RESUMEN
According to the epidemiological paradox, less acculturated Latina/o youth display fewer sexual risk behaviors. A systematic review was performed on psychosocial and cultural mechanisms potentially underlying the epidemiological paradox in sexual risk behaviors of U.S. Latina/o youth across acculturation measures (between January 2000 to October 2022). Thirty-five publications (n = 35) with forty-eight analyses of underlying mechanisms met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-one results from twenty-three publications found supporting evidence that one of the five factors was an underlying mechanism in the epidemiological paradox (n = 13 parenting practices, n = 4 peer influences, n = 4 familismo values, n = 4 religiosity, n = 6 traditional gender norms) as, generally protective, mediators or moderators in the link between acculturation and sexual risk behaviors. Studies varied in the sexual risk behavior examined and measurement of acculturation, but primarily employed cross-sectional designs and recruited samples through schools. Mechanisms that enhance close ties and unity of the family, such as those of familismo values and positive parenting, reduce the likelihood of sexual risk behaviors as Latina/o youth become more acculturated. Future directions are discussed which may provide guidance for risk prevention and intervention.
RESUMEN
O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento e representa uma preocupação significativa, principalmente, em crianças em idade escolar. Esta pesquisa busca fornecer atualizações sobre a medicalização e o TDAH presentes na realidade escolar do ensino fundamental da cidade de Maringá-PR. Para isso, utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado em 8 Instituições de Ensino Básico, distribuídas em 4 regiões da cidade, no período de 2015 a 2016. A amostra contou com 2.367 estudantes de 6 a 10 anos. Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa e, a partir destes, observou, percentualmente, o índice de crianças com TDAH foi o esperado, não ultrapassando a média constante na literatura, e o medicamento prevalente foi o metilfenidato. Entretanto, percebemos que sem a adequação pedagógica e a falta de sinergia entre o uso do medicamento ao acompanhamento psicológico, o transtorno pode não estar sendo resolvido, mas apenas mascarado.
ABSTRACT Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and represents an important concern, especially, in school-age-children. This research aims to provide updated notions about medicalization and ADHD present in the reality of elementary school in the city of Maringá-PR. For that, a semi - structured questionnaire was used in 8 Basic Education Institutions, distributed to 4 city's regions, in the period from 2015 to 2016. The sample counted on 2,367 students from 6 to 10 years old. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, and, from these, the percentage of children with ADHD was expected, not exceeding the constant average in the literature, and the prevalent medicine was methylphenidate. However, we realized that without the pedagogical projects and the lack of synergy between the use of the medication and the psychological accompaniment, the disorder may not be solved, but only masked.
RESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Analisar as principais manifestações oculares encontradas em pacientes diagnosticados com Hanseníase nas regiões Norte e Sudeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 28 pacientes com diagnóstico de hanseníase, sendo 12 pacientes - Grupo I, da região Sudeste (ABC) e 16 pacientes - Grupo II, da região Norte (Amazônica) do país. O Grupo I foi observado no período de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2004 no Ambulatório de Oftalmologia da FMABC-SP e o segundo grupo na 10ª missão do Projeto Amazônia Visão 2000 realizada no mês de julho de 2004. Todos os 28 pacientes foram submetidos a exame oftalmológico completo. RESULTADOS: Em relação ao sexo notou-se em ambos os grupos predomínio do sexo masculino. Observou-se um predomínio de indivíduos de 50 a 60 anos na região amazônica e de 40 a 50 anos na região do ABC. Quanto à forma clínica da doença observaram-se na região amazônica 13 casos (81%) de hanseníase virchowiana (MHV) e 3 casos (19%) de hanseníase tuberculóide (MHT). Na região do ABC 6 pacientes (50%) foram diagnosticados com hanseníase dimorfa (MHD), 5 (41%) hanseníase virchowiana e apenas 1 (9%) hanseníase tuberculóide. Não foram encontradas formas de hanseníase indeterminada (MHI) nas 2 regiões investigadas, sugerindo que em ambas, o diagnóstico foi tardio. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo verificou-se um predomínio das alterações oculares com maior gravidade nos pacientes examinados na região amazônica. Encontraram-se alterações oculares principalmente nas formas clínicas mais graves da doença.
OBJECTIVE: To analyse the main ocular presentations observed in leprosy diagnosed patients in Northern and Southeastern in Brasil regions. METHODS: Twenty-eight diagnosed leprosy patients were examined divided in two groups. Group I, compound by 12 patients at southeastern (ABC) and group II, compound by 16 patients at northern region (Amazon). Group I was examined from August 2003 to June 2004 at SP, in FMABC ophthalmology outpatient service and the second group was examined during the10th Mission of 2000 Vision Amazon Project that was carried out on July 2004. The twenty-eight patients were submitted to complete ophthalmological trial. RESULTS: It was noted predominance of male in both groups. It was noted the predominance of 50 to 60 years old individuals in Amazonian region and individuals aged 40 to 50 years old in ABC region. Concerning the clinical form of the disease, it was noted that, in Amazon region, there were 13 cases (81%) of Lepromatous leprosy and 3 cases (19%) of Tuberculoid leprosy. At ABC region there were 6 patients (50%) diagnosed with borderline leprosy, 5 (41%) lepromatous leprosy and only one (9%) with tuberculoid leprosy. There weren't forms of indeterminated leprosy in both investigated regions, what suggests a late diagnosis. CONCLUSION: It was verified a predominance of the most severe ocular changings among the examined patients at Amazonian region. It was observed ocular changings, mainly in most severe clinical forms of the disease.