Multifocal lower limb hemangioendothelioma in a young female: a case report and review of the literature.

A 26-year-old female presented with pain and swelling of distal thigh and distal leg. She was diagnosed with multifocal epitheloid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) and was successfully treated with wide resection of femoral and tibial lesions followed by their reconstruction using vascularised fibular graft and local bone grafting. One year into follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic with full Range Of Motion (ROM) and full weight bearing walking. This case illustrates a unique multifocal presentation of hemangioendothelioma and early surgical intervention leading to complete recovery, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and intervention to help improve prognosis and quality of life of the patient.

Neurosarcoidosis - A diagnostic challenge?

Background: Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory granulomatous multisystem disease with an unknown etiology. Neurosarcoidosis is a cryptogenic neuroinflammatory manifestation of sarcoidosis. Objective: This article aims at better understanding of one of the rarer diseases whose diagnosis may be difficult leading to delay in definitive management of the patient. Method: We describe a case of neurosarcoidosis with initial presentation similar to acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, whose diagnosis was challenging and delayed owing to the presenting symptoms. Conclusion: The diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis becomes challenging when it presents as isolated clinical neurological symptoms. We want to highlight the variable nature of neurosarcoidosis and its consideration as diagnosis after excluding other common infectious and inflammatory conditions.

Gout in Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Connecting Crystals to the Minerals.

Musculoskeletal manifestations in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) range from 13% to 93% encompassing pseudogout, vertebral fracture, myopathy, and cord compression. Though pseudogout has been the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition in PHPT, rarely reports of acute gouty attacks in large joints including the knee have been reported in the literature. Here we detail a unique case of PHPT presenting with acute severe bilateral knee joint inflammatory arthritis accompanied by occasional abdominal pain. Joint aspiration fluid study revealed extracellular monosodium urate crystals exhibiting strong negative birefringence on polarized light microscopy suggestive of acute gouty arthritis. Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia with high intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) confirmed the diagnosis of PHPT and a right inferior parathyroid adenoma was localized. Parathyroidectomy resulted in statistically significant clinical improvement of the debilitating joint manifestations, and the patient was able to walk again without support. Although the incidence of gout is increasing because of an overall increase in metabolic syndrome prevalence, a higher prevalence than in the general population is reported in PHPT. Serum uric acid levels positively correlate with serum iPTH levels in PHPT, and parathyroidectomy leads to a reduction in levels. Acute inflammatory joint pain due to urate crystal deposition in a large joint like the knee is an uncommonly reported condition in PHPT. Identifying the correct etiology in such a case can result in marked clinical improvement in the joint manifestations following surgical cure of hyperparathyroidism.

Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine Administration (SIRVA) with COVID-19 vaccination - A case report.

The case report evaluates shoulder injury related to COVID-19 vaccine administration. A 26-year-old female patient presented with shoulder pain, which increased on extension and overhead abduction in routine work. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done based on which, a diagnosis of shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) was reported. Significant improvement was seen after Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical diclofenac ointment, and serratiopeptidase tablets. Physical muscle strengthening exercises were advised. Based on Naranjo and World Health Organization (WHO) casualty assessments, the adverse drug reaction (ADR) was categorized under probable. Preventability, Hartwig's scales for severity was assessed, which showed preventability and moderate grade in severity. The total cost (direct and indirect) for management was found to be rupees 7021 and 41,781 in government and private hospital respectively. Thus ADRs not only add to patient suffering but also increase the economic burden. Health care professionals (HCPs) need to be made aware of potentially fatal ADRs associated with the administration of vaccines and should be keen to report such ADRs to drug safety authorities.

Role of radiology in RT-PCR negative COVID-19 pneumonia: Review and recommendations.

Currently, RT-PCR is the gold standard for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, due to the time-consuming laboratory tests and the low positivity rate of RT-PCR, it cannot be an ideal screening tool for infected population. In this review article, we have reviewed studies related to RT-PCR and CT chest and we would like to give our recommendations. Depending upon the patient's clinical symptoms and radiology imaging typical of viral pneumonia compatible with COVID-19 infection, clinicians need to consider isolation of these patients early even if the RT-PCR test is negative.

Chest-X-ray-Based Scoring, Total Leukocyte Count, and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio for Prediction of COVID-19 in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use chest-X-ray (CXR)-based scores along with total leukocyte count (TLC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the prediction of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients presenting with clinical features of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study involving all patients who presented with clinical features of SARI and who had undergone bedside chest X-ray (CXR), hemograms with TLC, NLR, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at our institute from May 1 to June 30, 2020. RESULTS: Of 204 patients, 115 tested RT-PCR-positive and 89 tested negative. The patients who presented with SARI, using CXR-based score of 4 or more, TLC of less than 8,700 cells/µL, and NLR of <7 had a statistically significant area under the curve (p<0.001) for diagnosing COVID-19. The sensitivity and specificity of the CXR score was 80.8% and 73.0%, of TLC was 70.1% and 74.7%, and of NLR was 70.1% and 59.0%, respectively, in diagnosing COVID-19 alone. The specificity further increased to 90.4% when we used the CXR score with NLR and to 92.8% when we used the CXR score with TLC. The post-test odds ("rule in" disease) of a positive test for having the disease were 3, 2.77, and 1.71 times with the use of either CXR score, TLC, or NLR criteria, respectively; whereas, combined use of CXR score and NLR increased the post-test odds by 5.53 times, and combination of CXR score with TLC increased the post-test odds by 7.5 times. CONCLUSION: CXR score with TLC and NLR can predict COVID-19 infection among those who presented with features of SARI. This may help in the early isolation of the patient until the RT-PCR report becomes available.

Vanishing aneurysms in Behcet's disease - A case series.

Behçet's disease is a systemic vasculitis with a wide spectrum of manifestations. Although pulmonary involvement is typical, the presence of pulmonary arterial aneurysms is associated with a high incidence of mortality and morbidity. We report two cases of Behçet's disease with pulmonary arterial involvement who presented with hemoptysis, showed significant treatment response, thus, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and therapeutic management.

Simplifying the complicated heel-an emergency imaging approach to calcaneal fractures.

The calcaneum is the most inferior and largest tarsal bone and supports the axial load of the weight of the body. Calcaneal fractures formulate 60% of the tarsal fractures and are frequently encountered in almost all trauma centres. It becomes imperative to understand and report calcaneal fractures in a structured fashion for better clinical and treatment outcomes for the patients. Radiologists should be well acquainted with calcaneal fractures and their various classifications and should develop an algorithmic approach for diagnosing and reporting heel fractures.

Fat Chance for Hidden Lesions: Pictorial Review of Hoffa's Fat Pad Lesions.

Hoffa's fat pad (HFP) is the most commonly afflicted among all the knee fat pads. Anterior knee pain is common in various pathologies of HFP, as it is richly innervated. A potpourri of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathologies and the tumors and tumor-like conditions affect HFP, and MRI remains the fundamental modality to assess them and provide a specific diagnosis.

Neurolymphomatosis: A Surreal Presentation of Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Neurolymphomatosis is a neurologic complication poorly recognized by neurologists and oncologists and presents usually several months after successful treatment of systemic lymphoma. Other disorders that must be differentiated from these entities include peripheral-nerve or nerve root compression and paraneoplastic neuropathy. AIM: To describe the unusual occurrence of neurolymphomatosis in a patient of B-cell lymphoma. METHOD: Diagnosis was made by demonstration of enhancement of nerve roots on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brachial, lumbosacral plexus, peripheral nerves or by increased hyper-metabolic activity along the course of affected nerves on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MRI and PET-CT are imaging modalities of choice for evaluation of patients with lymphoma and suspected neural involvement. Treatment of neurolymphomatosis consists of focal radiotherapy and high-dose methotrexate therapy.