorial model did not present good psychometric properties. Then, a factorial model proposed for a Mexican sample was tested and a different model was fitted for each sex. The results showed that younger women have lower self-efficacy and self-confidence and poorer assessment of resources and coping skills. Women with a higher economic level have lower self-efficacy. Higher BMI was associated with lower self-efficacy and self-confidence in both sexes. Younger men have lower self-efficacy and poorer assessment of resources and coping skills. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the EADES provided valid and reliable data after refinement, and a different model was fitted for each sex. Sex, age, BMI, and economic level were significantly associated with the EADES factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

[Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric investigation of the Salzburg Stress Eating Scale (SSES) in a sample of Brazilian adults]. / Adaptação transcultural e investigação psicométrica da Escala de Estresse na Alimentação de Salzburg (SSES) para uma amostra de adultos brasileiros.

The study's objectives were to adapt the Salzburg Stress Eating Scale (SSES) to Brazilian Portuguese, estimate its psychometric properties in a sample of young adults, and verify (separately for each sex) the relationship between age and BMI and dietary intake during stress. Adaptation of the SSES to Portuguese was performed according to the consolidated protocol. The psychometric properties were estimated for each sex based on factor and convergent validities and reliability. Invariance was tested in independent subsamples for each sex. The relationship between age and bod mass index (BMI) and dietary intake during stress was investigated for each sex using structural equation modeling. Prevalence of individuals in categories that represented maintenance, reduction, or increases in dietary intake in the face of stress was calculated. Participation in the study included 1,030 individuals (61.8% women) with a mean age of 25.5 (SD = 5.3) years. The original model of the SSES presented good fit for the female sample, but for the male sample one item was excluded and a residual correlation was inserted. These models were invariant in independent subsamples. High BMI influenced dietary intake in the face of stress. Men maintained their habitual diet, while women increased their dietary intake during stress. The Portuguese version of the SSES will be useful for investigating dietary intake during stress in Brazil. Different models of SESS were adjusted for each sex. BMI was a significant variable for assessing dietary intake in the face of stress.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram adaptar a Escala de Estresse na Alimentação de Salzburg (SSES) para o português brasileiro, estimar suas propriedades psicométricas para uma amostra de adultos jovens e verificar, separadamente para cada sexo, a relação da idade e do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com a forma de lidar com a alimentação frente ao estresse. A adaptação da SSES para o português foi realizada seguindo protocolo consolidado. As propriedades psicométricas foram estimadas para cada sexo a partir das validades fatorial e convergente e da confiabilidade. A invariância foi testada em subamostras independentes para cada sexo. A relação da idade e do IMC com a alimentação frente ao estresse foi investigada para cada sexo usando a modelagem de equações estruturais. A prevalência dos indivíduos em categorias que representaram manutenção, redução ou aumento da alimentação frente ao estresse foi calculada. Participaram do estudo 1.030 indivíduos (61,8% mulheres) com média de idade de 25,5 (DP = 5,3) anos. O modelo original da SSES apresentou bom ajuste para a amostra feminina, mas, para a masculina, um item foi excluído, e uma correlação residual foi inserida. Esses modelos foram invariantes em subamostras independentes. O IMC elevado influenciou na alimentação frente ao estresse. Os homens mantêm a alimentação habitual, enquanto as mulheres a aumentam frente ao estresse. A versão em português da SSES será útil para investigar a alimentação frente ao estresse no Brasil. Modelos diferentes da SESS foram ajustados para cada sexo. O IMC foi uma variável significativa para avaliar a alimentação frente ao estresse.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron adaptar la Escala de Estrés en la Alimentación de Salzburg (SSES) al portugués brasileño, estimar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de adultos jóvenes y verificar, separadamente para cada sexo, la relación entre edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en lo que respecta a la alimentación frente al estrés. La adaptación de la SSES al portugués se realizó siguiendo un protocolo consolidado. Las propiedades psicométricas se estimaron para cada sexo a partir de la validez factorial y convergente, así como de la confiabilidad. La invariancia se probó en submuestras independientes para cada sexo. La relación de la edad e IMC con la alimentación frente al estrés se investigó para cada sexo, usando un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Se calculó la prevalencia de los individuos dentro de categorías que representaban: mantenimiento, reducción o aumento de la alimentación frente al estrés. Participaron en el estudio 1030 individuos (61,8% mujeres) con una media de edad de 25,5 (DP = 5,3) años. El modelo original de la SSES presentó un buen ajuste en la muestra femenina, sin embargo, en la masculina, se excluyó un ítem y se incluyó una correlación residual. Estos modelos fueron invariantes en submuestras independientes. El IMC elevado influenció en la alimentación frente al estrés. Los hombres mantienen la alimentación habitual, mientras que las mujeres la aumentan frente al estrés. La versión en portugués de la SSES será útil para investigar la alimentación ante el estrés en Brasil. Se ajustaron modelos diferentes de la SESS para cada sexo. El IMC fue una variable significativa para evaluar la alimentación ante el estrés.

Effect of Protein and Carbohydrate Combined with Resistance Training on Muscular Adaptation.

The purpose was to compare the effects of protein (whey protein) and carbohydrate supplementation and protein alone both combined with resistance training on muscle strength, muscle mass and total training volume progression in untrained young men. Resistance training was performed using the leg press and knee extension until concentric failure (8-12 repetition maximum), three times a week for eight weeks. Muscle strength and muscle cross-sectional area were assessed before and after training. Total training volume progression was calculated considering the first and eighth week. Seventeen men completed the study (protein and carbohydrate, n=9, age 23.44 ± 4.56 years, weight: 62.13±6.17 kg, height: 1.75±0.02 m, body mass index: 20.29±2.08 kg/m2; protein, n=8, age 24.63±2.39 years, weight: 69.01±5.57 kg, height: 1.77±0.07 m; body mass index: 21.64±1.05 kg/m2. Both protocols showed similar increases in muscle strength (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=1.28; protein=0.97; p<0.001), muscle cross sectional area (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=0.66; protein=0.47; p<0.001) and total training volume progression (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=2.68; protein=1.63; p<0.001) after training. No differences were found between groups p>0.05). Protein and carbohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training does not induce greater gains in muscle strength, hypertrophy and total training volume compared to resistance training combined with protein alone in untrained individuals.

Adaptação transcultural e investigação psicométrica da Escala de Estresse na Alimentação de Salzburg (SSES) para uma amostra de adultos brasileiros / Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric investigation of the Salzburg Stress Eating Scale (SSES) in a sample of Brazilian adults / Adaptación transcultural e investigación psicométrica de la Escala de Estrés en la Alimentación de Salzburg (SSES) para una muestra de adultos brasileños

Os objetivos deste estudo foram adaptar a Escala de Estresse na Alimentação de Salzburg (SSES) para o português brasileiro, estimar suas propriedades psicométricas para uma amostra de adultos jovens e verificar, separadamente para cada sexo, a relação da idade e do índice de massa corporal (IMC) com a forma de lidar com a alimentação frente ao estresse. A adaptação da SSES para o português foi realizada seguindo protocolo consolidado. As propriedades psicométricas foram estimadas para cada sexo a partir das validades fatorial e convergente e da confiabilidade. A invariância foi testada em subamostras independentes para cada sexo. A relação da idade e do IMC com a alimentação frente ao estresse foi investigada para cada sexo usando a modelagem de equações estruturais. A prevalência dos indivíduos em categorias que representaram manutenção, redução ou aumento da alimentação frente ao estresse foi calculada. Participaram do estudo 1.030 indivíduos (61,8% mulheres) com média de idade de 25,5 (DP = 5,3) anos. O modelo original da SSES apresentou bom ajuste para a amostra feminina, mas, para a masculina, um item foi excluído, e uma correlação residual foi inserida. Esses modelos foram invariantes em subamostras independentes. O IMC elevado influenciou na alimentação frente ao estresse. Os homens mantêm a alimentação habitual, enquanto as mulheres a aumentam frente ao estresse. A versão em português da SSES será útil para investigar a alimentação frente ao estresse no Brasil. Modelos diferentes da SESS foram ajustados para cada sexo. O IMC foi uma variável significativa para avaliar a alimentação frente ao estresse.

The study's objectives were to adapt the Salzburg Stress Eating Scale (SSES) to Brazilian Portuguese, estimate its psychometric properties in a sample of young adults, and verify (separately for each sex) the relationship between age and BMI and dietary intake during stress. Adaptation of the SSES to Portuguese was performed according to the consolidated protocol. The psychometric properties were estimated for each sex based on factor and convergent validities and reliability. Invariance was tested in independent subsamples for each sex. The relationship between age and bod mass index (BMI) and dietary intake during stress was investigated for each sex using structural equation modeling. Prevalence of individuals in categories that represented maintenance, reduction, or increases in dietary intake in the face of stress was calculated. Participation in the study included 1,030 individuals (61.8% women) with a mean age of 25.5 (SD = 5.3) years. The original model of the SSES presented good fit for the female sample, but for the male sample one item was excluded and a residual correlation was inserted. These models were invariant in independent subsamples. High BMI influenced dietary intake in the face of stress. Men maintained their habitual diet, while women increased their dietary intake during stress. The Portuguese version of the SSES will be useful for investigating dietary intake during stress in Brazil. Different models of SESS were adjusted for each sex. BMI was a significant variable for assessing dietary intake in the face of stress.

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron adaptar la Escala de Estrés en la Alimentación de Salzburg (SSES) al portugués brasileño, estimar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de adultos jóvenes y verificar, separadamente para cada sexo, la relación entre edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en lo que respecta a la alimentación frente al estrés. La adaptación de la SSES al portugués se realizó siguiendo un protocolo consolidado. Las propiedades psicométricas se estimaron para cada sexo a partir de la validez factorial y convergente, así como de la confiabilidad. La invariancia se probó en submuestras independientes para cada sexo. La relación de la edad e IMC con la alimentación frente al estrés se investigó para cada sexo, usando un modelado de ecuaciones estructurales. Se calculó la prevalencia de los individuos dentro de categorías que representaban: mantenimiento, reducción o aumento de la alimentación frente al estrés. Participaron en el estudio 1030 individuos (61,8% mujeres) con una media de edad de 25,5 (DP = 5,3) años. El modelo original de la SSES presentó un buen ajuste en la muestra femenina, sin embargo, en la masculina, se excluyó un ítem y se incluyó una correlación residual. Estos modelos fueron invariantes en submuestras independientes. El IMC elevado influenció en la alimentación frente al estrés. Los hombres mantienen la alimentación habitual, mientras que las mujeres la aumentan frente al estrés. La versión en portugués de la SSES será útil para investigar la alimentación ante el estrés en Brasil. Se ajustaron modelos diferentes de la SESS para cada sexo. El IMC fue una variable significativa para evaluar la alimentación ante el estrés.