Nucleic acid-extracted torula yeast from the paper industry as a protein feed for ruminants: A comparison with soybean meal.

We compared nucleic acid-extracted torula yeast (NTY) with soybean meal (SBM) to evaluate NTY as a potential protein feed for ruminants in a metabolic trial using four castrated male goats. NTY was replaced isonitrogenously with SBM at a 25% crude protein (CP) level on a dry matter (DM) basis. NTY has 55% CP and 74% total digestive nutrients on DM. Absorbed N was lower on the NTY diet, but since the urinary N excretion was lower on the NTY diet, no significant between-diet difference in retained N was observed. The efficiency of N utilization (retained N/absorbed N) was significantly higher on the NTY diet. The Lys and Met contents (presumed limiting amino acids for dairy cattle) were higher in NTY than SBM, which may be why N utilization efficiency was higher for the NTY diet. Ruminal ammonia-N and blood serum N were lower on the NTY diet, suggesting that NTY has more rumen undegradable protein than SBM. There was no significant between-diet difference in the visceral disorder indicators or antioxidant activities. Our results indicate that NTY is a safe protein feed with a high CP ratio and high-quality amino acid profile for ruminants that is equivalent to SBM.

Delayed Diagnosis and Prognostic Impact of Breast Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Breast screening services were suspended for several months owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We estimated the potential impact on breast cancer mortality using long-term global observations. However, the magnitude of the impact may vary across countries; therefore, we conducted an analysis and modeling study of this impact in Japan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compared the clinicopathological features of breast cancers between the nonpandemicgroup (April 1, 2019 to October 31, 2019) and the pandemic group (April 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020). We also compared the estimated 10-year survival rates between the two groups based on the weighted average of the 10-year survival rate by clinical stage and site (2004-2007). RESULTS: Results...Pandemic-related disruption decreased the number of breast cancer cases from296 to 249 during both 7-month periods. The percentage of patients with stage IIB or higher disease was significantly higher in the pandemic group than in the non-pandemic group (22.0% vs. 31.3%, P = 0.0133). The percentage of cases with a Ki-67 labeling index higher than 20% tended to be higher in the pandemic group than in the non-pandemic group (62.2% vs. 54.4%). The estimated 10-year survival rate was lower in the pandemic group than in the non-pandemic group (83.9% vs. 87.9%, 95% confidence interval of the difference: 0.87-8.8, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We found more aggressive and advanced disease afterthe suspension of breast cancer screening services owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. This may have affected the long-term clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer.

Correlation between albuminuria and interstitial injury marker reductions associated with SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in diabetic patients with renal dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) administration focusing on its involvement in tubulo-interstitial disorders in diabetic kidney. METHODS: Enrolled patients with diabetic kidney disease received a mean dose of 52.3 mg of an SGLT2i (ipragliflozin) daily. Blood and urine were sampled at 0, 1, and 12 months (M). RESULTS: Non-renal-dysfunction patients (NRD: baseline eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n = 12) and renal-dysfunction patients (RD: baseline eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n = 9) were analyzed separately. The median urine albumin-to-Cr ratio (ACR) was significantly decreased at 1 M in both groups (NRD: 163.1 at 0 M vs 118.5 mg/g Cr at 1 M, RD: 325.2 at 0 M vs 136.0 mg/g Cr at 1 M). In the RD, but not the NRD group, reduction of urine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) by SGLT2i showed a significant difference between high-responders (HR: - 25.7 ± 11.4%) and low-responders (LR: 59.2 ± 17.0%), defined by ACR reduction at 1 M. Univariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the reduction of ACR and MCP-1 (R = 0.683, p = 0.042) in RD. CONCLUSION: SGLT2i exerted an anti-albuminuric effect regardless of the presence/absence of renal dysfunction. However, the anti-albuminuric effect of SGLT2i in patients with renal dysfunction appears more closely associated with amelioration of tubulo-interstitial disorders compared to patients without renal dysfunction.

Synthetic mRNA-based differentiation method enables early detection of Parkinson's phenotypes in neurons derived from Gaucher disease-induced pluripotent stem cells.

Gaucher disease, the most prevalent metabolic storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene GBA1, which lead to the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in affected cells. Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1), although defined as a nonneuronopathic subtype, is accompanied by an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. To gain insights into the association of progressive accumulation of GlcCer and the Parkinson's disease phenotypes, we generated dopaminergic (DA) neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from a GD1 patient and a healthy donor control, and measured GlcCer accumulation by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We tested two DA neuron differentiation methods: a well-established method that mimics a step-wise developmental process from iPSCs to neural progenitor cells, and to DA neurons; and a synthetic mRNA-based method that overexpresses a transcription factor in iPSCs. GD1-specific accumulation of GlcCer was detected after 60 days of differentiation by the former method, whereas it was detected after only 10 days by the latter method. With this synthetic mRNA-based rapid differentiation method, we found that the metabolic defect in GD1 patient cells can be rescued by the overexpression of wild-type GBA1 or the treatment with an inhibitor for GlcCer synthesis. Furthermore, we detected the increased phosphorylation of α-synuclein, a biomarker for Parkinson's disease, in DA neurons derived from a GD1 patient, which was significantly decreased by the overexpression of wild-type GBA1. These results suggest that synthetic mRNA-based method accelerates the analyses of the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson's disease in GD1 patients and possibly facilitates drug discovery processes.

Generation and Profiling of 2,135 Human ESC Lines for the Systematic Analyses of Cell States Perturbed by Inducing Single Transcription Factors.

Transcription factors (TFs) play a pivotal role in determining cell states, yet our understanding of the causative relationship between TFs and cell states is limited. Here, we systematically examine the state changes of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by the large-scale manipulation of single TFs. We establish 2,135 hESC lines, representing three clones each of 714 doxycycline (Dox)-inducible genes including 481 TFs, and obtain 26,998 microscopic cell images and 2,174 transcriptome datasets-RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) or microarrays-48 h after the presence or absence of Dox. Interestingly, the expression of essentially all the genes, including genes located in heterochromatin regions, are perturbed by these TFs. TFs are also characterized by their ability to induce differentiation of hESCs into specific cell lineages. These analyses help to provide a way of classifying TFs and identifying specific sets of TFs for directing hESC differentiation into desired cell types.

Induction of human pluripotent stem cells into kidney tissues by synthetic mRNAs encoding transcription factors.

The derivation of kidney tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and its application for replacement therapy in end-stage renal disease have been widely discussed. Here we report that consecutive transfections of two sets of synthetic mRNAs encoding transcription factors can induce rapid and efficient differentiation of hPSCs into kidney tissues, termed induced nephron-like organoids (iNephLOs). The first set - FIGLA, PITX2, ASCL1 and TFAP2C, differentiated hPSCs into SIX2+SALL1+ nephron progenitor cells with 92% efficiency within 2 days. Subsequently, the second set - HNF1A, GATA3, GATA1 and EMX2, differentiated these cells into PAX8+LHX1+ pretubular aggregates in another 2 days. Further culture in both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional conditions produced iNephLOs containing cells characterized as podocytes, proximal tubules, and distal tubules in an additional 10 days. Global gene expression profiles showed similarities between iNephLOs and the human adult kidney, suggesting possible uses of iNephLOs as in vitro models for kidneys.

Establishment of a rapid and footprint-free protocol for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells with synthetic mRNAs encoding transcription factors.

BACKGROUND: Transplantation of pancreatic ß cells generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been proposed as an alternative therapy for diabetes. Though many differentiation protocols have been developed for this purpose, lentivirus-mediated forced expression of transcription factors (TF)-PDX1 and NKX6.1-has been at the forefront for its relatively fast and straightforward approach. However, considering that such cells will be used for therapeutic purposes in the future, it is desirable to develop a procedure that does not leave any footprint on the genome, as any changes of DNAs could potentially be a source of unintended, concerning effects such as tumorigenicity. In this study, we attempted to establish a novel protocol for rapid and footprint-free hESC differentiation into a pancreatic endocrine lineage by using synthetic mRNAs (synRNAs) encoding PDX1 and NKX6.1. We also tested whether siPOU5F1, which reduces the expression of pluripotency gene POU5F1 (also known as OCT4), can enhance differentiation as reported previously for mesoderm and endoderm lineages. METHODS: synRNA-PDX1 and synRNA-NKX6.1 were synthesized in vitro and were transfected five times to hESCs with a lipofection reagent in a modified differentiation culture condition. siPOU5F1 was included only in the first transfection. Subsequently, cells were seeded onto a low attachment plate and aggregated by an orbital shaker. At day 13, the degree of differentiation was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry for endocrine hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. RESULTS: Both PDX1 and NKX6.1 expression were detected in cells co-transfected with synRNA-PDX1 and synRNA-NKX6.1 at day 3. Expression levels of insulin in the transfected cells at day 13 were 450 times and 14 times higher by qRT-PCR compared to the levels at day 0 and in cells cultured without synRNA transfection, respectively. Immunohistochemically, pancreatic endocrine hormones were not detected in cells cultured without synRNA transfection but were highly expressed in cells transfected with synRNA-PDX1, synRNA-NKX6.1, and siPOU5F1 at as early as day 13. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we report a novel protocol for rapid and footprint-free differentiation of hESCs to endocrine cells.

Efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into skeletal muscle cells by combining RNA-based MYOD1-expression and POU5F1-silencing.

Direct generation of skeletal muscle cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would be beneficial for drug testing, drug discovery, and disease modelling in vitro. Here we show a rapid and robust method to induce myogenic differentiation of hPSCs by introducing mRNA encoding MYOD1 together with siRNA-mediated knockdown of POU5F1 (also known as OCT4 or OCT3/4). This integration-free approach generates functional skeletal myotubes with sarcomere-like structure and a fusion capacity in several days. The POU5F1 silencing facilitates MYOD1 recruitment to the target promoters, which results in the significant activation of myogenic genes in hPSCs. Furthermore, deep sequencing transcriptome analyses demonstrated that POU5F1-knockdown upregulates the genes associated with IGF- and FGF-signaling and extracellular matrix that may also support myogenic differentiation. This rapid and direct differentiation method may have potential applications in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics for muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy.

The renoprotective effect and safety of a DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, at a small dose in type 2 diabetic patients with a renal dysfunction when changed from other DPP-4 inhibitors: REAL trial.

BACKGROUND: We conducted the multicenter, prospective, open-label study in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients with renal dysfunction, to clarify the efficacy and the safety in relation to renal function and glycemic control, and the economic effect when other dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors were switched to a small dose of sitagliptin depending on their renal function. METHODS: Vildagliptin, alogliptin, or linagliptin received for more than 2 months were changed to sitagliptin at 25 or 12.5 mg/day depending on their renal function in 49 T2DMs. Renal function and glycemic control, and the drug cost were assessed during 6 months. RESULTS: Estimated glomerular filtration rate was not changed in patients not on hemodialysis (n = 29). The HbA1c levels were not altered in all of the patients including those on hemodialysis (n = 20). The active glucagon-like peptide-1 levels or other renal parameters were not altered significantly. There were no adverse events to be related to the drugs. The daily drug expense was reduced by 88.1 yen per patient. CONCLUSION: Switching to a small dose of sitagliptin according to the renal function in T2DM patients with renal dysfunction demonstrated the same efficacy and safety as those with other full-dose DPP-4 inhibitors, indicating a therapeutic option with a high cost performance.

Epigenetic Manipulation Facilitates the Generation of Skeletal Muscle Cells from Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into essentially all cell types in the body. Such differentiation can be directed to specific cell types by appropriate cell culture conditions or overexpressing lineage-defining transcription factors (TFs). Especially, for the activation of myogenic program, early studies have shown the effectiveness of enforced expression of TFs associated with myogenic differentiation, such as PAX7 and MYOD1. However, the efficiency of direct differentiation was rather low, most likely due to chromatin features unique to hPSCs, which hinder the access of TFs to genes involved in muscle differentiation. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that ectopic expression of epigenetic-modifying factors such as a histone demethylase and an ATP-dependent remodeling factor significantly enhances myogenic differentiation from hPSCs. In this article, we review the recent progress for in vitro generation of skeletal muscles from hPSCs through forced epigenetic and transcriptional manipulation.

Zscan4 is expressed specifically during late meiotic prophase in both spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

Mouse zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 4 (Zscan4) proteins, which are encoded by multiple copies of Zscan4 genes, are expressed specifically in preimplantation embryos in vivo and embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro. However, the expression patterns of mouse Zscan4 in vivo have been largely elusive. Here, we show that Zscan4 proteins are expressed in adult ovaries and testes. In ovaries, Zscan4 proteins were detected in germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes in antral follicles, indicating that Zscan4 genes are activated during the diplotene/dictyate stage in meiotic prophase I. Remarkably, Zscan4 showed different spatial localization patterns between two distinct GV oocytes, which can be distinguished by global chromatin organization-surrounded nucleolus (SN) and non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN). These spatiotemporal differences in Zscan4 localizations correlated with the transition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcriptional status during GV oocyte maturation. In testes, Zscan4 proteins were detected in spermatocytes at late pachytene/diplotene stages and in Sertoli cells. These results suggest that Zscan4 may play critical roles during late meiotic prophase in both males and females.

Transient ectopic expression of the histone demethylase JMJD3 accelerates the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.

Harnessing epigenetic regulation is crucial for the efficient and proper differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into desired cell types. Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) functions as a barrier against cell differentiation through the suppression of developmental gene expression in PSCs. Here, we have generated human PSC (hPSC) lines in which genome-wide reduction of H3K27me3 can be induced by ectopic expression of the catalytic domain of the histone demethylase JMJD3 (called JMJD3c). We found that transient, forced demethylation of H3K27me3 alone triggers the upregulation of mesoendodermal genes, even when the culture conditions for the hPSCs are not changed. Furthermore, transient and forced expression of JMJD3c followed by the forced expression of lineage-defining transcription factors enabled the hPSCs to activate tissue-specific genes directly. We have also shown that the introduction of JMJD3c facilitates the differentiation of hPSCs into functional hepatic cells and skeletal muscle cells. These results suggest the utility of the direct manipulation of epigenomes for generating desired cell types from hPSCs for cell transplantation therapy and platforms for drug screenings.