Interleukin-10 as Covid-19 biomarker targeting KSK and its analogues: Integrated network pharmacology.

COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is widespread in all regions, and it disturbs host immune system functioning leading to extreme inflammatory reaction and hyperactivation of the immune response. Kabasura Kudineer (KSK) is preventive medicine against viral infections and a potent immune booster for inflammation-related diseases. We hypothesize that KSK and KSK similar plant compounds, might prevent or control the COVID-19 infection in the human body. 1,207 KSK and KSK similar compounds were listed and screened via the Swiss ADME tool and PAINS Remover; 303 compounds were filtered including active and similar drug compounds. The targets were retrieved from similar drugs of the active compounds of KSK. Finally, 573 genes were listed after several screening steps. Next, network analysis was performed to finalize the potential target gene: construction of protein-protein interaction of 573 genes using STRING, identifying top hub genes in Cytoscape plug-ins (MCODE and cytoHubba). These ten hub genes play a crucial role in the inflammatory response. Target-miRNA interaction was also constructed using the miRNet tool to interpret miRNAs of the target genes and their functions. Functional annotation was done via DAVID to gain a complete insight into the mechanism of the enriched pathways and other diseases related to the given target genes. In Molecular Docking analysis, IL10 attained top rank in Target-miRNA interaction and also the gene formed prominent exchanges with an excellent binding score (> = -8.0) against 19 compounds. Among them, Guggulsterone has an acute affinity score of -8.8 for IL10 and exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Molecular Dynamics simulation study also performed for IL10 and the interacting ligand compounds using GROMACS. Finally, Guggulsterone will be recommended to enhance immunity against several inflammatory diseases, including COVID19.

Curcumin-Based Inhibitors of Thrombosis and Cancer Metastasis Promoting Factor CLEC 2 from Traditional Medicinal Species Curcuma longa.

The CLEC-2 receptor protein belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily of transmembrane receptors that have one or more C-type lectin-like domains. CLEC-2 is a physiological binding receptor of podoplanin (PDPN), which is expressed on specific tumour cell types and involved in tumour cell-induced platelet aggregation and tumour metastasis. CLEC-2 and podoplanin-expressing tumour cells interact to increase angiogenesis, tumour development, and metastasis. CLEC-2 is a hemi-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (hemi-ITAM) receptor located on platelets and a subset of dendritic cells that are expressed constitutively. This molecule is secreted by activated platelets around tumours and has been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation and tumour metastasis in colon carcinoma by binding to the surface of tumour cells. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried using a DrugLiTo, and molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Tools 1.5.6 (ADT). Twenty-nine bioactive compounds were included in the study, and four of them, namely, piperine, dihydrocurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and demothoxycurcumin, showed potential antagonist properties against the target. The resultant best bioactive was compared with commercially available standard drugs. Further, validation of respective compounds with an intensive molecular dynamics simulation was performed using Schrödinger software. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on major bioactive found on clove as natural antagonists for CLEC-2 computationally. To further validate the bioactive and delimit the screening process of potential drugs against CLEC-2, in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to prove their efficacy.

Tumorigenesis and diagnostic practice applied in two oncogenic viruses: Epstein Barr virus and T-cell lymphotropic virus-1-Mini review.

To date, seven viruses have been reliably connected to various forms of human cancer: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV), Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV1). This mini-review summarizes two of these viruses, EPV and HTLV-1, in terms of their general pathway of infection, the key mechanism of cancer induction, and the prominent technologies used to detect the infections. EBV is the first discovered human oncovirus and HTLV - I is the first human retrovirus and both were discovered from patient with distinct lymphoma clinical condition. Both the viruses can immortalize lymphocytes invitro and lymphomas are common manifestation of majority oncogenic viruses. Lymphomagenesis are discovered in associated with EBV, HTLV-I, Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Kaposi sarcoma - associated herpes virus and hepatitis c virus. Later the undefined mechanism behind the induction of cancer by these viruses was unveiled gradually along with the responsible cofactors and mimicry mechanism. These two viruses contrast in their genetic structure, location of the infection, and latency, yet clinically, they generate similar cancer disorders. The major focus of this study is to brief the mechanism of these two unrelated viral cancer promoting agents on how they simulate a condition similar to lymphoma which may or may not undergo mimicry and cofactor utilization process, handpicked and vital genes behind the transformation mechanism are given accordingly.

The Circular RNA-miRNA Axis: A Special RNA Signature Regulatory Transcriptome as a Potential Biomarker for OSCC.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly recurrent form of cancer arising from the oral epithelium, which is the result of mutational change due to etiological factors such as tobacco, smoking, chewing of areca nuts, and alcohol consumption. OSCC occurrence has been observed to be prevalent in different regions of Pacific countries and in most Asian countries. Despite the accessibility of the oral cavity, OSCC is diagnosed at an extremely late stage of pathogenic tumor node metastasis pTNM (III-IV), resulting in a poor prognosis for the individual. Therefore, it is important to make definitive, early, and efficient diagnoses. Owing to the development of omic-natured studies, the presence of proteins, transcribed elements, metabolic products, and even microflora detected in saliva helps us to select biomarkers, which is an especially exciting potential because of the availability and the non-invasive nature of sample collection. Since the discovery of circular RNA (circRNA) by Sanger sequencing, it has been reported to play a pivotal role in several human diseases, including cancer. circRNA functions as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge in the regulation of mRNA expression, forming the circRNA-miRNA regulatory axis. In the case of OSCC, overexpression of different circRNAs exhibits both tumor-progressive and tumor-suppressive effects.

Actinobacterial-Mediated Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Activity Against Clinical Pathogens.

The aim of this study is to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using actinobacterial strain isolated from lawn soil. Among six isolates, one isolate named AS-3 was potent in AgNPs production; hence it was identified deployed on gene sequence (16S rRNA) as Streptomyces spongiicola AS-3 (99.8% similarity). Actinobacteria mediated synthesized AgNPs were analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), which showed a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) at around λ = 443 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed the occurrence of predominant spherical AgNPs with polydispersed, with an average size of 22 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) established the existence of silver component. While the Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced the occurrence of proteins as the bio reduction and topping agents over the AgNPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination confirmed the obtained AgNPs were in crystalline planes of the face centric cubic. The S. spongiicola AgNPs antibacterial activity showed a broad spectrum antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Shigella sp., and Salmonella typhi were confirmed by disc diffusion test and MIC analysis.