A Chemerin Peptide Analog Stimulates Tumor Growth in Two Xenograft Mouse Models of Human Colorectal Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Chemerin plasma concentration has been reported to be positively correlated with the risk of colorectal cancer. However, the potential regulation of CRC tumorigenesis and progression has not yet been investigated in an experimental setting. This study addresses this hypothesis by investigating proliferation, colony formation, and migration of CRC cell lines in vitro as well as in animal models. METHODS: In vitro, microscopic assays to study proliferation, as well as a scratch-wound assay for migration monitoring, were applied using the human CRC cell lines HCT116, HT29, and SW620 under the influence of the chemerin analog CG34. The animal study investigated HCT116-luc and HT29-luc subcutaneous tumor size and bioluminescence during treatment with CG34 versus control, followed by an ex-vivo analysis of vessel density and mitotic activity. RESULTS: While the proliferation of the three CRC cell lines in monolayers was not clearly stimulated by CG34, the chemerin analog promoted colony formation in three-dimensional aggregates. An effect on cell migration was not observed. In the treatment study, CG34 significantly stimulated both growth and bioluminescence signals of HCT116-luc and HT29-luc xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study represent the first indication of a tumor growth-stimulating effect of chemerin signaling in CRC.

Ianalumab (VAY736) in primary Sjögren's syndrome: assessing disease activity using multi-modal ultrasound.

OBJECTIVES: To apply serial ultrasound (US) assessments to show effects of ianalumab (anti-BAFF-R monoclonal antibody) on inflamed salivary glands of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: In a single-centre, 24-week double-blind study (NCT02149420), 27 pSS patients of moderate-to-severe activity were randomly assigned to receive a single i.v. dose of either 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg ianalumab, or placebo. Concurrent with clinical and laboratory outcomes, multi-modal US images were acquired of bilateral parotid glands (PG) and submandibular glands (SMG) at weeks 0, 6, 12, and 24. Applied US modalities included 1) B-mode echostructure scored by de Vita classification, 2) macrovascular blood flow by power Doppler, and in PG only 3) microvascularisation using contrast-enhanced US (area under the curve, time to peak or TTP) and 4) gland stiffness by sonoelastography. RESULTS: Clinical study results were previously published. US data for PG differed from SMG but were comparable between respective left and right sides of these glands. Numerical improvements in salivary gland quality and declining tissue inflammation were observed in treated versus placebo groups, including more patients achieving ≥1-point reduction from baseline in De Vita score, together with trends towards decreased perfusion and stiffness. Correlations between clinical endpoints and US parameters were largely restricted to microvascular perfusion TTP and at the 12-week timepoint when ianalumab effects were predicted at maximal. CONCLUSIONS: Early in vivo signs of salivary gland improvement in response to an effective intervention can be shown without need of biopsy by using a non-invasive, comprehensive, ultrasound-based approach over multiple time points.

Knockin' on pHeaven's door: a fast and reliable high-throughput compatible zero-background cloning procedure.

We created a pair of vectors allowing simple and efficient molecular cloning of any gene of interest with minimal consumption of time, labor and material. This system is applicable for standard molecular cloning, high-throughput cloning and generation of fusion protein libraries as well as for more complex gene assembly purposes. Also, this zero-background procedure allows going from cDNA to gene expression analysis in a defined vector in <2 days.

The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates phospho-Ser77 retinoic acid receptor alpha stability.

Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIase) facilitate the cis-trans interconversion of the peptidyl-prolyl bond and in such way affect protein folding. Pin1 is a PPIase, which specifically recognizes phosphorylated S/T-P bonds. The transcription factor TFIIH mediates phosphorylation of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) at position Ser77. In the presence of retinoic acid ligand (RA), the Ser77 non-phosphorylated receptor is suggested to undergo degradation through the proteasome pathway. Here we provide evidence that Pin1 is able to selectively destabilize RARalpha in a ligand independent-manner. We show that this is caused by RARalpha ubiquitination, which in turn is phosphorylation dependent. The single mutation Ser77>A completely abolishes RARalpha degradation whereas the mutation Ser77>E rescues this effect. In addition, we correlate RARalpha stability to Ser77 phosphorylation required for the ligand independent transcriptional activity on fgf8 promoter. Finally, we show that the ligand-independent Ser77 phosphorylation requires the genuine ligand-binding domain.