Mineral supplementation in patients with frailty and sarcopenia-a systematic review.

AIM: Addressing sarcopenia and frailty in aging populations is crucial for enhancing quality of life and reducing healthcare dependence. While the importance of energy, protein, and amino acid supplementation is known, the role of minerals needs further exploration. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of these minerals in managing sarcopenia and frailty. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Ichu-shi Web from January 2000 to March 2023. Studies were selected if they were interventional or observational, focused on individuals with frailty or sarcopenia who were aged 65 or older, and involved mineral supplementation. The risk of bias in these studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. RESULTS: Of the 615 studies identified, seven met the inclusion criteria. These studies mainly focused on the effects of combined nutrient supplements, with few focusing on individual minerals. The findings were mixed, demonstrating some improvements in muscle strength, activity of daily living, and cognitive functions. Notably, minerals appeared to offer benefits as part of multi-nutrient interventions, especially for cognitive and immune health, but had limited impact on muscle mass or strength when used alone. The limited number and variable outcomes of studies precluded a feasible meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of mineral supplementation on sarcopenia and frailty remains uncertain, suggesting a need for tailored nutritional strategies. Future studies should aim for well-designed clinical trials in order to gain a better understanding of the roles of minerals in improving muscle health and functional outcomes, leading to clearer recommendations for clinical practice. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••-••.

Sarcopenia as a robust predictor of readmission within six months among individuals experiencing acute stroke.

Objective: Sarcopenia negatively affects the short-term prognosis of hospitalized older adults. However, no evidence currently supports a direct relationship between sarcopenia and readmission among individuals who have experienced an acute stroke. Therefore, we investigated whether sarcopenia is associated with readmission after discharge. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who had experienced acute stroke. Sarcopenia was defined as the coexistence of low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and grip strength. We applied the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to analyze whether sarcopenia, low SMI, and low grip strength were associated with readmission within 6 months. Results: Among 228 included patients (mean age, 72.8 years; 146 males), the prevalence of sarcopenia was 24.6% (n=56; male, 17.8%; female, 36.6%). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis using the propensity score as a covariate revealed that sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR] 7.21 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-35.8]; p=0.016) and low skeletal muscle mass (HR 7.40 [95% CI 1.14-48.1; p=0.036), but not low grip strength (HR 1.42 [95% CI 0.281-7.21]; p=0.670), were significantly associated with readmission for stroke within 6 months. Conclusions: Sarcopenia was negatively associated with readmission within 6 months of stroke onset in patients in Japan who had experienced an acute stroke. These findings suggest that the identification of sarcopenia may facilitate prognostic prediction from the acute stage and intervention(s) to prevent rehospitalization.

External validation of a deep learning model for predicting bone mineral density on chest radiographs.

We developed a new model for predicting bone mineral density on chest radiographs and externally validated it using images captured at facilities other than the development environment. The model performed well and showed potential for clinical use. PURPOSE: In this study, we performed external validation (EV) of a developed deep learning model for predicting bone mineral density (BMD) of femoral neck on chest radiographs to verify the usefulness of this model in clinical practice. METHODS: This study included patients who visited any of the collaborating facilities from 2010 to 2020 and underwent chest radiography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the femoral neck in the year before and after their visit. A total of 50,114 chest radiographs were obtained, and BMD was measured using DXA. We developed the model with 47,150 images from 17 facilities and performed EV with 2914 images from three other facilities (EV dataset). We trained the deep learning model via ensemble learning based on chest radiographs, age, and sex to predict BMD using regression. The outcomes were the correlation of the predicted BMD and measured BMD with diagnoses of osteoporosis and osteopenia using the T-score estimated from the predicted BMD. RESULTS: The mean BMD was 0.64±0.14 g/cm2 in the EV dataset. The BMD predicted by the model averaged 0.61±0.08 g/cm2, with a correlation coefficient of 0.68 (p<0.01) when compared with the BMD measured using DXA. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the model were 79.0%, 96.6%, and 34.1% for T-score < -1 and 79.7%, 77.1%, and 80.4% for T-score ≤ -2.5, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our model, which was externally validated using data obtained at facilities other than the development environment, predicted BMD of femoral neck on chest radiographs. The model performed well and showed potential for clinical use.

Relationship between nutritional status and clinical outcomes among older individuals using long-term care services: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Nutritional status is a significant issue in an aging society; however, the impact of the nutritional status of older individuals using long-term care services on the caregiving burden remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of nutritional issues on adverse outcomes in older individuals using long-term care services. METHODS: We used data from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Ichu-shi Web databases. Original articles published in English or Japanese between January 2000 and July 2022 were included. The inclusion criteria were interventional and observational studies on individuals using long-term care services with aged ≥65 years and a focus on body weight or weight loss. Data on adverse outcomes related to caregiving burden, including the number of people requiring care, mortality, complications, activities of daily living (ADL), and quality of life, were collected. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 7873 studies, of which 35 were ultimately included. Seven observational studies investigated mortality outcomes, and seven examined ADL outcomes. The meta-analysis revealed significantly higher mortality rates in individuals classified as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) than in those with BMI ≥18.5 kg/m2 (risk ratio [RR] 1.49; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.31 to 1.73, 0.22; I2 93 %). Further, on categorising the participants based on a BMI cutoff of 25 kg/m2, those with a BMI of <25 kg/m2 had a significantly increased mortality rate (RR 1.21; 95 % CI 1.04-1.40; I2 = 98 %). BMI and weight loss did not affect ADL. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that underweight and weight loss are significantly associated with increased mortality in older individuals using long-term care services. Therefore, appropriate weight management is recommended for this population. However, further research is necessary owing to the high heterogeneity observed in this study.

Association between Physical Activity in Rural Life and Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Physical activity is crucial to prevent sarcopenia, but there is scant data on the link between sarcopenia and physical activity in rural communities. Therefore, this study investigated associations of farming activity and snow removal with sarcopenia in a middle-aged and older population in rural Japan. This cross-sectional study enrolled 3,056 residents aged ≥ 40 years (49.2% men; mean age, 64.2 years) in Yuzawa, Japan. Information on farming activity and snow removal were collected via questionnaire from May through November and from December through April, respectively. Sarcopenia was assessed by the SARC-F (strength, ambulation, rising from a chair, stair climbing, and history of falling) score. Associations of farming activity and snow removal with sarcopenia were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for potential confounders. Participants who engaged in farming activity, snow removal, and both accounted for 3.8%, 40.5%, and 29.4% of the total, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals (CI)] of sarcopenia for farming activity and snow removal were 0.80 (0.63-1.03) and 0.68 (0.53-0.87), respectively. Compared with participants who did not engage in farming activity or snow removal, participants who engaged in both had a significantly lower adjusted odds ratio of sarcopenia [0.63 (95% CI 0.47-0.86)]. Participants who engaged in snow removal and those who engaged in both farming activity and snow removal showed inverse associations with sarcopenia. Our findings further support the importance of physical activity in preventing or mitigating sarcopenia in rural communities.

The Cell Wall Characterization of Brown Alga Cladosiphon okamuranus during Growth.

The present study provides new insights into the growth of the brown algal cell wall by showing that cell wall polysaccharides play an important role in the process of growth, considering the physicochemical characteristic of young and old Cladosiphon okamuranus. To determine its structural variation in detail, the cell wall was sequentially fractionated into five fractions: hot water (HW), ammonium oxalate, hemicellulose-I (HC-I), HC-II, and cellulose, and analyzed physicochemically. Results showed that almost 80% of the total recovery cell wall from both young and old thalli was HW, and HC-I contained mainly fucoidan composed of Fucose, Glucuronic acid, and sulfate in molar ratios of 1.0:0.3:0.6~0.7 and 1.0:0.3:0.2~0.3, respectively. Fucoidan in HW was a highly sulfated matrix polysaccharide abundance in young thalli, while fucoidan in HC-I was rich in old thalli and functions as hemicellulose in land plants, crosslinking with cellulose and strengthening the cell wall. We found that HW and HC-I were particularly involved in the growth and strength of old thalli appeared to be due to the deposition of HC-I and the reduction in water content during the growth process.

Hospital-associated sarcopenia and the preventive effect of high energy intake along with intensive rehabilitation in patients with acute stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Hospital-associated sarcopenia is prevalent and associated with poor outcomes in acutely admitted patients. Prevention of developing sarcopenia during hospitalization is an important factor in stroke management. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether energy intake and rehabilitation duration contribute to the prevention of hospital-associated sarcopenia in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: Patients with acute stroke were included in this study. Energy intake during the first week of hospitalization was classified as "high" or "low" based on the reported cutoff value. Rehabilitation time during hospitalization was classified as "intense" or "mild" based on the median. The four groups were compared based on the combinations of high or low energy intake and intense or mild rehabilitation. The primary outcome was the development of sarcopenia during hospitalization. The secondary outcome was the Functional Independence Measure motor item gain during hospitalization. Multivariate analysis was performed with the primary or secondary outcome as the dependent variable and the effect of each group on the outcome was examined. RESULTS: A total of 112 participants (mean age = 70.6 y; 63 men) were included in the study. Multivariate analysis found that high × intense (odds ratio = 0.113; P = 0.041) was independently associated with the development of sarcopenia during hospitalization (i.e., hospital-related sarcopenia). High × intense (ß = 0.395; P < 0.001) was independently associated with the gain of Functional Independence Measure motor items. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute stroke, the combination of high energy intake and adequate rehabilitation time is associated with prevention of hospital-associated sarcopenia.

Change in phase angle is associated with improvement in activities of daily living and muscle function in patients with acute stroke.

PURPOSE: The phase angle (PhA) is a simple index that reflects nutritional status and muscle quality. This study aimed to investigate the association between PhA changes and activities of daily living (ADL), muscle strength, and muscle mass in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: This retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study included patients hospitalized for acute stroke. The primary outcome was functional independence measure (FIM) of motor gain. The secondary outcomes were changes in handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) during hospitalization. Multivariate analysis was used to examine whether PhA changes were associated with outcomes, after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Hundred and sixty one subjects (mean age 74.6 years, 92 men) were included in the study. Multivariate analysis showed that PhA change was significantly and positively correlated with the gain in FIM motor scores, both for men (ß = 0.634, p < 0.001) and women (ß = 0.660, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there were significant associations between PhA change and changes in handgrip strength for men (ß = 0.222, p = 0.030) and women (ß = 0.491, p < 0.001), as well as SMI for men (ß = 0.556, p < 0.001) and women (ß = 0.290, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: An increased phase angle was positively associated with ADL, muscle strength, and muscle mass at discharge in patients with acute stroke.

Cut-off values for severe low muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass in post-acute patients with sarcopenia.

AIM: This study aimed to calculate the cut-off values for severe decline in muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass in post-acute patients with sarcopenia and to determine their effect on activities of daily living. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients with sarcopenia consecutively admitted to a Japanese rehabilitation hospital between 2014 and 2016. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass index. The outcome was the functional independence measure of motor function at discharge. Cut-off values for predicting severe decline in handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass index were calculated separately by sex. Values below the cut-off were used to define severely low handgrip strength and severely low skeletal muscle mass index. RESULTS: Overall, 451 patients (median age, 83 years; 61.4% women) were evaluated. The median functional independence measure of motor function score at discharge was 57. The optimal cut-off values for severely low handgrip strength were 9.0 kg for women and 14.6 kg for men, and those for severely low skeletal muscle mass index were 4.6 kg/m2 for women and 5.6 kg/m2 for men. Severely low handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass index were independently associated with the functional independence measure of motor function score at discharge (ß = -0.178, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In post-acute patients with sarcopenia, a severe decline in muscle strength and skeletal muscle mass is further negatively associated with an improvement in activities of daily living. The cut-off values herein can serve as indicators to assess sarcopenia severity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 493-499.

A case of infective endocarditis caused by Kocuria rosea in a non-compromised patient.

A 79-year-old male with no history of immunodeficiency was transferred to our hospital complaining of shortness of breath and general fatigue. He was diagnosed with recent myocardial infarction and underwent emergent percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the course of congestive heart failure was poor, and he required respiratory support and renal replacement therapy. Kocuria rosea was detected in blood culture obtained on admission, and then a follow-up echocardiogram revealed infective endocarditis. We administered ampicillin-sulbactam and performed urgent operation. The post-operative course was uneventful with 4-week administration of antimicrobial agents. Learning objectives: Infective endocarditis caused by Kocuria rosea may also occur in non-compromised patients although K. rosea infections have been reported only in compromised hosts. This pathogen is sensitive to a variety of antibiotics. We selected ampicillin-sulbactam to treat infective endocarditis based on a sensitivity examination, and the patient's post-operative clinical course was uneventful. Ampicillin-sulbactam may be a useful treatment option.

Development of the Training Program on Child Abuse Prevention for Citizens (TCAP-C) and Its Effects and Acceptability: Community-Based Participatory Research.

AIM: We developed the Training Program on Child Abuse Prevention for Citizens (TCAP-C) and tested its effects and acceptability among citizen leaders (CLs). METHODS: Community-based participatory research using a pretest-posttest follow-up design was conducted in Tokyo, Japan from September 2021 to March 2022. Participants completed questionnaires before, upon completion, and one month and three months after TCAP-C. Recognition, knowledge, and behaviors regarding child abuse and community consciousness were collected and compared before and one and three months after TCAP-C, and the degree of satisfaction, understanding, and meaningfulness were collected upon completion. We analyzed data using repeated-measures ANCOVA. RESULTS: A total of 111, 98, 101, and 94 participants completed the questionnaires before, upon completion, and one and three months after TCAP-C, respectively. Overall, the recognition, knowledge, and community consciousness scores significantly improved from before to one month and three months after TCAP-C. Regarding the behaviors, only the behaviors of learning and watching over were significantly improved from before to one month after TCAP-C; however, those behaviors were not different between before and three months after TCAP-C. Furthermore, 95% participants reported being entirely satisfied with TCAP-C, and 85% and 91% reported good understanding and meaningfulness of the program. CONCLUSIONS: TCAP-C is acceptable and can improve CL recognition, knowledge, and community consciousness.

Validity of sarcopenia diagnosis defined by calf circumference for muscle mass to predict functional outcome in patients with acute stroke.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between sarcopenia diagnosed by defining muscle mass with calf circumference and physical function at hospital discharge in patients with acute stroke and to perform a comparison with sarcopenia diagnosis according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: This retrospective cohort study included patients with acute stroke. We calculated the calf circumference cut-off value defining low skeletal muscle index for the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia diagnostic criteria and used a combination of low calf circumference and low grip strength to define sarcopenia-calf circumference. A combination of low skeletal muscle index and low grip strength defined sarcopenia-Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Associations between sarcopenia-calf circumference, sarcopenia-Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, and Functional Independence Measure motor score were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The study included 308 patients (198 men; mean age, 73.2 years). Sarcopenia-calf circumference prevalence was 24.7% in men and 46.4% in women. In men, sarcopenia-calf circumference (ß=-0.178; 95% CI: -0.284, -0.073; p=0.001) and sarcopenia-Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (ß=-0.228; 95% CI: -0.330, -0.127; p<0.001) were significantly associated with Functional Independence Measure motor score at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia diagnosed by defining muscle mass with calf circumference was negatively associated with physical function at discharge in male patients with acute stroke. Sarcopenia diagnosed using Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria was superior to sarcopenia-calf circumference for predicting physical function at discharge. Our findings suggest that the use of CC enables assessment of sarcopenia even at facilities where muscle mass measurements may be difficult.

Applicability of the Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity Defined by ESPEN/EASO Criteria in Acutely Admitted Patients with Stroke: Prevalence and Association with Outcomes.

Few reports have described sarcopenic obesity in patients with stroke. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity, as defined by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) consensus statement, in patients with acute stroke and to determine whether it was associated with improved physical function at discharge. This retrospective cohort study was conducted from May 2020 to November 2021 in patients with acute stroke. Sarcopenic obesity was determined using the ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. The main outcome was physical function based on the Functional Independence Measure motor score at discharge. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between sarcopenic obesity and the Functional Independence Measure motor score. This study included 276 patients (182 men; mean age, 72.4 y). Sarcopenic obesity screened for obesity with body mass index >27.5 was found in 11 (4%) patients. Multiple regression analysis revealed that sarcopenic obesity screened for obesity with body mass index >27.5 was not significantly associated with the Functional Independence Measure motor score at discharge (ß=0.038; 95% confidence interval: -0.046, 0.123; p=0.369). This study revealed a prevalence rate of 4% for sarcopenic obesity diagnosed by the ESPEN and EASO criteria and showed that sarcopenic obesity was not statistically associated with activities of daily living at acute discharge in patients with stroke.

Combination of High Energy Intake and Intensive Rehabilitation Is Associated with the Most Favorable Functional Recovery in Acute Stroke Patients with Sarcopenia.

Energy intake and rehabilitation time individually contribute to the improvement of activities of daily living (ADL). This study aimed to investigate the additive effect of energy intake and rehabilitation time on ADL improvement in acute stroke patients with sarcopenia. The study included 140 patients (mean age 82.6 years, 67 men) with stroke. Energy intake during the first week of hospitalization was classified as "Sufficiency" or "Shortage" based on the reported cutoff value and rehabilitation time was classified as "Long" or "Short" based on the median. The study participants were categorized into four groups based on the combination of energy intake and rehabilitation time. The primary outcome was the gain of functional independence measure (FIM) motor during hospitalization. The secondary outcomes were length of stay and home discharge rates. Multivariate analysis was performed with primary/secondary outcomes as the dependent variable, and the effect of each group on the outcome was examined. Multivariate analysis showed that "long rehabilitation time and sufficient energy intake" (ß = 0.391, p < 0.001) was independently associated with the gain of FIM motor items. The combination of high energy intake and sufficient rehabilitation time was associated with ADL improvement in acute stroke patients with sarcopenia.

Snow Removal Maintains Physical Function in Hemodialysis Patients after One Year: A Pilot Study.

Objectives: Physical activity is an important prognostic factor in managing hemodialysis patients. During winter, physical activity decreases, which necessitates interventions to maintain physical function. This study investigated whether snow removal is an effective physical activity to maintain physical function in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined 32 patients (aged 68.9 ± 14.2 years, 21 men) who underwent hemodialysis at Uonuma Kikan Hospital from March 2021 to March 2022. The patients were divided into snow-remover and non-snow-remover groups. The primary outcome was the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Secondary outcomes were grip strength, skeletal muscle index, and physical activity level. Differences in outcomes between the groups were investigated at 1 year of follow-up. Results: The snow-remover group had significantly high SPPB score, grip strength (men), skeletal muscle index (men), and physical activity at baseline. The decline in SPPB after 1 year was significantly smaller in the snow-remover group than in the non-snow-remover group. The level of physical activity in the non-snow-remover group decreased over time. Conclusions: Snow removal contributed to the maintenance of physical function in hemodialysis patients after 1 year. However, snow removal is not recommended for all hemodialysis patients, and further studies should identify other safe winter activities to maintain physical function.

Deep Learning for Bone Mineral Density and T-Score Prediction from Chest X-rays: A Multicenter Study.

Although the number of patients with osteoporosis is increasing worldwide, diagnosis and treatment are presently inadequate. In this study, we developed a deep learning model to predict bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score from chest X-rays, which are one of the most common, easily accessible, and low-cost medical imaging examination methods. The dataset used in this study contained patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and chest radiography at six hospitals between 2010 and 2021. We trained the deep learning model through ensemble learning of chest X-rays, age, and sex to predict BMD using regression and T-score for multiclass classification. We assessed the following two metrics to evaluate the performance of the deep learning model: (1) correlation between the predicted and true BMDs and (2) consistency in the T-score between the predicted class and true class. The correlation coefficients for BMD prediction were hip = 0.75 and lumbar spine = 0.63. The areas under the curves for the T-score predictions of normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis diagnoses were 0.89, 0.70, and 0.84, respectively. These results suggest that the proposed deep learning model may be suitable for screening patients with osteoporosis by predicting BMD and T-score from chest X-rays.

Relationship between trunk muscle mass and activities of daily living at discharge in acute stroke patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of trunk muscle mass on functional prognosis, including activities of daily living (ADLs), at hospital discharge in patients with acute stroke. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included hospitalized patients with acute stroke. Trunk muscle mass was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis within 5 d of admission. The primary outcome was ADLs at hospital discharge, assessed using the Functional Independence Measure-motor items (FIM-motor). The secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay and discharge to home. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between trunk muscle mass and FIM subitems. RESULTS: Data from 212 patients (mean age 72.7 y; 143 men) were included in the analysis. The median trunk muscle mass index (TMI) was 8.2 kg/m2 in men and 6.7 kg/m2 in women. Patients in the high TMI group were younger and had a higher FIM-motor score at discharge (P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, TMI was positively associated with the FIM-motor score at discharge (ß = 0.240, P < 0.001). FIM-self-care (ß = 0.351, P < 0.001) and locomotion (ß = 0.331, P < 0.001) were positively associated with the TMI. CONCLUSIONS: Trunk muscle mass is associated with ADLs at hospital discharge after acute stroke. TMI is important for evaluating functional prognosis in patients with acute stroke.

Ratio of the false lumen to the true lumen is associated with long-term prognosis after surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess potential predictors of aortic events after an emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection, especially paying attention to the findings of computed tomography (CT) performed immediately after the surgery. Methods: Between January 2001 and December 2015, 72 patients, who were diagnosed as having Stanford type A acute aortic dissection with a patent false lumen in the descending thoracic aorta, survived the emergency operation, and had postoperative CT scan data, were included in this study (mean follow-up, 8.2 ± 3.8 years; range 0.8-17.4 years). From the CT scan data, the diameter of the false lumen (FL-D) and true lumen (TL-D) were measured, and the FL-D:TL-D ratio was calculated. Long-term outcomes of the FL-D > TL-D group (n = 30) and the FL-D < TL-D group (n = 42) were compared. Results: In the late follow-up, 17 aortic events in the downstream aorta were observed. The FL-D:TL-D ratio (P = .01) was an adjusted risk of aortic events in multivariable analysis. The rates of freedom from aortic events at 5 and 9 years were superior in the FL-D < TL-D group than in the FL-D > TL-D group (92.0% and 88.6% vs 81% and 60.7%; log rank P < .05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the false lumen:true lumen ratio predicts long-term prognosis after surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection.

Impact of trunk and appendicular skeletal muscle mass on improving swallowing function in acute stroke patients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of trunk and appendicular skeletal muscle mass on the swallowing function at discharge in acute stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients hospitalized after acute strokes. Skeletal muscle mass was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis within 5 days of admission. The primary outcome was swallowing function at acute hospital discharge, assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS). Secondary outcomes were Functional Independence Measure-eating (FIM-eating) scores and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Data from 231 patients (age 72.2 years; 151 men) were included in the analysis. The median trunk muscle mass index (TMI) was 8.2 and 6.8 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. The median appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) was 7.7 and 5.7 kg/m2 in men and women, respectively. The high TMI group had higher FIM-eating scores at discharge in each sex (p < 0.001). The high ASMI group had higher FOIS (p = 0.039 and 0.048) and FIM-eating scores at discharge (p = 0.046 and 0.047) in men and women, respectively. On multivariate analysis, TMI was independently associated with FIM-eating scores (ß = 0.330, p < 0.001); ASMI was independently associated with FOIS (ß = 0.229, p = 0.039) and FIM-eating scores (ß = 0.111, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle mass had site-specific impacts on swallowing function and eating activities. This finding may contribute to the design of more individualized rehabilitation programs.

Phase Angle as an Indicator of Baseline Nutritional Status and Sarcopenia in Acute Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether phase angle is an indicator of malnutrition and sarcopenia in acute-phase stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of stroke patients in a single acute-care hospital. The phase angle was measured within 5 days after admission, and the correlation between nutritional status and sarcopenia index was investigated. The cut-off point that distinguishes malnutrition and sarcopenia was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve. The effects of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) and sarcopenia on the phase angle were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 211 stroke patients (140 men) with a median age of 74 (65-83) were included in the analysis. Malnutrition was present in 38 (18.0%) patients, and 65 (30.8%) had sarcopenia. The phase angle significantly correlated with GNRI, grip strength, skeletal muscle musss index, and calf circumference in both men and women. The cut-off points for discriminating malnutrition were 5.05 for men and 3.96 for women, while the cut-off points for discriminating sarcopenia were 5.28 for men and 4.62 for women. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the GNRI and sarcopenia were independently related to the phase angle. CONCLUSIONS: Phase angle is a useful indicator for distinguishing malnutrition and sarcopenia in patients with acute stroke.