Lesão por pressão / Pressure ulcers

As informações no leito, sobre a necessidade de manobras do paciente, em intervalos de 2 h, para evitar o aparecimento de lesões por pressão podem reduzir o tempo de permanência, diminuir o risco de lesões de pele e os custos de manutenção do paciente.

Bedside information on the need for repositioning the patient at 2 h intervals to avoid the appearance of pressure ulcers can reduce hospitalization time, risk of skin lesions, and maintenance costs.

Acute effects of aerobic exercise on the blood pressure of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass grafting a frequent surgical procedure to treat coronary heart disease, uses the patient's own veins or arteries to bypass narrowed areas and restore blood flow to heart muscle. Cardiac rehabilitation follows this procedure and includes psychological and nutritional support along with the regular practice of physical exercises. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the aerobic exercise on the blood pressure of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: After 30 days of surgical procedure, 14 patients were assigned to the aerobic exercise group (exercise on the cycle ergometer for 35 minutes), while 8 patients were assigned to the control group (absolute rest for 35 minutes). Blood pressure was measured by a digital automatic device before and after 24 hours of the experiment in both groups. RESULTS: Systolic (P = 0.639) and diastolic (P = 0.103) blood pressures were similar between CG and AEG at baseline. Regarding intragroup differences, no significant changes were observed after 24 hours for SBP in the CG (P = 0.999) and AEG (P = 0.244). On the other hand, significant changes were found for DBP after 24 hours for the CG (P = 0.007) and AEG (P = 0.015). When CG and AEG were compared after 24 hours, no significant differences were found for SBP (P = 0.999) and DBP (P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: We found decreased diastolic blood pressure in the aerobic exercise group when the results for pre-training and post-training were compared. However, to support our findings further research is needed, preferably using randomized controlled trials.

Resistance Training and Stroke: A Critical Analysis of Different Training Programs.

The aim of this study was to carry out a literature review on the overall benefits of resistance training (RT) after stroke and undertake a critical analysis of the resistance exercise programs surveyed (rest interval between sets and exercises, number of sets, number of repetitions, intensity, duration of training, and weekly frequency). To obtain articles for the review, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Inclusion criteria were considered using the PICO (population, intervention, control/comparison, and outcome variables) model. The following characteristics were recorded for all articles: type of study, author, year of publication, participants (time after stroke, sample size, and age), benefits of RT, and structured resistance exercise programs. Positive effects of training were found on anxiety status, quality of life, muscle hypertrophy, cognitive function, strength, and muscle power. Only 5 studies described the main variables of RT in detail. Lack of control of some variables of RT may negatively affect the results of this practice. The findings of the present study may further inform health and physical conditioning professionals on the importance and necessity of using the main variables in the search for benefits for individuals with stroke.

Forca muscular e qualidade de vida em idosas / Muscular strength and quality of life in elderly women

OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito do treinamento físico sobre os níveis de força e a qualidade de vida, considerando capacidade funcional, limitações físicas, dor, estado geral de saúde, vitalidade e variáveis de relação social em idosas institucionalizadas. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 36 idosas com 60 ou mais anos de idade, recrutadas no Serviço Social do Comércio (SESC), na cidade de São Luís-MA, compondo dois grupos: sedentário (n=16) e treinamento (n=20). Determinou-se a força muscular isométrica máxima dos extensores da coluna lombar e joelho, flexores de cotovelo e abdutores dos ombros, com o uso do dinamômetro NPRO2000. Aplicou-se questionário SF-36 para avaliação da qualidade de vida. O treinamento ocorreu em sessões, duas vezes por semana, de 60 minutos, por 12 semanas. A intensidade foi estabelecida pela zona de repetições máximas (três a quatro séries; 8 a 12 repetições) e a ordem dos exercícios foi modificada a cada quatro semanas. Estatisticamente, foi utilizado o teste t Student do programa SPSS 10.0. RESULTADOS: O grupo sedentário não alcançou valor significativo nas variáveis estudadas; o grupo treinamento atingiu escores significativos de ganho de força, nos extensores do joelho (p=0,0032; 30,23%) e extensores da coluna lombar (p=0,0207; 12,33%). A avaliação da qualidade de vida apresentou-se significativa, com aumento percentual nos domínios da capacidade funcional (p=0,0092; 11,05%), estado geral de saúde (p=0,0075; 14,17%), vitalidade (p=0,0015; 15,38%) e saúde mental (p=0,0154; 9,64%). CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento de força proposto promoveu aumento significativo na força muscular, repercutindo na melhoria da qualidade de vida nos domínios capacidade funcional, estado geral de saúde, ...

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of exercise training on the levels of strength and quality of life in elderly women, considering the functional capacity, physical limitations, pain, general health, vitality and social relationship variables in institutionalized elderly. METHODS: The study participants were 36 elderly women over 60 years old, recruited in the Social Service of Commerce (SESC), city of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil, divided in tw groups: the sedentary group (n=16) and training group (n=20). All were 60 years or more, had not performed strength training for six months and had no restrictions on this practice. Before and after training, it was determined maximal isometric muscle strength of the extensors of the lumbar spine and knee, the elbow flexors and abductors of the shoulder, using the dynamometer NPRO2000. We used the SF-36 questionnaire to assess te quality of life. Training was conducted for 12 weeks with twice-weekly sessions of 60 minutes. The intensity was set by the zone of maximum repetitions (3-4 sets, 8-12 reps) and the order of exercises changed every four weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test program SPSS 10.0. RESULTS: The sedentary group did not achieve any statistically significant value in any variable studied; the training group achieved statistically significant scores and percentage values of strength gain, respectively, in knee extensors (p=0.0032, 30.23%) and extensors of the lumbar spine (p=0.0207; 12.33%). The results obtained in evaluating the quality of life showed statistically significant percentage increase in the functional capacity (p=0.0092; 11.05%), general health (p=0.0075; 14,17%), vitality (p=0.0015, 15.38%) and mental health (p=0.0154; 9.64%) of elderly submitted to strength training. CONCLUSION: The strength training proposed in this study caused a significant increase in muscle strength that reflected in the improvement ...

Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com baciloscopia positiva para tuberculose pulmonar / Epidemiological profile of patients with positive sputum smears for pulmonary tuberculosis

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A tuberculose (TB) é uma doença de amplitude mundial, tão antiga quanto a humanidade. Estima-se que cerca de 50 milhões de pessoas no Brasil estejam infectadas com o M. tuberculosis. O estudo da epidemiologia da tuberculose pulmonar possibilita melhor compreensão sobre o comportamento da doença e sua manutenção na comunidade, ajudando a estimar o impacto das medidas de controle aplicadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com baciloscopia positiva, atendidos em um centro de referência para o tratamento desta doença. MÉTODO: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, em que foram observadas 53 fichas de pacientes com baciloscopia positiva para tuberculose pulmonar atendidos em centro especializado no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2008, com análise das associações da baciloscopia com as variáveis: sexo, faixa etária, grau de positividade e o tipo de alta. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que não houve diferença significativa em ambos os sexos acometidos pela tuberculose pulmonar. A faixa etária mais acometida foi entre 16 e 31 anos com 17 (69,2%) e 15 (55,5%), respectivamente, dos casos entre homens e mulheres. A maioria dos pacientes 30 (56,6%) apresentou diagnóstico positivo BAAR+. No presente estudo, chama a atenção o fato de que apenas 71,6% dos pacientes completaram o tratamento e foram avaliados como alta por cura comprovada. CONCLUSÃO: A investigação possibilitou conhecer as características da TB na população estudada, além de avaliar, indiretamente, o serviço de saúde dirigido ao controle da doença.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB) is a world widespread illness, as ancient as humanity. An estimated 50 million Brazilians are infected with M. tuberculosis. Epidemiological studies on TB give better comprehension on this pathology behavior and its dynamics of transmission within communities, thus helping estimate the impact of the applied control measures in these settings. This study main goal was to draw an epidemiological profile of patients with positive bacilloscopy admitted at a public pulmonary TB specialty hospital for treatment. METHOD: 53 reports with information on patients admitted in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) specialty public hospital from January 2005 until December 2008 were analyzed. In order to support this and other studies as well, we conducted a retrospective and descriptive study which analyzed associations between bacilloscopy and variables such as sex, age group, BAAR positivity and reasons for patients' discharge. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among male and female patients with positive bacilloscopy. The predominant age group of patients with positive bacilloscopy to pulmonary TB was 16 to 31 year-olds with 17 (69.2%) and 15 (55.5%), respectively between males and females. Most of the patients (n = 30; 56.6%) presented BAAR+. In this study, only 71.6 % the patients finished the treatment and got discharged by cure. CONCLUSION: This investigation permits an improved understanding of the characteristics of tuberculosis in the study population and enables an indirect evaluation of health service treatment of this disease.

Ocorrência de infecção do trato urinário em cobradoras de ônibus / Occurrence of urinary tract infection in a bus servicer

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As infecções do trato urinário (ITU) são diversas manifestações clínicas que variam desde a presença assintomática de bactérias na urina até infecção renal grave, resultando em sepse, situação que poderá levar o paciente ao óbito. A principal estratégia de defesa do hospedeiro é um fluxo urinário desobstruído, que dificulta o percurso da bactéria ascendente. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de sintomas sugestivos de ITU, descrevendo as atividades diárias que levam à sua maior suscetibilidade, bem como identificar os fatores predisponentes presentes e verificar os principais sintomas clínicos obtidos. MÉTODO: Realizou-se estudo exploratório, descritivo e prospectivo. A população constituiu-se de 100 mulheres selecionadas de acordo com a faixa etária (30 a 40 anos) e função empregatícia como cobradora de ônibus. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstram que 50% das entrevistadas apresentaram ocorrência de ITU, 55% alegaram recidivas; o sintoma mais frequente foi dor pélvica (80%), associada ou não ao ato de urinar e que 95% das mulheres relataram estase urinária. CONCLUSÃO: É possível que orientações mais adequadas referentes a hábitos alimentares saudáveis possam melhorar a qualidade de vida e prevenir doenças específicas deste grupo.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are different clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic presence of bacteria in the urine up to serious kidney infection, resulting in sepsis, which could lead the patient to death. The main host defense is a clear urine flow, which makes the route of the bacterium ascendant. This study aimed to verify the occurrence of UTI, describing the daily activities that lead to increased susceptibility to UTI, identify predisposing factors present among the participants and further important clinical symptoms mentioned. METHOD: Carried out an exploratory, descriptive and transversal. The study population consisted of 100 women selected according to age (30 to 40 years) and employment-function. RESULTS: The results show that 50% of respondents reported the occurrence of UTI, 55% reported recurrence; the most frequent symptom was pelvic pain 80%, with or without the act of urinating and that 95% of women report urinary stasis. It was concluded that due to his professional activity, the collectors had a favor to bacterial growth. CONCLUSION: It is possible that appropriate policies relating to healthy habits can improve the quality of life and prevent specific diseases of this group.