A Recent Update on Intranasal Delivery of High Molecular Weight Proteins, Peptides, and Hormones.

Proteins and hormones have a wide range of therapeutic uses that have emerged throughout the years. The increase in their clinical application nowadays has outgrown the need to deliver these macromolecules without deterioration. This is where the nasal route of delivery has proven to be the most helpful tool in providing ease of administration. Despite the obstacles, smart polymers, nasal enhancers, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and computational modeling tools have all been used to increase the nasal route's residence time and absorption window. This review highlights the systemic delivery of macromolecules such as protein and hormones, which can also be delivered via nose-to-brain through various transportation pathways. This strategy has proved beneficial in treating several neurological disorders like brain tumors, Alzheimer's, Ischemic stroke, etc. Except for the marketed preparation and patents, several other drugs are still under clinical trials. We also like to conclude that many of the newer proteins and hormones are still under developmental stages, for which nasal delivery will be a boon in administering these newer molecules.

3D Printing Technology: A New Milestone in the Development of Pharmaceuticals.

The global market of pharmaceuticals has witnessed a new revolution recently in the form of threedimensional printing (3D) technology. 3D printing has its existence since the 1980s that uses a 3D printer to manufacture the different dosage forms through computer-aided drug design technology. The need for 3D printing is due to numerous advantages like personalized medicine, tailored doses, rapid disintegration in case of SLS technique, incorporation of high doses and taste masking capacity. The different techniques used in 3D printing are Powder based (PB), Semi-solid extrusion (EXT), Fused deposition modeling (FDM), Stereolithographic (SLA) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) 3D printing. However, from the latest reports of association of pharmaceutical 3D printing technology, it is evidenced that this technology is still in its infancy and its potential is yet to be fully explored. The present review includes sections for introduction and scope of 3D printing, personalized medicines and their approaches, historical aspects, research milestones, and various 3D printing techniques.

Dendrimer Based Nanoarchitectures in Diabetes Management: An Overview.

Diabetes has turned out to be one of the biggest worldwide health and economic burdens, with its expanded predominance and high complexity proportion. The quantity of diabetic patients is expanding enormously around the world. Several reports have demonstrated the sharp increment in the sufferers. Stable and acceptable blood glucose control is fundamental to diminish diabetes-related complications. Consequently, ceaseless endeavors have been made in antidiabetic drugs, treatment strategies, and nanotechnology based products to accomplish better diabetes control. The nanocarriers pertaining hypoglycaemics provide improved diabetes management with minimum risk of associated side effects. Dendrimers have caught an incredible attention in the field of drug delivery and personalized medicines. Dendrimers are three-dimensional well-defined homogenous nanosized structures consisting tree-like branches. The present review highlights the different aspects of dendrimers including fabrication, surface engineering, toxicological profile as well as delivery of antidiabetic drugs for the effective cure of diabetes.

Self-Emulsifying Oral Lipid Drug Delivery Systems: Advances and Challenges.

The attempts to oral delivery of lipids can be challenging. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) plays a vital role to tackle this problem. SEDDS is composed of an oil phase, surfactants, co-surfactants, emulsifying agents, and co-solvents. SEDDS can be categorized into self-nano-emulsifying agents (SNEDDS) and self-micro-emulsifying agents (SMEDDS). The characterization of SEDDS includes size, zeta potential analysis, and surface morphology via electron microscopy and phase separation methods. SEDDS can be well characterized through different techniques for size and morphology. Supersaturation is the phenomenon applied in case of SEDDS, in which polymers and copolymers are used for SEDDS preparation. A supersaturated SEDDS formulation kinetically and thermodynamically inhibits the precipitation of drug molecules by retarding nucleation and crystal growth in the aqueous medium. Self-emulsification approach has been successful in the delivery of anti-cancer agents, anti-viral drugs, anti-bacterial, immunosuppressant, and natural products such as antioxidants as well as alkaloids. At present, more than four SEDDS drug products are available in the market. SEDDS have tremendous capabilities which are yet to be explored which would be beneficial in oral lipid delivery.