Temporal patterns of pre- and post-natal target organ damage associated with hypertensive pregnancy: a systematic review.

AIMS: Hypertensive pregnancy is associated with increased risks of developing a range of vascular disorders in later life. Understanding when hypertensive target organ damage first emerges could guide optimal timing of preventive interventions. This review identifies evidence of hypertensive target organ damage across cardiac, vascular, cerebral, and renal systems at different time points from pregnancy to postpartum. METHODS AND RESULTS: Systematic review of Ovid/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to and including February 2023 including review of reference lists. Identified articles underwent evaluation via a synthesis without meta-analysis using a vote-counting approach based on direction of effect, regardless of statistical significance. Risk of bias was assessed for each outcome domain, and only higher quality studies were used for final analysis. From 7644 articles, 76 studies, including data from 1 742 698 pregnancies, were identified of high quality that reported either blood pressure trajectories or target organ damage during or after a hypertensive pregnancy. Left ventricular hypertrophy, white matter lesions, proteinuria, and retinal microvasculature changes were first evident in women during a hypertensive pregnancy. Cardiac, cerebral, and retinal changes were also reported in studies performed during the early and late post-partum period despite reduction in blood pressure early postpartum. Cognitive dysfunction was first reported late postpartum. CONCLUSION: The majority of target organ damage reported during a hypertensive pregnancy remains evident throughout the early and late post-partum period despite variation in blood pressure. Early peri-partum strategies may be required to prevent or reverse target organ damage in women who have had a hypertensive pregnancy.

This review identifies evidence of damage to the heart, brain, and blood vessels during and after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and compares the pattern of changes that occur to blood pressure variations. Changes in the heart, brain, and blood vessels are first found in women during a hypertensive pregnancy and are also reported early after pregnancy. The majority of target organ damage reported remains evident long after pregnancy despite variation in blood pressure levels.

Anti-cytomegalovirus preemptive therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: HIV patients are at higher risk of contracting and developing into an asymptomatic form of CMV infection. This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preemptive therapy for preventing CMV disease in HIV patients. METHODS: The electronic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed and CENTRAL from inception until 9 September 2022. Studies were included if they assessed the efficacy or safety of anti-CMV preemptive therapy compared to placebo or no therapy. Risk of bias were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials version 2 or the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions. The random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes. RESULTS: We identified six RCTs (2135 participants) and four observational studies (395 participants), with five RCTs were performed before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Preemptive therapy did not reduce the incidence of CMV disease (RR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.59-1.18), yet reduced the RR of all-cause mortality rate by 26% (RR 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97) with a low quality of evidence. The incidence of neutropenia as an adverse event increased significantly (RR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.12-5.45) with moderate quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: With the advent of HAART, a limited number of studies have been performed to explore anti-CMV preemptive therapy due to the improved outcomes of HIV patients with CMV viremia. Therefore, optimal HAART should take precedence over anti-CMV preemptive therapy. The protocol for this review was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42020145765).

Clinical Application of Stem Cell Therapy for Liver Cirrhosis: Progress, Pitfalls, and Prospects.

Liver cirrhosis is the advanced stage of liver disease accounting for high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Liver transplantation for liver cirrhosis has several limitations, rendering stem cell transplantation as a potential therapy. Clinical trials of stem cell applications for liver cirrhosis are being established using various types of stem cells. This review will provide a current report of the achievements, limitations, and future directions of stem cell transplantation. Current progress of clinical trials is valuable in defining the best type of stem cells, mode of delivery, the number and frequency of cells to be injected, and determining potential candidates for cell therapy. Some of the encountered pitfalls are the limited homing and differentiation potential of stem cells, the use of non-xenofree culture system, and the risk for tumorigenesis in certain types of stem cells. The prospective developments of liver stem cell transplantation are the generation of genetically modified stem cells and the formation of liver organoids for treating liver cirrhosis.

Impressive Response to Capecitabine in a Patient with Obstructive Jaundice due to Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic breast cancer with obstructive jaundice due to para-aortic lymph node enlargement is an unusual case that poses a therapeutic challenge in determining a chemotherapy regimen. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old woman presented with triple-negative left invasive ductal breast carcinoma with liver and pulmonary metastases. After receiving gemcitabine and carboplatin as the 4th-line treatment, chemotherapy was postponed due to an increased bilirubin level. Abdominal imaging revealed para-aortic lymph node metastases compressing the distal common hepatic duct. The patient then received capecitabine along with ursodeoxycholic acid. This relieved her jaundice after 8 cycles of chemotherapy, and radiologic evaluation revealed a complete resolution of the obstructive jaundice. CONCLUSION: This finding emphasizes the success of capecitabine regimen as a salvage therapy in a metastatic breast cancer patient with hyperbilirubinemia and opens up the possibility of optimizing systemic chemotherapy for metastatic obstructive jaundice in the setting of limited facility resources.

Right-sided infective endocarditis in patients with uncorrected ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus: Two case reports.

Uncorrected left-to-right shunt congenital heart defect is a predisposing factor for infective endocarditis (IE), especially right-sided IE which has different clinical manifestations and complications from left-sided IE. Prompt diagnosis by means of transthoracic echocardiography and timely antibiotics management for IE are encouraged to prevent multiorgan failure and fatal pulmonary embolism.