Characterization of the coliform and enteric bacilli in the environment of calves with colibacillosis.

In the first part of the present study the coliform and enteric bacilli in the environment of calves with colibacillosis were examined. The occurrence, number, and pathogenic properties of Escherichia coli in barnyard soils were obtained from six cattle ranches. The O and K serogroups of E. coli isolates obtained from the feces of calves with colibacillosis born at these cattle ranches were determined, and their serotypes were compared with the E. coli O and K serotypes found in soils. The results showed a reservoir of potentially pathogenic E. coli in barnyard soils contaminated with bovine feces. For the second part of this study, 6 healthy calves and 51 calves with colibacillosis were studied. The numbers of total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, total streptococci, fecal streptococci, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms in the feces of calves were determined. In addition, coliform and enteric bacilli from the feces of both healthy and diseased calves were identified, and their indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate (IMViC) types were described. In parallel, the IMViC types of coliform and enteric bacilli isolated from barnyard soils previously contaminated with bovine feces were compared with those isolated from uncontaminated soils. All fecal specimens were also examined for the presence of rotavirus. No significant effect on the numbers of the bacterial types was found. The results suggest that the predominant IMViC types found in the feces of calves with colibacillosis originate from the soil. From this study it is apparent that the occurrence, number, and survival of E. coli in barnyard soils is related to ranch husbandry and sanitary practices.

Analysis of ovine colostrum to detect antibody against progressive pneumonia virus.

Immunoglobulins were isolated and purified from the colostrum and serum of progressive pneumonia virus infected sheep and also from non-infected control sheep. Four classes of immunoglobulins were isolated from sheep colostrum (IgG1, IgG2, IgA and Ig10s). Three classes of immunoglobulins were isolated from sheep serum (IgG1, IgG2 and IgM). Low levels of virus neutralizing activity were demonstrated only in the whole serum and purified serum IgG1 preparations. No complement fixing activity was detected in any of the antibody preparations from colostrum.

Neonatal bovine enteritis: detection of rotavirus by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for rotavirus were performed on 253 calf gut and fecal specimens from eastern North Dakota. Rotavirus antigen was detected in 29 specimens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and in 52 specimens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis-positive specimens were positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The counterimmunoelectrophoresis and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using a rabbit antirotavirus antibodies produced a golf ball-induced granuloma, were rapid and specific tests for the detection of rotavirus.

Evaluation of the agar-gel immunodiffusion test for the detection of precipitating antibodies against progressive pneumonia virus of sheep.

Various cell cultures were evaluated for their ability to support progressive pneumonia virus infection in vitro. Ovine trachea cells supported progressive pneumonia virus infection for an extended time,were extremely durable and could be passaged up until 30 passages. Progressive pneumonia virus infected ovine trachea cells were then used for the production of antigen for agar-gel immunodiffusion. A method for concentrating antigen, diafiltration, was compared to dialysis against polyethylene glycol. Using diafiltration, the concentrated virus was easily quantitated, less viscous (and therefore easier to apply) and only produced one precipitation line. Agar-gel immunodiffusion was used to survey 401 animals from two sheep flocks. One flock (96 sheep) was free of progressive pneumonia while the other flock had 111 of 305 total animals positive for precipitating antibodies. The incidence of precipitating antibodies in sheep ranged from 23% for yearling ewes to 80% in ewes seven years old.

Evaluation of pseudorabies viral antigens in the agar gel immunodiffusion test.

Procedures designed to extract pseudorabies viral (PRV) antigens from PRV-infected tissue cultures were investigated to determine whether differences in extraction method had an effect upon the final concentrated antigenic product. All four of the preparations made from PRV-infected tissue culture cells (trypsin extract and disrupted cells) or entire PRV-infected cultures (polysorbate 80 extract and (NH4)2SO4 precipitate) contained relatively large amounts of the same antigen, whereas cell-free PRV-infected tissue culture fluids did not contain significant amounts of this antigen. Specific antibody directed against this antigen was present in all PRV antisera tested. Two other antigens were observed in some of the preparations, but PRV antisera varied in their ability to precipitate with these antigens. Therefore, the number of precipitation lines observed in agar gel immunodiffusion between PRV preparations and PRV-positive antisera depended both upon the extraction method used to obtain the antigen and upon the specificity of the selected antiserum.

Elevated concentrations in serum immunoglobulins due to infection by ovine progressive pneumonia virus.

Sixty-seven serum samples were obtained from 2 sheep flocks. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was used to separate progressive pneumonia virus (PPV)-infected sheep from noninfected sheep by the presence of precipitating antibodies. Immunoglobulin (Ig), total protein, and albumin concentrations were then measured from all 67 sera to determine whether differences existed between PPV-infected and non-infected sheep. A significant difference (P less than 0.0005) was found in both total protein and Ig concentration between PPV-infected and noninfected sheep. This corresponding difference was absent in albumin measurements. The significant differences (P less than 0.0005) in Ig and total protein concentrations were then used to evaluate a field test for diagnosing progressive pneumonia. The possibility of using either total protein or Ig concentrations as a field test was found to be highly unlikely due to variation in individual values.

Technique for In-vitro Evaluation of Release of Antibiotics into Milk from Carrier Vehicle 1.

An apparatus to determine the rate of release of chemotherapeutics from vehicles was developed. It consists of a semi-permeable chamber within a larger glass chamber. The semi-permeable chamber has direct contact with milk within the glass chamber. Preliminary evaluation for rapidity of release of chemotherapeutics by vehicles, in decreasing amount of antibiotic released, showed them to be water, sesame oil, sweet cream butter, peanut oil with aluminum monostearate, lanolin and petrolatum.

Simplified method for efficient intravascular inoculation of chicken embryos.

The simple syringe-stabilizer unit described in this note provides a means for rapid intravascular inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs with minimal embryonic death from vascular trauma.

Effects of swab materials on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

The recovery rates of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from swab materials were compared. The adsorptive and elutive properties of cotton, polyester, and calcium alginate wool were examined by direct exposure of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus to swab materials in buffered tissue culture medium. Calcium alginate wool was virucidal; this was apparent after 2 hours' exposure. Cotton and polyester swab materials exhibited little virucidal effects. The addition of wooden applicator sticks with the swab materials reduced viral titers further.

Effects of crude extracts of various plants on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-plaque production.

Extracts of 28 plants were tested without demonstable antiviral activity in an agar-overlay plaque-reduction antiviral assay system, using infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine endocardial cell cultures. Ethanolic extract of Narcissus tazetta L bulb elicited antiviral activity by inhibition of viral plaque formation. Antiviral activity was demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and equine rhinopneumonitis viruses. Narcissus tazetta L bulb did not directly inactivate the virus extracellularly. The extract exhibited only limited toxicity to rapidly multiplying bovine endocardial cells at plaque-inhibitory levels and was not cytoxic to preformed confluent cell monolayers. Narcissus extract did not induce the formation of drug-resistant viral strains.

Evaluation of inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines.

Sixty-five calves of approximately three months of age and of mixed sex were vaccinated twice at four week intervals with either attenuated or inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. Following initial vaccination there was no demonstrable serum infectious bovine rhinotracheitis titer in any of the calves receiving the inactivated vaccine with 20.7% of the calves receiving the attenuated vaccines having demonstrable titers. Following a second administration of vaccine at eight weeks post-initial vaccination 63.9% of the calves receiving the inactivated vaccine had no demonstrable titer with 72.4% of the calves receiving the attenuated vaccine exhibiting a blood titer of four or greater.

Membrane concentration of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from water.

A membrane adsorption procedure was used to concentrate infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from 1-liter quantities of distilled water. Cellulose nitrate membrane filters (0.45-mum pore size) efficiently adsorbed this herpesvirus from water, and virus was recovered from the membrane by elution with 10 ml of fetal calf serum during sonic treatment. The average recovery rate was 70%.

Antibody response in calves following administration of attenuated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccines.

The serum antibody response of calves vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis by the intramuscular route was compared to calves vaccinated subcutaneously. Immunological response in the calves as determined by serum neutralization tests was highly variable; however, a significantly greater percentage (87.5%) of the calves inoculated subcutaneously responded to vaccination by producing a four-week post-vaccinal serum titer of two or higher as compared to only 47.8% of the calves that were vaccinated intramuscularly. Of those calves that were vaccinated a second time, all maintained or had produced titers of two or higher within four weeks after the second immunization. However, the existing circulating serum antibody titers resulting from the first vaccination of nine of 22 calves were lowered by repeat vaccination.