Child COVID-19 vaccine uptake among participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze COVID-19 vaccine uptake in children and to investigate factors associated with two outcomes variables: (a) not even beginning; (b) not completing the COVID-19 vaccine series. METHODS: We used data of children aged 6-7 years from the 2015 Pelotas c Birth Cohort Study. COVID-19 vaccination status was collected from immunization cards and National Immunization Program Information System. Adjusted analyses were performed using a hierarchical model to identify factors associated with the two study outcomes. RESULTS: Among 3867 children, 20.7 % (95 % CI, 19.5 %-22.0 %) did not even begin the 2-dose primary COVID-19 vaccine series, and 28.2 % (95 % CI, 26.6 %-29.8 %) did not complete the series with the second dose. Children not even beginning the COVID-19 vaccine series were more likely to have a White mother, not to have obesity, to have a history of COVID-19 infection, to have received non-recommended drugs for COVID-19, to be afraid of needles, and to have an incomplete diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and poliovirus immunization schedule. Not completing the 2-dose series was associated with lower maternal age and education, mother's self-identification as White or Brown, lower household income, lack of access to health services, not having completed the DTP and poliovirus immunization schedule and living with a person with a history of infection with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The results highlight a vaccine-hesitant parents' group who chose not beginning the COVID-19 vaccine series of their children and, another group of parents who failure to complete the child's series due to difficulty accessing health services.

Spatiotemporal analysis of diarrhea-related hospitalizations of children in Brazil's Midwest region from 2011 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To examine spatiotemporal variability and identify clustering patterns of hospitalization rates for diarrhea in children younger than five years in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2011 to 2020. METHODS: An ecological study was conducted using hospitalization records associated with diarrhea from the Brazilian Hospital Information System/Unified Health System. The relative risk of hospitalization for diarrhea in each municipality was calculated using SaTScan software considering a statistical significance level of 5% and 999 Monte Carlo replications. RESULTS: A total of 13,315 diarrhea-associated hospitalizations for 5-year-old children were recorded. From 2011 to 2020, the annual rates for hospitalizations related to diarrhea decreased from 8.50 to 3.45/1,000 live births among children younger than one year and from 4.99 to 1.57 for children aged 1-4 years. Clusters of municipalities with high relative risk for hospitalizations due to diarrhea, statistically significant, predominated in the North, Northeast, and Southwest health administrative macro-regions of Mato Grosso for both age groups until 2016. From 2016 to 2020, clusters of the lowest relative risk were identified in the North and Center South health administrative macro-regions for children younger than five years. CONCLUSION: Results showed that hospitalization rates for diarrhea in children younger than five years reduced with the presence of low-risk clusters in Mato Grosso in the final years of the study. Public health surveillance should incorporate spatial analysis to investigate the diarrhea-related morbidity.

Spatiotemporal analysis of diarrhea-related hospitalizations of children in Brazil's Midwest region from 2011 to 2020 / Análise espaçotemporal das hospitalizações por diarreia em crianças da Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, de 2011 a 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine spatiotemporal variability and identify clustering patterns of hospitalization rates for diarrhea in children younger than five years in Mato Grosso, Brazil, from 2011 to 2020. Methods: An ecological study was conducted using hospitalization records associated with diarrhea from the Brazilian Hospital Information System/Unified Health System. The relative risk of hospitalization for diarrhea in each municipality was calculated using SaTScan software considering a statistical significance level of 5% and 999 Monte Carlo replications. Results: A total of 13,315 diarrhea-associated hospitalizations for 5-year-old children were recorded. From 2011 to 2020, the annual rates for hospitalizations related to diarrhea decreased from 8.50 to 3.45/1,000 live births among children younger than one year and from 4.99 to 1.57 for children aged 1-4 years. Clusters of municipalities with high relative risk for hospitalizations due to diarrhea, statistically significant, predominated in the North, Northeast, and Southwest health administrative macro-regions of Mato Grosso for both age groups until 2016. From 2016 to 2020, clusters of the lowest relative risk were identified in the North and Center South health administrative macro-regions for children younger than five years. Conclusion: Results showed that hospitalization rates for diarrhea in children younger than five years reduced with the presence of low-risk clusters in Mato Grosso in the final years of the study. Public health surveillance should incorporate spatial analysis to investigate the diarrhea-related morbidity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Examinar a variabilidade espaçotemporal e identificar clusters de hospitalização por diarreia em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade de Mato Grosso, de 2011 a 2020. Métodos: Um estudo ecológico foi conduzido utilizando os registros de hospitalização por diarreia do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar/Sistema Único de Saúde. O risco relativo de hospitalização por diarreia em cada município foi calculado utilizando o software SaTScan, considerando-se o nível de significância estatística de 5% e 999 replicações de Monte Carlo. Resultados: O total de 13.315 hospitalizações por diarreia em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade foram registradas. As taxas anuais de hospitalização por diarreia reduziram de 8,50 para 3,45/1.000 nascidos vivos em crianças menores de um ano de idade e de 4,99 para 1,57 em crianças de 1-4 anos de idade, de 2011 a 2020. Clusters de municípios com alto risco relativo para hospitalização por diarreia, estatisticamente significantes, predominaram nas macrorregiões administrativas de saúde Norte, Nordeste e Sudoeste de Mato Grosso para crianças de ambos os grupos etários, até 2016. De 2016 a 2020, clusters de baixo risco relativo foram identificados nas macrorregiões administrativas de saúde Norte e Centro-Sul para crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram redução das taxas de hospitalização por diarreia em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, com a presença de clusters de baixo risco em Mato Grosso nos últimos anos estudados. Os monitoramentos de saúde pública devem incorporar análises espaciais na investigação da morbidade por diarreia.

Timeliness and risk factors associated with delay for pneumococcal conjugate 10-valent routine immunization in Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination coverage is the usual metrics to evaluate the immunization programs performance. For the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV10) vaccine, measuring the delay of vaccination is also important, particularly as younger children are at increased risk of disease. Routinely collected administrative data was used to assess the timeliness of PCV10 vaccination, and the factors associated with delay to receive the first and second doses, and the completion of the PCV10 3+1 schedule. METHODS: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted with children born in 2012 in Central Brazil. Children who received the PCV10 first dose in public health services were followed-up until 23months of age. Timeliness of receiving each PCV10 dose at any given age was defined as receiving the dose within 28days grace period from the recommended age by the National Immunization Program. Log-binomial regression models were used to examine risk factors for delays of the first dose and the completion PCV10 3+1 schedule. RESULTS: In total, 14,282 children were included in the cohort of study. Delayed vaccination occurred in 9.4%, 23.8%, 36.8% and 39.9% children for the first, second, third and the booster doses, respectively. A total of 1912 children (12.8% of the cohort) were not adequately vaccinated at the 6months of life; 1,071 (7%) received the second dose after 6months of age, 784 (5.4%) did not receive the second dose, and 57 (0.4%) received the first dose after six months of life. CONCLUSION: A considerable delay was found in PCV10 third and booster doses. Almost 2 thousand children had not received the recommended PCV10 doses at 6months of age. Timeliness of vaccination is an issue in Brazil although high vaccination coverages.

[Prenatal screening for toxoplasmosis and factors associated with seropositivity of pregnant women in Goiânia, Goiás]. / Triagem pré-natal para toxoplasmose e fatores associados à soropositividade de gestantes em Goiânia, Goiás.

PURPOSE: to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women. METHODS: a cross-sectional retrospective study based on the records of women screened for toxoplasmosis by the Pregnancy Protection Program in 2008, living in Goiânia (GO). These records were connected to records from the database of the National Information System on Live Births from the State of Goiás. The process occurred in three phases, with 10,316 records being paired for analysis, among the 12,846 initial records. The following variables were evaluated in this process: woman's name, age, date of birth, estimated date of delivery, date of infant birth and household information. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected with the Q-Preven Toxo IgG and IgMin tests in dried blood samples collected on filter paper. The χ2 test and χ2 test for trend were used for data analysis, and the odds ratio (OR) was used to estimate the chance of association between exposure and outcome. RESULTS: the prevalence of infection was 67.7%, with 0.7% of the samples presenting anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG reagents. Out of these, only three did not undergo confirmatory testing in venous blood. The median interval between the screening and the new collection of venous blood was of 12.5 days, and from screening to confirmatory test and avidity it was of 20 days. The variables associated with exposure were: age 20-30 years, OR=1.6 and ≥31 years, OR=1.8; brown skin color, OR=1.4, and black skin color, OR=1.6; and education of 8-11 years, OR=0.7, and ≥12 years of education, OR=0.6. CONCLUSION: a high prevalence of infection was estimated among the studied pregnant women. The associated factors that were found found should be considered during prenatal care, along with educational activities for the prevention of infection and assessment of serological status of seronegative pregnant women.

Toxoplasma gondii: myenteric neurons of intraperitoneally inoculated rats show quantitative and morphometric alterations.

Several studies have demonstrated that the myenteric plexus experiences quantitative and morphometric changes in rats inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii. This paper aims to verify if these alterations are also seen when the same animals are inoculated intraperitoneally with the parasite. In order to do that, six Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) 60 days of age were infected intraperitoneally with 10(6) tachyzoites of a genotype I T. gondii strain (BTU IV). After 60 days, the animals were anaesthetised and underwent laparotomy. All organs from the small and large intestines were removed, measured, dissected and underwent whole-mount Giemsa technique to stain the neurons in the myenteric plexus. A quantitative and morphometric analysis of these cells was made, and it showed that the parasite causes the death of myenteric neurons in the jejunum and morphometric alterations in these cells throughout the intestine. However, the cellular response of myenteric neurons to T. gondii is heterogeneous compared the different organs from the gut.

Triagem pré-natal para toxoplasmose e fatores associados à soropositividade de gestantes em Goiânia, Goiás / Prenatal screening for toxoplasmosis and factors associated with seropositivity of pregnant women in Goiânia, Goiás

OBJETIVO: estimar a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à soropositividade pelo Toxoplasma gondii em gestantes. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal retrospectivo, a partir dos registros de mulheres triadas para toxoplasmose pelo Programa de Proteção à Gestante, em 2008, residentes em Goiânia (GO). Esses registros foram vinculados aos do banco de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos do Estado de Goiás. O processo de vinculação ocorreu em três etapas, sendo pareados 10.316 registros para análise dentre os 12.846 registros iniciais. Nesse processo foram consideradas as variáveis: nome da mulher, idade, data de nascimento, data provável do parto, data de nascimento do recém-nascido e dados referentes ao domicílio. Os anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii foram detectados em amostras de sangue seco coletadas em papel filtro por meio dos testes Q-Preven Toxo para IgG e IgM. O teste do χ2 e χ2 para tendência foram utilizados para análise dos dados, e o odds ratio (OR) para estimar a chance de associação entre variáveis de exposição e desfecho. RESULTADOS: a prevalência da infecção foi de 67,7 por cento, e 0,7 por cento apresentou anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM e IgG reagentes. Dessas, apenas três não se submeteram ao teste confirmatório em sangue venoso. A mediana do intervalo entre o screening e a nova coleta de sangue venoso foi de 12,5, e entre o screening e o teste confirmatório e de avidez, 20 dias. As variáveis associadas à exposição foram: faixa etária de 20-30 anos, OR=1,6, e >31 anos, OR=1,8; cor da pele parda, OR=1,4, e preta, OR=1,6; e escolaridade de 8-11 anos, OR=0,7, e >12 anos de estudo, OR=0,6. CONCLUSÃO: estimou-se elevada prevalência da infecção entre gestantes. Os fatores associados encontrados devem ser considerados durante o acompanhamento pré-natal, juntamente com ações educativas para a prevenção da infecção e vigilância do status sorológico de gestantes soronegativas.

PURPOSE: to estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women. METHODS: a cross-sectional retrospective study based on the records of women screened for toxoplasmosis by the Pregnancy Protection Program in 2008, living in Goiânia (GO). These records were connected to records from the database of the National Information System on Live Births from the State of Goiás. The process occurred in three phases, with 10,316 records being paired for analysis, among the 12,846 initial records. The following variables were evaluated in this process: woman's name, age, date of birth, estimated date of delivery, date of infant birth and household information. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected with the Q-Preven Toxo IgG and IgMin tests in dried blood samples collected on filter paper. The χ2 test and χ2 test for trend were used for data analysis, and the odds ratio (OR) was used to estimate the chance of association between exposure and outcome. RESULTS: the prevalence of infection was 67.7 percent, with 0.7 percent of the samples presenting anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG reagents. Out of these, only three did not undergo confirmatory testing in venous blood. The median interval between the screening and the new collection of venous blood was of 12.5 days, and from screening to confirmatory test and avidity it was of 20 days. The variables associated with exposure were: age 20-30 years, OR=1.6 and >31 years, OR=1.8; brown skin color, OR=1.4, and black skin color, OR=1.6; and education of 8-11 years, OR=0.7, and >12 years of education, OR=0.6. CONCLUSION: a high prevalence of infection was estimated among the studied pregnant women. The associated factors that were found found should be considered during prenatal care, along with educational activities for the prevention of infection and assessment of serological status of seronegative pregnant women.

Aleitamento materno: orientações, conhecimento e participação do pai nesse processo / Breastfeeding: father's orientations, knowledge and participation in the process / Lactancia materna: orientaciones, conocimiento y participación del padre en este proceso

A participação do pai durante o aleitamento materno pode encorajar a parceira a amamentar e evitar o desmame precoce. O estudo objetivou investigar o conhecimento do pai acerca do aleitamento materno, orientações oferecidas a ele durante o pré-natal e analisar a sua participação nesse processo. Estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado em Goiânia/Goiás. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre abril e junho de 2009, com nove pais que acompanhavam seus filhos, com idade de até 24 meses, em serviços da rede pública de saúde, por meio de entrevista utilizando-se roteiro semi-estruturado. Após análise temática dos dados foram criadas as três categorias que revelam que, de modo geral o pai não está envolvido no processo de amamentação, apenas dois foram orientados na assistência pré-natal. A maioria dos entrevistados desejava ser pai e que seus filhos fossem amamentados, reconhecem os benefícios do aleitamento para a criança, mas desconhecem os benefícios da amamentação para a mãe. Os dados mostram que não há uma participação ativa desses na amamentação. Concluímos que os serviços de saúde devem estabelecer metas claras, devendo, instituir uma política de capacitação da equipe de saúde como padrão de qualidade da assistência prestada à mulher, a criança e ao pai.

The parent involvement during breastfeeding may encourage his partner to breastfeed and to avoid early weaning. The study aimed to investigate the father's knowledge about breastfeeding and the information provided to him during the prenatal period, and to analyze their involvement in this process. Descriptive qualitative research, conducted in Goiânia, Goiás. Data collection was conducted between April and June of 2009, nine parents who accompanied their children, with age up to 24 months in services of the public health through interviews using a semi-structured guide. After thematic analysis of data were created three categories to show that generally the father is not involved in the process of breastfeeding, only two were instructed in prenatal care. The majority of respondents wanted to be a father and his children were breastfed, recognize the benefits of breastfeeding for the child, but are unaware of the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother. The data show that there is active participation of breastfeeding. We conclude that health services should establish clear goals and a policy for training staff in health and quality standard of care provided to women, children and father.

La participación de los padres durante la lactancia puede animar a su pareja de amamantar y evitar el destete precoz. El estudio investiga el conocimiento del padre acerca de la lactancia, las orientaciones ofrecidas a él durante el período prenatal y analiza su participación en este proceso. Estudio descriptivo de abordaje cualitativa, realizado en Goiânia, Goiás. La recopilación de datos se realizó entre abril y junio de 2009, con nueve padres que acompañaron sus hijos de hasta 24 meses en el servicio de salud pública a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Tras el análisis temático de los datos se han creado tres categorías para mostrar, que el padre no está involucrado en el proceso de la lactancia materna, sólo dos fueron instruidos en el prenatal. La mayoría quería ser padre y que sus hijos fuesen amamantados, reconocen los beneficios de la lactancia para el niño, pero no para la madre. Los datos muestran que no existe una participación activa de los padres en la lactancia materna. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los servicios de salud deben establecer metas claras y instituir una política de formación del equipo de salud como padrón de calidad de la atención asistencia prestada a la mujer, el niño y el padre.