[The Swiss border veterinary service in the 20th century]. / Der grenztierärztliche Dienst der Schweiz im 20. Jahrhundert.

INTRODUCTION: The first animal disease act of Switzerland was released in 1872. Its revision in 1886 brought the basis for establishing a border veterinary inspection service. This service was first reporting to the federal Ministry of Agriculture; after 1914, the newly created Federal Veterinary Office became responsible for it. The border checks were first limited to live biungulate animals and horses; later on they were extended to meat and meat products and finally to venison and fishery products. At the beginning, part-time veterinarians with own practice were engaged. As the traffic increased, full time border veterinary inspectors joined the team; these were mainly active at the most important border posts (like Basel, St. Margrethen, Buchs, Chiasso, Geneva, more recently the international airports). The border veterinary inspection service, including the relevant instruction of the personnel, was (and is) financed with weight depending fees which included until 1966 a fee intended for financing the efforts to control livestocks epidemics.

[Open Borders for Alpine Pastures: The History of the Pacage Franco- Suisse]. / Offene Grenzen für das Vieh: Die Geschichte des Weidegangs beidseits der schweizerisch-französischen Grenze.

INTRODUCTION: Alpine transhumance and summer grazing of animals on both sides of the French-Swiss border has a long tradition. The Bernese authorities first regulated the movement of animals across the French border in the 18th century due to outbreaks of epidemics. At that time the importation of cattle from the "Franche-Comté" was forbidden, but grazing on the French side of the border remained allowed. The 1912 agreement, relating to grazing on both sides of the border, was used for decades as a guideline to ensure the open communication and close cooperation of the veterinary and customs authorities of both countries with regard to border traffic. During World War I the movement across the border was temporarily stopped, whereas it remained open during World War II. During the last two decades of the 20th century problems have arisen due to IBR/ IPV from the Swiss, and BSE from the French point of view. In 1996, France annulled the 1912 agreement without any negative impact on the movement of animals across the border. As of 1999, the EU communitarian veterinary regulations apply, and veterinary border inspections have been abolished.

La transhumance à travers la frontière franco-suisse a une longue tradition. Le trafic était déjà réglementé au 18e siècle quand les bernois, lors de l'apparition de maladies contagieuses, interdisaient l'importation de bovins en provenance de la Franche-Comté, mais soutenaient l'estivage au-delà de la frontière. Pendant des décennies, l'Arrangement pour le pacage sur les pâturages situés des deux côtés de la frontière, conclu en 1912, a été la base pour un bon fonctionnement de ce trafic et une coopération étroite entre vétérinaires et douaniers des deux pays. Le trafic était interrompu pendant la première guerre mondiale, mais il restait possible pendant la deuxième guerre. Des problèmes survenaient dans les deux dernières décennies du 20e siècle, à cause de mesures sanitaires prises par la Suisse (IBR-IPV) et par la France (Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine, ESB). L'arrangement de 1912 a été dénoncé par la France en 1996. Depuis 1999, les prescriptions sur le trafic intracommunautaire sont applicables, et les contrôles vétérinaires de frontière ont été supprimés.

Fucosylation of glycoproteins begins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of mouse active thyrotrophs.

Our aim was to determine whether fucosylation of glycoproteins begins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of active thyrotrophs. This would contrast with most cells studied, in which fucosylation generally is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Mouse thyrotropic tumor tissue was incubated with [35S]methionine for 2, 5, 7, 10, 30, and 90 minutes. TSH and free alpha-subunits were immunoprecipitated from cell lysates, and they displayed a time-dependent increase in affinity for lentil lectin (which binds oligosaccharides having core fucose), even at short times. Since no 20-30 minute lag in onset of TSH- and free alpha-subunit-lentil binding was appreciated, as might have been expected had fucosylation begun only in the Golgi, it appeared that fucosylation was beginning in the RER of thyrotrophs. Pituitary tissue from euthyroid and hypothyroid mice was incubated with [3H]fucose, then subjected to electron microscopic autoradiography. The pituitaries of hypothyroid mice had numerous "thyroidectomy cells," which had 40% of silver grains over dilated cisternae of RER. "Nonthyroidectomy" cells had few silver grains over RER; most were over secretory granules and Golgi areas. Thus, active mouse thyrotrophs appear to shift the subcellular site of fucosylation partially from Golgi to RER, and this phenomenon may represent one cellular mechanism whereby the endocrine regulation of the structure of TSH oligosaccharides is accomplished.