RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In low-immunological risk kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), reduced exposure to calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) appears particularly attractive for avoiding adverse events, but may increase the risk of developing de novo Donor Specific Antibodies (dnDSA). METHODS: CNI exposure was retrospectively analyzed in 247 non-HLA immunized first KTRs by taking into account trough levels (C0) collected during follow-up. Reduced exposure to CNI was defined as follows: C0 less than the lower limit of the international targets for ≥50% of follow-up. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 5.0 ± 2.0 years, 39 patients (15.8%) developed dnDSA (MFI ≥1000). Patients with DSA were significantly younger (46.6 ± 13.8 vs. 51.7 ± 14.0 years, p = 0.039), received more frequently poorly-matched grafts (59% with 6-8 A-B-DR-DQ HLA mismatches vs. 34.6%, p = 0.016) and had more frequently a reduced exposure to CNI (92.3% vs. 62.0%, p = 0.0002). Reduced exposure to CNI was associated with an increased risk of dnDSA (multivariable HR = 9.77, p = 0.002). Reduced exposure to CNI had no effect on patient survival, graft loss from any cause including death, or post-transplant cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Even in a low-immunological risk population, reduced exposure to CNI is associated with increased risk of dnDSA. Benefits and risks of under-immunosuppression must be carefully evaluated before deciding on CNI minimization.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos/sangre , Inhibidores de la Calcineurina/administración & dosificación , Rechazo de Injerto/sangre , Trasplante de Riñón/tendencias , Receptores de Trasplantes , Adulto , Anciano , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Rechazo de Injerto/diagnóstico , Rechazo de Injerto/inmunología , Humanos , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Donantes de TejidosRESUMEN
The preparation and characterization of certified reference materials (CRMs) for radionuclide content in sediments collected offshore of Bikini Atoll (IAEA-410) and in the open northwest Pacific Ocean (IAEA-412) are described and the results of the certification process are presented. The certified radionuclides include: (40)K, (210)Pb ((210)Po), (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (228)Th, (232)Th, (234)U, (238)U, (239)Pu, (239+240)Pu and (241)Am for IAEA-410 and (40)K, (137)Cs, (210)Pb ((210)Po), (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (228)Th, (232)Th, (235)U, (238)U, (239)Pu, (240)Pu and (239+240)Pu for IAEA-412. The CRMs can be used for quality assurance and quality control purposes in the analysis of radionuclides in sediments, for development and validation of analytical methods and for staff training.
Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Radioisótopos/análisis , Radioisótopos/normas , Radiometría/normas , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/normas , Certificación/normas , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Micronesia , Océano Pacífico , Radioisótopos/química , Valores de Referencia , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Suelo/químicaRESUMEN
A Certified Reference Material (CRM) for radionuclides in seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) from the Baltic Sea (IAEA-446) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. The (40)K, (137)Cs, (234)U and (239+240)Pu radionuclides were certified for this material, and information values for 12 other radionuclides ((90)Sr, (99)Tc, (210)Pb ((210)Po), (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (228)Th, (230)Th, (232)Th, (235)U, (238)U, (239)Pu and (240)Pu) are presented. The CRM can be used for Quality Assurance/Quality Control of analysis of radionuclides in seaweed and other biota samples, as well as for development and validation of analytical methods, and for training purposes.
Asunto(s)
Algas Marinas/química , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/análisis , Países Bálticos , Estándares de Referencia , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Agua/normasRESUMEN
A new Certified Reference Material (CRM) for radionuclides in sediment (IAEA-385) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. Eleven radionuclides ((40)K, (137)Cs, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (230)Th, (232)Th, (234)U, (238)U, (238)Pu, (239+240)Pu and (241)Am) have been certified and information mass activities with 95% confidence intervals are given for seven other radionuclides ((90)Sr, (210)Pb((210)Po), (235)U, (239)Pu, (240)Pu and (241)Pu). Results for less frequently reported radionuclides ((60)Co, (99)Tc, (134)Cs, (155)Eu, (224)Ra and (239)Np) and information on some activity and mass ratios are also reported. The CRM can be used for quality assurance/quality control of the analysis of radionuclides in sediment samples, for the development and validation of analytical methods and for training purposes.
Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/análisis , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Monitoreo de Radiación/normas , Radioisótopos/análisis , Radioisótopos/normas , Irlanda , Océanos y Mares , Dosis de Radiación , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
A certified reference material (CRM) for radionuclides in fish sample IAEA-414 (mixed fish from the Irish Sea and North Seas) is described and the results of the certification process are presented. Nine radionuclides (40K, 137Cs, 232Th, 234U, 235U, 238U, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am) were certified for this material. Information on massic activities with 95% confidence intervals is given for six other radionuclides (90Sr, 210Pb(210Po), 226Ra, 239Pu, 240Pu 241Pu). Less frequently reported radionuclides (99Tc, 129I, 228Th, 230Th and 237Np) and information on some activity and mass ratios are also included. The CRM can be used for quality assurance/quality control of the analysis of radionuclides in fish sample, for the development and validation of analytical methods and for training purposes. The material is available from IAEA, Vienna, in 100 g units.
