UV-C light promotes the reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds in ß-Lactoglobulin and improves in vitro gastric digestion.

ß-Lactoglobulin (ß-Lg) is the main protein in whey and is known for its allergenicity and resistance to the digestion of pepsin and trypsin. The UV-C photoinduced cleavage of disulfide bonds in ß-Lactoglobulin, as promoted by excitation of tryptophan residues (Trp), is shown to induce changes in the protein's secondary structure, significantly reducing the protein's resistance to pepsin digestion. The UV-C light-induced changes in the protein secondary structure are marked by an increase in the contribution of ß-sheet and α-helix structures with a concomitantly smaller contribution of the ß-turn structural motif. The photoinduced cleavage of disulfide bonds in ß-Lg has an apparent quantum yield of ф = 0.0015 ± 0.0003 and was shown by transient absorption laser flash photolysis to arise by two different pathways: a) the reduction of the disulfide bond Cys66Cys160 occurs by direct electron transfer from the triplet-excited 3Trp to the disulfide bond due to the existence of a CysCys/Trp triad (Cys66Cys160/Trp61) and b) the reduction of the buried Cys106Cys119 disulfide bond involves a reaction with a solvated electron originated by the photoejection of electrons from the triplet-excited 3Trp decay. The in vitro gastric digestion index for UV-C-treated ß-Lg is revealed to have increased significantly by 36 ± 4 % and 9 ± 2 % under simulated elderly and young adult digestive conditions, respectively. When compared to the native protein, the peptide mass fingerprint profile of digested UV-C-treated ß-Lg shows a higher content and variety of peptides, including the production of some exclusive bioactive peptides such as PMHIRL and EKFDKALKALPMH.

Ion-Pair Complexes of Pyrylium and Tetraarylborate as New Host-Guest Dyes: Photoinduced Electron Transfer Promoting Radical Polymerization.

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, NOESY-NMR, and EPR spectroscopy shed light on how π-π stacking interactions combined with electrostatic interactions can be used to form stable ion-pair complexes between pyrylium and tetraarylborate ions in which the interaction of the π-delocalized clouds promotes the observation of new radiative processes and also electron transfer processes excitation using visible light. The results exhibit a striking combination of properties, chemical stability and photophysical and photochemical events, that make these ion-pair complexes as a step toward the realization of chromophore/luminescent materials and also their use as a new monophotoinitiator system in radical polymerization reactions.

Light-activated generation of nitric oxide (NO) and sulfite anion radicals (SO3˙-) from a ruthenium(ii) nitrosylsulphito complex.

This manuscript describes the preparation of a new Ru(ii) nitrosylsulphito complex, trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ (complex 1), its spectroscopic and structural characterization, photochemistry, and thermal reactivity. Complex 1 was obtained by the reaction of sulfite ions (SO32-) with the nitrosyl complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO)]3+ (complex 2) in aqueous solution resulting in the formation of the N-bonded nitrosylsulphito (N(O)SO3) ligand. To the best of our knowledge, only four nitrosylsulphito metal complexes have been described so far (J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1983, 2465-2472), and there is no information about the photochemistry of such complexes. Complex 1 was characterized by spectroscopic means (UV-Vis, EPR, FT-IR, 1H- and 15N-NMR), elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structure of the precursor complex 2 is also discussed in the manuscript and is used as a reference for comparisons with the structure of 1. Complex 1 is water-soluble and kinetically stable at pH 7.4, with a first-order rate constant of 3.1 × 10-5 s-1 for isn labilization at 298 K (t1/2∼ 373 min). Under acidic conditions (1.0 M trifluoroacetic acid), 1 is stoichiometrically converted into the precursor complex 2. The reaction of hydroxide ions (OH-) with 1 and with 2 yields the Ru(ii) nitro complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO2)]+ with second-order rate constants of 2.1 and 10.5 M-1 s-1 (at 288 K), respectively, showing the nucleophilic attack of OH- at the nitrosyl in 2 (Ru-NO) and at the nitrosylsulphito in 1 (Ru-N(O)SO3). The pKa value of the -SO3 moiety of the N(O)SO3 ligand in 1 was determined to be 5.08 ± 0.06 (at 298 K). The unprecedented photochemistry of a nitrosylsulphito complex is investigated in detail with 1. The proposed mechanism is based on experimental (UV-Vis, EPR, NMR and Transient Absorption Laser Flash Photolysis) and theoretical data (DFT) and involves photorelease of the N(O)SO3- ligand followed by formation of nitric oxide (NO˙) and sulfite radicals (SO3˙-, sulfur trioxide anion radical).

Photoinduced Charge Shifts and Electron Transfer in Viologen-Tetraphenylborate Complexes: Push-Pull Character of the Exciplex.

Viologen-tetraarylborate ion-pair complexes were prepared and investigated by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence and femtosecond transient absorption. The results highlight a charge transfer transition that leads to changes in the viologen structure in the excited singlet state. Femtosecond transient absorption reveals the formation of excited-state absorption and stimulated emission bands assigned to the planar (kobs < 1012 s-1) and twisted (kobs ∼ 1010 s-1) structures between two pyridinium groups in the viologen ion. An efficient photoinduced electron transfer from the tetraphenylborate anionic moiety to the viologen dication was observed less than 1 µs after excitation. This is a consequence of the push-pull character of the electron donor twisted viologen structure, which helps formation of the borate triplet state. The borate triplet state is deactivated further via a second electron transfer process, generating viologen cation radical (V•+).

New insight into the photophysics and reactivity of trigonal and tetrahedral arylboron compounds.

The photophysics and reactivity of two tetraphenylborate salts and triphenylborane have been studied using ultrafast transient absorption, steady-state fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance with spin trapping, and DFT calculations. The singlet excited state of tetraarylborates exhibit extended π-orbital coupling between two adjacent aryl groups. The maximum fluorescence band, as well as the transient absorption bands centered at 560 nm (τ = 1.05 ns) and 680 nm (τ = 4.35 ns) are influenced by solvent viscosity and polarity, indicative of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state. Orbital contour plots of the HOMO and LUMO orbitals of the tetraarylboron compounds support the existence of electron delocalization between two aryl groups in the LUMO. This TICT-state and aryl-aryl electron extension is not observed for the trigonal arylboron compound, in which excited π-orbital coupling only occurs between the boron atom and one aryl group, which restricts the twist motion of the aryl-boron bond. The excited triplet state is deactivated primarily through aryl-boron bond cleavage, yielding aryl and diphenylboryl radicals. In the presence of oxygen, this photochemistry results in phenoxyl and diphenylboroxyl radicals, as confirmed by EPR spectroscopy of spin trapped radical adducts. The TICT transition and radical generation is not expected for BoDIPY molecules where the rotational vibration of the B-aryl bond is rigid, restricting changes in the geometric structure. In this sense, this work contributes to the development of new BoDIPY derivatives where the TICT transition may be observed for aryl ligands with free rotational vibrations in the BoDIPY structure.

Isomerization of Cholecalciferol through Energy Transfer as a Protective Mechanism Against Flavin-Sensitized Photooxidation.

Cholecalciferol, vitamin D3, was found to isomerize to 5,6-trans-vitamin-D3 with a quantum yield of 0.15 ± 0.01 in air-saturated 7/3 tert-butyl alcohol/water (v/v) at 25 °C, increasing to 0.32 ± 0.02 in the absence of oxygen, through quenching of triplet excited state flavin mononucleotide, FMN, rather than becoming oxidized. The quenching was found by laser flash photolysis to have a rate constant of 1.4 × 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) in 7/3 tert-butyl alcohol/water (v/v) at 25 °C, assigned to energy transfer from (3)FMN* to form a reactive vit.D3 diradical. vit.D3 forms a 1/1 precomplex with FMN by hydrophobic stacking with ΔH° = -36 ± 7 kJ mol(-1) and ΔS° = -4 ± 3 J mol(-1) K(-1), as shown by single photon counting fluorescence spectroscopy and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Both ground-state precomplex formation and excited-state energy transfer seem important for vit.D3 protection against flavin-sensitized photooxidation of nutrients in food and biological systems.

Photooxidation of other B-vitamins as sensitized by riboflavin.

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) was found to deactivate triplet-excited riboflavin (Rib) in aqueous solution with a deactivation constant of 3.0 ± 0.1 × 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1) at 25 °C. Likewise, PLP was found to quench the fluorescence emission of (1)Rib* with (1)kq = 1.0 ± 0.1 × 10(11) L mol(-1) s(-1) as determined by steady state fluorescence. The rather high quenching constant suggests the formation of a ground state complex, which was further confirmed by time-resolved fluorescence measurements to yield a (1)Rib* deactivation constant of 3.4 ± 0.4 × 10(10) L mol(-1) s(-1). Triplet quenching is assigned as one-electron transfer rather than hydrogen-atom transfer from PLP to (3)Rib*, as the reaction quantum yield, Φ = 0.82, is hardly influenced by solvent change from water to D2O, Φ = 0.78. Neither biotin nor niacin deactivates the singlet- or triplet-excited riboflavin as it is expected from their higher oxidation potentials E > 2 V vs NHE.

Photochemistry of tetraphenyldiboroxane and its use as photopolymerization coinitiator.

2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was photopolymerized in the presence of Safranine (SfH(+)) and tetraphenyldiboroxane (TPhB). Polymerization results are correlated with the photochemistry of TPhB and its ability to aggregate forming hydrophobic domains (critical aggregation concentration, cac, 1.2 × 10(-4) M). Polymerization was not observed when the TPhB concentration was below the cac, indicating that the polymerization is initiated in the hydrophobic environment. The quenching of the triplet state of SfH(+) by TPhB and the generation of the semireduced species of SfH(+) suggests an electron transfer from the boron compound to the excited dye, and that the resulting boron-centered radical initiates the polymerization process.

Riboflavin-photosensitized oxidation is enhanced by conjugation in unsaturated lipids.

Methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to quench triplet-excited riboflavin ((3)Rib) in efficient bimolecular reactions with rate constants, as determined by laser flash photolysis, linearly depending upon the number of bis-allylic methylene (from 1 to 5). Deactivation of (3)Rib is predicted by combining the experimental second-order rate constants k2 determined for acetonitrile/water (8:2, v/v) at 25 °C with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of bond dissociation energy to have an upper limiting value of 1.22 × 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1) for hydrogen abstraction from bis-allylic methylene groups in unsaturated lipid by (3)Rib. Still, ergosterol was found to deactivate (3)Rib with k2 = 6.2 × 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1), which is more efficient than cholesterol, with 6.9 × 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1). Likewise conjugated (9E,11E) methyl linoleate (CLA) reacts with 3.3 × 10(7) L mol(-1) s(-1), 30 times more efficient than previously found for methyl α-linolenate. Conjugation as in CLA and ergosterol is concluded to enhance (3)Rib deactivation, and dietary plant sterols and CLA may accordingly be important macronutrients for eye and skin health, protecting against light exposure through efficient deactivation of (3)Rib.