The Distribution, Diversity, and Control of Dirofilariosis in Brazil: A Comprehensive Review.

Brazil's extensive coastline, tropical and subtropical climate, and well-preserved environment represent a conducive setting for dirofilariosis, a zoonotic mosquito-borne disease. Although this condition has long been recognised in the country, it has been relatively under-studied, and it is currently considered to be an emerging disease. Diagnosis, treatment, and control remain challenging due to the extensive gaps in knowledge. In order to help address this issue, this review aims to (i) summarise the available literature on the distribution of Dirofilaria spp. in Brazilian dogs over the last decade, (ii) review case reports of dirofilariosis in cats, wild animals, and humans over the last twenty years, and (iii) highlight the benefits of taking a One Health approach to managing this disease. While there have been several prevalence studies in dogs, disease distribution is poorly characterised in cats, and little is known about the occurrence of the parasite in wildlife. Human cases are sporadically reported, and no large-scale studies have been undertaken to date. Evidence indicates that Dirofilaria immitis is the main species circulating in Brazil, although Dirofilaria repens has also been detected. Molecular studies have also suggested the circulation of a highly virulent form of D. immitis, which may be genetically distinct from those of the Old World. A programme of epidemiological, ecological, genomic, and pathogenicity-based studies is required to quantify the impact of dirofilariosis in Brazil on both veterinary and public health and to inform others on its control.

Effect of Supplementation of Lambs with Whole Cottonseed: Impact on Serum Biomarkers and Infection by Gastrointestinal Parasites under Field Conditions.

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and biochemical analytes in crossbred lambs during the rearing phase in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) to control gastrointestinal parasites. The experiment used 36 crossbred lambs (cross: Ile de France × White Dorper × Texel) divided into two groups. The WCS group was supplemented with whole cottonseed (WCS), and controls had no supplementation. Body weight, blood collection, and fecal analysis of nematode eggs and Eimeria oocysts counting per gram of feces were performed for each animal within 84 days of experiment. The following serum analytes were determined: total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, haptoglobin, and 10 oxidative stress biomarkers: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, thiol, uric acid, paraoxonase-1, total oxidant status, ferric-xylenol orange, advanced oxidation protein products, and reactive oxygen metabolites derived compounds. The inclusion of WCS suggested the benefit in controlling infection as well as inducing an increase in antioxidants and a decrease in oxidants in lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites. The combination of WCS and ICLS could be a useful tool in controlling gastrointestinal parasite infection without affecting the production performance.

Perfil psicossocial de acumuladores de animais e implicações na saúde pública / Psychosocial profile of animal accumulators and public health implications / Perfil psicosocial de acumuladores animales e implicaciones en salud pública

O acúmulo de animais nos domicílios humanos é um tópico emergente no contexto de Saúde Única, caracterizado como um transtorno mental, no qual o indivíduo possui dificuldades em se desfazer de seus animais. O ambiente em que os animais habitam costuma ser insalubre, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de doenças e o comprometimento do bem-estar animal, infringindo direitos legais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar cinco residências no município de Botucatu, nas quais haviam mais de dez animais. Foram realizadas visitas nessas residências e feita a colheita de fezes dos animais para pesquisar parasitas como: Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris spp. e Giardia spp., além disso aplicou-se um protocolo de perícia para avaliar o Bem-Estar Animal, segundo a adaptação do protocolo desenvolvido por Hammerschmidt (12) no qual o Bem-Estar é classificado em: muito alto, alto, regular, baixo e muito baixo, além disso foi elaborada uma entrevista para identificar fatores epidemiológicos sobre os acumuladores de animais. Foi constatado, por meio de exames coproparasitológicos, principalmente a presença de Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora sp. e Giardia spp., em relação ao Bem-estar Animal identificou-se três residências com classificação regular e uma com classificação alto. Já nas entrevistas constatamos o predomínio do sexo masculino, sendo que 60% dos entrevistados eram casados e havia o predomínio do acúmulo de cães e as justificativas para o acúmulo recairam sobre a reprodução indesejada e questões afetivas. Destacamos a importância do médico veterinário para intervir nessas situações, devido ao conhecimento sanitário relacionado à saúde pública, sobretudo em relação as doenças zoonóticas que podem estar presentes nesses ambientes, além do conhecimento que sobre Medicina Veterinária Legal com a intenção de identificar possíveis infrações que possam estar sendo cometidas e consequentemente afetando o Bem-Estar animal. Por fim, ressalta-se a necessidade da abordagem multiprofissional do assunto possibilitando que haja um ambiente em que tanto o animal como os humanos possam desfrutar de condições adequadas de saúde.(AU)

The accumulation of animals in homes is an emerging topic in the context of One Health, characterized as a mental disorder, in which the hoarder has difficulties in getting rid of his animals. The environment in which animals live is usually unhealthy, favoring the development of diseases and compromising animal welfare, infringing legal rights. The present study aimed to evaluate five residences in the municipality of Botucatu in which there were more than ten animals. Visits were made, and animal feces were collected for endoparasites research by the coproparasitological methods of simple flotation to detect helminth eggs and by the method of centrifugation-flotation in zinc sulfate to detect protozoan oocysts and cysts. An expertise protocol was also applied to evaluate animal welfare, according to an adaptation of the Hammerschmidt protocol, in which welfare is classified into levels: very high, high, regular, low, and very low. An interview was also conducted to identify characteristics of the hoarders. The presence of Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora sp. and Giardia spp. was verified by fecal examination. Regarding animal welfare, three residences were identified as regular, and one as high. In the interviews we observed a predominance of male hoarders, 60% were married, and there was a predominance of dog hoarding. The justifications for the accumulation were unwanted reproduction and affective issues. We highlight the importance of the veterinarian to intervene in these situations, by the knowledge, as to the zoo-sanitary management related mainly to public health, especially in relation to zoonotic diseases that may be present in these environments, in addition to the knowledge about Veterinary Forensic Medicine, to identify possible infractions that may be being committed and consequently affecting the welfare of animals. We emphasize the need for a multiprofessional approach to the subject in order to create a favorable environment in which both animals and humans can have quality of life, avoiding the occurrence of diseases for both(AU)

La acumulación de animales en los hogares es un tema emergente en el contexto de One Health, caracterizado como un trastorno mental, en el que el acaparador tiene dificultades para deshacerse de sus animales. El entorno en el que viven los animales suele ser insalubre, lo que favorece el desarrollo de enfermedades y el deterioro del bienestar animal, infringiendo los derechos legales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar cinco hogares del municipio de Botucatu, en los que había más de diez animales. Se realizaron visitas y se recogieron heces de animales para la investigación de endoparásitos mediante los métodos coproparasitológicos de flotación simple para detectar huevos de helmintos y mediante el método de centrifugación-flotación en sulfato de zinc para detectar ooquistes y quistes de protozoos. También se aplicó un protocolo de peritaje para evaluar el bienestar de los animales, según una adaptación del protocolo de Hammerschmidt, en el que el bienestar se clasifica en niveles: muy alto, alto, regular, bajo y muy bajo. También se realizó una entrevista para identificar las características de los acaparadores. La presencia de Ancylostoma spp., Cystoisospora sp. y Giardia spp. se observó principalmente en las heces. En cuanto al bienestar de los animales, se identificaron tres residencias con una clasificación regular y una con un nivel alto. En las entrevistas se observó un predominio de acumuladores masculinos, el 60% estaban casados y había un predominio de acumulación de perros. Las justificaciones de la acumulación eran la reproducción no deseada y las cuestiones afectivas. Destaca la importancia del veterinario para intervenir en estas situaciones, por el conocimiento, en cuanto a la gestión zoo-sanitaria relacionada principalmente con la salud pública, sobre todo en relación con las enfermedades zoonóticas que pueden estar presentes en estos entornos, además del conocimiento que, sobre la Medicina Forense Veterinaria, para identificar las posibles infracciones que se puedan estar cometiendo y que consecuentemente afecten al bienestar de los animales. Destacamos la necesidad de un enfoque multiprofesional sobre el tema abordado, que permita un entorno favorable en el que tanto los animales como los humanos puedan tener calidad de vida, evitando la aparición de enfermedades para ambos.(AU)

Changes in Serum Thiol-Disulphide Homeostasis in Sheep with Gastrointestinal Nematodes.

This work aimed to evaluate the thiol-disulphide homeostasis in serum of lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes presenting different levels of parasite load indirectly indicated by faecal worm egg counts (EPG). Furthermore, the possible changes in the thiol-disulphide dynamic after different procedures to reduce the parasitic charge, such as the integrated crop-livestock system or anthelmintic treatment, were assessed. The results were compared with a panel of various oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. The lambs were divided into three groups: animals highly infected (EPG higher than 5000) and packed cell volume (PCV) lower than 24% (G1); animals highly infected (EPG higher than 5000) and normal PCV (>24%) (G2); and animals presenting EPG lower than 5000 and normal PCV (>24%) (G3). The highly infected lambs (G1 and G2) showed lower total thiol (TT) and native thiol (SH) (p ≤ 0.01) than those from G3. After treatment, TT and SH increased significantly in all groups (p ≤ 0.01), and the disulphide (SS)/TT and SS/SH ratios decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in G1 and G2. These results show that the thiol-disulphide balance was impaired in lambs infected by gastrointestinal nematodes and that it could be potentially used as a biomarker to monitor this disease.

Epidemiological aspects of Ancylostoma spp. infection in naturally infected dogs from São Paulo state, Brazil.

Ancylostoma spp. are the most prevalent canine nematode parasites in Brazil. Despite their widespread parasitism in juvenile dogs, infections may occur regardless of host age. Although eosinophilia is a frequent finding in experimental infections, it is uncommon in naturally infected dogs. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and the eosinophil blood counts (EBC) in naturally infected dogs, with or without comorbidities, admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu campus, São Paulo state, Brazil, from 2009 to 2018. All retrospective data were gathered from veterinary medical records (VMR); diagnosis of Ancylostoma infection required the identification of eggs in fecal samples by the simple flotation test (SFT). Ancylostoma-infected animals were evaluated for other intestinal parasitic coinfections (IPC) by either the SFT or the centrifugal-flotation test. Dogs free of any gastro-intestinal parasites were prospectively included in control group (Group C). Ancylostoma-infected animals were defined: Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection (Group A), Ancyslostoma spp. with concurrent IPC (Group B), Ancylostoma spp. only intestinal parasite infection with concurrent systemic disorders (Group D), and Ancylostoma spp. with both IPC and concurrent systemic disorders (Group E). The overall prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. was 12.1% (207/1715), that was decreased from 2014 to 2018 (9.7%) relative to the 2009-to-2013 period (13.9%). Prevalence was not significantly different between dogs <1-year-old (10.7% [51/478]) and ≥ 1 year-old (11.7% [130/1109]). IPC was observed in 45.4% (93/205) of the animals positive for Ancylostoma spp., while dogs <1 year old experienced IPC more often (58.8% [30/51]) than dogs ≥1 year old (38.5% [50/130]) (P = 0.02). Group A (n = 35) exhibited median EBC of 1.05 × 109/L, and an eosinophilia ratio of 34.3% that was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Group C (0.45 × 109/L and 4.1%, respectively). Both variables did not differ in Group B (n = 20), D (n = 39) or E (n = 36) in comparison to Group C (P > 0.05). By ROC curve analysis, only Group A generated a significant area under the curve (0.72). With EBC cutoff of 0.85 × 109 eosinophils/L, sensitivity and specificity were 65.7% and 70.8%, respectively. Eosinophil counts alone may be helpful in raising suspicion of an Ancylostoma spp. infection if further intestinal parasites and concurrent disorders are absent. However, local prevalence data and epidemiological findings should also be evaluated, since eosinophilia is less frequently observed with Ancylostoma spp. infections in the presence of comorbidities.

Estudo retrospectivo e comparativo da prevalência de Giardia sp. em cães, gatos e pequenos ruminantes em áreas endêmicas em diferentes estados brasileiros / Retrospective and comparative study of Giardia sp. prevalence in dogs, cats, and small ruminants in endemic areas in different Brazilian states

Background: Giardia, an intestinal parasite of asexual reproduction, is an important etiologic agent of diarrhea in animals andhumans, transmitted by orofecal route. The disease caused by this agent, giardiasis, is endemic in the world and representingan important public health problem. The aim of the present study was do a retrospective study to determine the prevalence ofGiardia sp. in fecal samples from dogs, cats, sheep and goats (small ruminants) evaluated at FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP. Inaddition, this study presents a review of the literature on the prevalence of this protozoan in dogs, cats and small ruminants indifferent states of Brazil, according to the environmental of these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: During 2011 to 2017, 2,698 fecal samples of dogs, 359 fecal samples of cats and 320 fecalsamples of goats and sheep were analyzed. A total of 18.9% of the dogs, 24.8% of the cats, and 6.6% of the goats and sheep werepositive for Giardia sp. Only previous studies that used the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation (Faust technique) were includedfor comparation of prevalence. The prevalence of Giardia sp. in samples of centrifugation-fluctuation in zinc sulfate was similarin dogs, higher in cats and lower for small ruminants when compared to previous investigations. 4.4% and 6.7% of the positivesamples from dogs and cats, respectively, were associated with some co-infection. Co-infections by Cystoisospora spp., Ancylostoma spp. and/ or Toxocara spp. were the most common for dogs and cats.Discussion: This study reveals the presence of Giardia sp. in different animal species...(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo e comparativo da prevalência de Giardia sp. em cães, gatos e pequenos ruminantes em áreas endêmicas em diferentes estados brasileiros / Retrospective and comparative study of Giardia sp. prevalence in dogs, cats, and small ruminants in endemic areas in different Brazilian states

Background: Giardia, an intestinal parasite of asexual reproduction, is an important etiologic agent of diarrhea in animals andhumans, transmitted by orofecal route. The disease caused by this agent, giardiasis, is endemic in the world and representingan important public health problem. The aim of the present study was do a retrospective study to determine the prevalence ofGiardia sp. in fecal samples from dogs, cats, sheep and goats (small ruminants) evaluated at FMVZ Unesp, Botucatu, SP. Inaddition, this study presents a review of the literature on the prevalence of this protozoan in dogs, cats and small ruminants indifferent states of Brazil, according to the environmental of these animals.Materials, Methods & Results: During 2011 to 2017, 2,698 fecal samples of dogs, 359 fecal samples of cats and 320 fecalsamples of goats and sheep were analyzed. A total of 18.9% of the dogs, 24.8% of the cats, and 6.6% of the goats and sheep werepositive for Giardia sp. Only previous studies that used the zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation (Faust technique) were includedfor comparation of prevalence. The prevalence of Giardia sp. in samples of centrifugation-fluctuation in zinc sulfate was similarin dogs, higher in cats and lower for small ruminants when compared to previous investigations. 4.4% and 6.7% of the positivesamples from dogs and cats, respectively, were associated with some co-infection. Co-infections by Cystoisospora spp., Ancylostoma spp. and/ or Toxocara spp. were the most common for dogs and cats.Discussion: This study reveals the presence of Giardia sp. in different animal species...

Epidemiologia Dos Endoparasitas Em Bovinos: Uma Visão Do Brasil E Do Mundo / Epidemiology Of Endoparasites In Bovines: A View Of Brazil And Of The World

Em bovinos, as enfermidades parasitárias causam prejuízos econômicos e produtivos significativos. Além disso, comprometem a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Tratando-se mais especificamente dos endoparasitas, um fator agravante é a apresentação insidiosa da doença, e assim, são subdiagnosticados e/ou negligenciados. Por isso, a realização de estudos epidemiológicos de parasitas são ferramentas úteis para a identificação das espécies de helmintos, bem como para avaliar as suas prevalências e os graus de infecção nos animais. Com base nessas informações, medidas de profilaxia e prevenção podem ser mais bem delineadas. Apesar da relevância destes tipos de estudos, há escassez de resultados recentes e atualizados sobre a situação de rebanhos bovinos frente ao parasitismo. Desta maneira, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento retrospectivo de estudos epidemiológicos versando sobre endoparasitas nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, bem como de outros países de clima semelhante ao do Brasil, que foram categorizadas de acordo com seus climas tropical, subtropical e temperado.(AU)

In bovines, parasitic diseases cause significant economic and productivity damage. Furthermore, they compromise animal health and well-being. In the more specific case of endoparasites, one aggravating factor is the insidious presentation of the disease that renders it underdiagnosed and/or neglected. For this reason, epidemiological studies of parasites serve as useful tools for the identification of species of helminths, and for evaluating their prevalences and degrees of infection in animals. These data enable better delineation of preventive and prophylactic measures. Despite the relevance of these types of studies, recent updated results on the situation of bovine herds exposed to parasitism are scarce. Thus, the present work aimed to perform a retrospective survey of epidemiological studies examining endoparasites in different regions of Brazil, which also included international data, with countries categorized according to climates (tropical, subtropical and temperate).(AU)

Epidemiologia Dos Endoparasitas Em Bovinos: Uma Visão Do Brasil E Do Mundo / Epidemiology Of Endoparasites In Bovines: A View Of Brazil And Of The World

Em bovinos, as enfermidades parasitárias causam prejuízos econômicos e produtivos significativos. Além disso, comprometem a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Tratando-se mais especificamente dos endoparasitas, um fator agravante é a apresentação insidiosa da doença, e assim, são subdiagnosticados e/ou negligenciados. Por isso, a realização de estudos epidemiológicos de parasitas são ferramentas úteis para a identificação das espécies de helmintos, bem como para avaliar as suas prevalências e os graus de infecção nos animais. Com base nessas informações, medidas de profilaxia e prevenção podem ser mais bem delineadas. Apesar da relevância destes tipos de estudos, há escassez de resultados recentes e atualizados sobre a situação de rebanhos bovinos frente ao parasitismo. Desta maneira, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento retrospectivo de estudos epidemiológicos versando sobre endoparasitas nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, bem como de outros países de clima semelhante ao do Brasil, que foram categorizadas de acordo com seus climas tropical, subtropical e temperado.

In bovines, parasitic diseases cause significant economic and productivity damage. Furthermore, they compromise animal health and well-being. In the more specific case of endoparasites, one aggravating factor is the insidious presentation of the disease that renders it underdiagnosed and/or neglected. For this reason, epidemiological studies of parasites serve as useful tools for the identification of species of helminths, and for evaluating their prevalences and degrees of infection in animals. These data enable better delineation of preventive and prophylactic measures. Despite the relevance of these types of studies, recent updated results on the situation of bovine herds exposed to parasitism are scarce. Thus, the present work aimed to perform a retrospective survey of epidemiological studies examining endoparasites in different regions of Brazil, which also included international data, with countries categorized according to climates (tropical, subtropical and temperate).

Quantitative proteomic profiling of bovine follicular fluid during follicle development.

Bovine follicular fluid (FF) constitutes the microenvironment of follicles and includes various biologically active proteins. We performed a study involving 18 healthy nonlactating Holstein cows to determine the protein expression profile of FF at key stages of follicular development. Follicles were individually aspirated in vivo at predeviation (F1 ∼ 7.0 mm), deviation (F1 ∼ 8.5 mm), postdeviation (F1 ∼ 12.0 mm), and preovulatory stages of follicle development, which were confirmed by measurement of follicular estradiol and progesterone concentrations. The FFs from nine cows were selected for proteomic analysis. After albumin depletion, triplicates of pooled FF were reduced, alkylated, and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were labeled with TMTsixplex and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. A total of 143 proteins were identified and assigned to a variety of biological processes, including response to stimulus and metabolic processes. Twenty-two differentially (P < 0.05) expressed proteins were found between stages indicating intrafollicular changes over development, with expected deviation time critical to modulate the protein expression. For instance, high concentrations of follistatin, inhibin, serglycin, spondin-1, fibrinogen, and anti-testosterone antibody were found during early stages of follicular development. In contrast, apolipoprotein H, alpha-2-macroglobulin, plasminogen, antithrombin-III, and immunoglobulins were increased after deviation. Among the differentially abundant proteins, 19 were found to be associated with steroidogenesis. Pathway analysis identified proteins that were mainly associated with the acute phase response signaling, coagulation system, complement system, liver/retinoid X receptor activation, and biosynthesis of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen. The differentially expressed proteins provide insights into the size-dependent protein changes in the ovarian follicle microenvironment that could influence follicular function.

Dinâmica pré e pós-colostral de parâmetros bioquímicos em cordeiros / Pre and post-colostral dynamics of biochemical parameters in lambs

This study aimed to verify the influence of colostrum in serum biochemical parameters in newborn lambs. Blood samples were taken of 28 lambs, determining the protein, energy and kidney function indicators, bilirrubins and the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK), in pre and post-colostrum moments. The data were analyzed comparing the variability of the parameters between the two moments. There was an elevation (P 0.001) in total protein concentrations, in response to substantial increase (P 0.01) in total globulin levels, and a slight decrease (P 0.05) in albumin concentration, after colostral intake. We also observed higher values of total and conjugated bilirubins (P 0.001), and variation of kidney metabolites, with an elevation of urea levels (P 0.01) concomitant to decrease of creatinine values (P 0.001) in the post-colostrum moment. There was an increase (P 0.001) in glycemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as of the enzymatic activities (P 0.001) of AST and GGT, between the moments evaluated. In conclusion, the dynamics of biochemical profile in newborn lambs suffers the effect of colostrum intake and of adaptations of physiological functions to extrauterine life. The parameters values vary markedly in the postnatal period,being recommended to use proper reference values for this phase.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do colostro nos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos em cordeiros recém-nascidos. Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de 28 cordeiros, determinando-se os indicadores proteicos, energéticos, de função renal, bilirrubinas e as enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) e creatina quinase (CK), nos momentos pré e pós-colostro. Os dados foram analisados comparando-se a variabilidade dos parâmetros entre os dois momentos. Houve elevação (P 0,001) das concentrações de proteínas totais, em resposta ao forte aumento (P 0,01) dos teores de globulinas totais e ao leve decréscimo (P 0,05) da concentração de albumina, após a ingestão colostral. Também foram observados maiores valores de bilirrubinas total e direta (P 0,001), e variação dos metabólitos renais, com elevação dos níveis de ureia (P 0,01) concomitante à redução dos valores de creatinina (P 0,001), no momento pós-colostro. Houve aumento (P 0,001) da glicemia, de colesterol total e triglicerídeos, bem como das atividades enzimáticas (P 0,001) de AST e GGT, entre os momentos avaliados. Conclui-se que a dinâmica do perfil bioquímico em cordeiros recém-nascidos sofre o efeito da ingestão de colostro e da adaptação das funções fisiológicas à vida extra-uterina. Os valores dos parâmetros variam marcadamente no período pós-natal, sendo recomendável a utilização de valores de referência próprios para esta fase.

Dinâmica pré e pós-colostral de parâmetros bioquímicos em cordeiros / Pre and post-colostral dynamics of biochemical parameters in lambs

This study aimed to verify the influence of colostrum in serum biochemical parameters in newborn lambs. Blood samples were taken of 28 lambs, determining the protein, energy and kidney function indicators, bilirrubins and the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK), in pre and post-colostrum moments. The data were analyzed comparing the variability of the parameters between the two moments. There was an elevation (P 0.001) in total protein concentrations, in response to substantial increase (P 0.01) in total globulin levels, and a slight decrease (P 0.05) in albumin concentration, after colostral intake. We also observed higher values of total and conjugated bilirubins (P 0.001), and variation of kidney metabolites, with an elevation of urea levels (P 0.01) concomitant to decrease of creatinine values (P 0.001) in the post-colostrum moment. There was an increase (P 0.001) in glycemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as of the enzymatic activities (P 0.001) of AST and GGT, between the moments evaluated. In conclusion, the dynamics of biochemical profile in newborn lambs suffers the effect of colostrum intake and of adaptations of physiological functions to extrauterine life. The parameters values vary markedly in the postnatal period,being recommended to use proper reference values for this phase.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do colostro nos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos em cordeiros recém-nascidos. Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de 28 cordeiros, determinando-se os indicadores proteicos, energéticos, de função renal, bilirrubinas e as enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) e creatina quinase (CK), nos momentos pré e pós-colostro. Os dados foram analisados comparando-se a variabilidade dos parâmetros entre os dois momentos. Houve elevação (P 0,001) das concentrações de proteínas totais, em resposta ao forte aumento (P 0,01) dos teores de globulinas totais e ao leve decréscimo (P 0,05) da concentração de albumina, após a ingestão colostral. Também foram observados maiores valores de bilirrubinas total e direta (P 0,001), e variação dos metabólitos renais, com elevação dos níveis de ureia (P 0,01) concomitante à redução dos valores de creatinina (P 0,001), no momento pós-colostro. Houve aumento (P 0,001) da glicemia, de colesterol total e triglicerídeos, bem como das atividades enzimáticas (P 0,001) de AST e GGT, entre os momentos avaliados. Conclui-se que a dinâmica do perfil bioquímico em cordeiros recém-nascidos sofre o efeito da ingestão de colostro e da adaptação das funções fisiológicas à vida extra-uterina. Os valores dos parâmetros variam marcadamente no período pós-natal, sendo recomendável a utilização de valores de referência próprios para esta fase.(AU)

Dinâmica pré e pós-colostral de parâmetros bioquímicos em cordeiros

This study aimed to verify the influence of colostrum in serum biochemical parameters in newborn lambs. Blood samples were taken of 28 lambs, determining the protein, energy and kidney function indicators, bilirrubins and the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and creatine kinase (CK), in pre and post-colostrum moments. The data were analyzed comparing the variability of the parameters between the two moments. There was an elevation (P 0.001) in total protein concentrations, in response to substantial increase (P 0.01) in total globulin levels, and a slight decrease (P 0.05) in albumin concentration, after colostral intake. We also observed higher values of total and conjugated bilirubins (P 0.001), and variation of kidney metabolites, with an elevation of urea levels (P 0.01) concomitant to decrease of creatinine values (P 0.001) in the post-colostrum moment. There was an increase (P 0.001) in glycemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as of the enzymatic activities (P 0.001) of AST and GGT, between the moments evaluated. In conclusion, the dynamics of biochemical profile in newborn lambs suffers the effect of colostrum intake and of adaptations of physiological functions to extrauterine life. The parameters values vary markedly in the postnatal period, being recommended to use proper reference values for this phase.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do colostro nos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos em cordeiros recém-nascidos. Foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas de 28 cordeiros, determinando-se os indicadores proteicos, energéticos, de função renal, bilirrubinas e as enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama-glutamiltransferase (GGT) e creatina quinase (CK), nos momentos pré e pós-colostro. Os dados foram analisados comparando-se a variabilidade dos parâmetros entre os dois momentos. Houve elevação (P 0,001) das concentrações de proteínas totais, em resposta ao forte aumento (P 0,01) dos teores de globulinas totais e ao leve decréscimo (P 0,05) da concentração de albumina, após a ingestão colostral. Também foram observados maiores valores de bilirrubinas total e direta (P 0,001), e variação dos metabólitos renais, com elevação dos níveis de ureia (P 0,01) concomitante à redução dos valores de creatinina (P 0,001), no momento pós-colostro. Houve aumento (P 0,001) da glicemia, de colesterol total e triglicerídeos, bem como das atividades enzimáticas (P 0,001) de AST e GGT, entre os momentos avaliados. Conclui-se que a dinâmica do perfil bioquímico em cordeiros recém-nascidos sofre o efeito da ingestão de colostro e da adaptação das funções fisiológicas à vida extra-uterina. Os valores dos parâmetros variam marcadamente no período pós-natal, sendo recomendável a utilização de valores de referência próprios para esta fase.

Proteínas de fase aguda em cães: possíveis aplicações em cirurgia / Acute phase proteins in dogs: possible applications in surgery / Proteínas de fase aguda en perros: posibles aplicaciones en cirugía

As proteínas de fase aguda (PFA) são um grupo de proteínas do sangue que apresentam alteração nas suas concentrações em animais acometidos por infecções, inflamações, submetidos a trauma cirúrgico ou mesmo o estresse. A magnitude do aumento das proteínas de fase aguda está relacionada à intensidade do trauma cirúrgico. Como a concentração sanguínea das proteínas de fase aguda é diretamente proporcional ao grau de lesão tecidual e/ou de inflamação, espera-se que animais com complicações pós-operatórias apresentem concentrações protéicas mais elevadas. Assim, as PFAS podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas para monitorar a intensidade da resposta inflamatória e como marcadores precoces de complicações pós-operatórias.

The acute phase proteins (APP) are blood proteins that change their serum concentrations in animals with infections, inflamations, trauma, surgery or stress. The magnitude of increase of the APP is related to the intensity of surgical trauma. The serum concentration of the APPs is directly proportional to the degree of tissue injury and/or inflammation. Therefore animals with postsurgical complications will have increasead concentrations of APPs. Thus, the APP concentrations may be an useful tool for evaluate the intensity of the inflammatory response to surgical trauma and as diagnostic markers of early postoperative complications.

Las proteínas de fase aguda (PFA) son un grupo de proteínas de la sangre que muestran cambios en sus concentraciones en los animales que sufren de infecciones, inflamaciones, e trauma quirúrgico. La magnitud del aumento en las proteínas de fase aguda está relacionada con la intensidad del trauma quirúrgico. A medida que la concentración en sangre de las proteínas de fase aguda es directamente proporcional al grado de lesión de los tejidos y / o la inflamación, se espera que los animales con las complicaciones postoperatorias presentan mayores concentraciones de proteína. Por lo tanto, las PFAs puedem usarse como herramientas para supervisar la intensidad de la respuesta inflamatoria como marcadores tempranos de complicaciones postoperatorias.

Proteínas de fase aguda em cadelas com neoplasia mamária / Acute phase proteins in female dogs with mammary tumors

As proteínas de fase aguda (PFA) apresentam concentrações séricas alteradas mediante processos infecciosos, inflamatórios e neoplásicos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as variações séricas das PFA em cadelas portadoras de neoplasia mamária, comparando com a avaliação histológica e leucograma. As PFA foram avaliadas em 45 cadelas com tumor de mama, distribuídas nos grupos neoplasia benigna (n=13), maligna não ulcerada (n=24) e maligna ulcerada (n=8). O grupo controle foi composto por 20 cadelas saudáveis. Foram realizados o teste de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) para identificar as PFA (albumina, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina Hp, α-1 antitripsina e α-1 glicoproteina ácida) e o teste ultrassensível para proteína C reativa (PCR). As pacientes com neoplasia mamária maligna ulcerada apresentaram elevações sérica para PCR e Hp e redução da albumina (P<0,05, One-Way ANOVA e Teste de Dunn). Nessas pacientes, foi observada correlação positiva entre o leucograma inflamatório e o aumento das PFA (P=0,002, Teste de Fisher) e não foram observadas correlações entre as PFA e os subtipos histológicos. Conclui-se que avaliações conjuntas da PCR, Hp e albumina podem ser utilizadas como ferramenta de auxílio diagnóstico e prognóstico em cadelas com neoplasia mamária.

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are serum proteins whose concentrations change after infectious and inflammatory disease, and cancer. The aims of this study were to evaluate changes in APPs concentration and to correlate these findings with histological classification and WBC in female dogs with mammary tumors. APPs were studied in 45 female dogs with mammary tumor distributed in the following groups: benign (n=13), malignant without tumor ulceration (n=24), and malignant with tumor ulceration (n=8). SDS-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis was used to measure APPs concentrations (albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, haptoglobinHp, α-1-acid glycoprotein and α-1-antitrypsin) and ultrasensitive assay was used to evaluate serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients with malignant mammary neoplasia plus ulceration had significant increase of CRP and Hp, and had decreased levels of albumin (P<0.05, One-Way ANOVA and Dunn Test). Positive correlation among APPs and inflammatory leukocytosis were observed (P=0.002, Fisher test). No correlation was observed between APPs and histological subtype. In conclusion, combined changes of CRP, Hp and albumin may be used as a prediagnostic tool and prognosis in dogs with mammary tumors.

Mel e açúcar mascavo na cicatrização de feridas / Honey and brown sugar in wounds healing

O estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficácia do mel e do açúcar mascavo na cicatrização de feridas induzidas cirurgicamente na pele de cobaias, para avaliar o tempo de cicatrização, as variações macroscópicas e microscópicas do tecido cicatricial, a contração das feridas e o grau de contaminação. Quinze cobaias da raça Abissínia, machos inteiros, de seis meses de idade e pesando entre 500 a 850 gramas, foram divididas em três grupos com cinco animais cada, nos quais foram induzidas, cirurgicamente, três feridas em cada animal com dimensão de 1,5cm² e distância entre elas de 1,5cm, na região dorsal. A ferida F1 foi tratada diariamente com mel, a ferida F2 com solução salina 0,9% (controle) e a ferida F3 com o açúcar mascavo. A eutanásia foi realizada no Grupo 1 ao sétimo dia após a cirurgia, no Grupo 2 ao décimo quarto dia e no Grupo 3 no vigésimo primeiro dia após a cirurgia, sendo as biópsias encaminhadas para avaliação histopatológica. Foram também realizados swabs das feridas em todos os grupos no terceiro e sétimo dias após a cirurgia e as amostras enviadas para a cultura e isolamento bacteriano. Concluiu-se que as feridas tratadas com o mel cicatrizaram mais rápido em relação às tratadas com o açúcar mascavo, demonstrando a maior propriedade cicatrizante do mel em relação ao açúcar mascavo.

The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of honey and brown sugar in wounds healing induced in the skin of guinea pigs, to evaluate the healing time, microscopic and macroscopic healing variations, wound contraction and contamination degree. Fifteen guinea pigs, Abyssinia breed, males, six months of age and weighing between 500 to 850 grams, were divided in three groups with five animals each. Three wounds were promoted in each animal, surgical, with 1.5cm² and 1.5cm between them, in the dorsal region. The F1 was treated, daily, with honey, F2 with saline solution 0,9% (control) and F3 with brown sugar. Euthanasia was performed in Group 1 on the seventh day after the surgery, Group 2 on the fourteenth day and the Group 3 on the twenty-first day after the surgery and the biopsies sent to histopathological evaluation. Wounds swabs were made in all groups on the third and seventh days after the surgery and the samples sent for culture and bacterial isolation. The wounds treated with honey healed faster than treated with brown sugar.

Aspectos da normatização legal quanto ao uso de animais noensino da medicina veterinária – pesquisa em universidades doestado do Paraná / Legal aspects of standardization of using anim als in veterinary medicine teaching – researchon universities of Paranááa State, Brazil

O conhecimento das leis relacionadas ao uso de animais no ensino é de fundamental importância paraos Médicos Veterinários, sendo previsto pelo código de ética da Medicina Veterinária. O trabalho tevecomo objetivo pesquisar o conhecimento dos professores e alunos sobre os recursos legais relacionadosao uso de animais no curso de Medicina Veterinária. A pesquisa foi realizada em cinco universidadesdo Estado do Paraná, Brasil, que ministram o curso de Medicina Veterinária. Participaram da mesma,21 professores e 554 alunos das disciplinas de Farmacologia, Fisiologia Animal, Anestesiologia e TécnicaCirúrgica Veterinária. O instrumento de coleta de informações utilizado foi um questionário semi-aberto.Um específico para os professores e outro específico para os alunos. As análises quantitativas e qualitativasdos elementos e evidências resultantes da pesquisa empírica permitiram pronunciar que 95,2%dos professores e 92% alunos, referiram à importância de elaboração de leis que regulamentem o uso deanimais no ensino. Em relação ao conhecimento sobre as leis existentes, 76,2% dos professores e 45% dosalunos afirmaram ter conhecimento de alguma lei relacionada ao uso de animais no ensino. Da importânciae existência de discussão sobre a questão do uso de animais no ensino universitário, 84,7% dos alunosacharam importante a discussão e 58,3% negaram a existência de tal discussão em sua universidade. Amaior parte dos professores que referiram conhecer alguma lei, não a identifica adequadamente pelonúmero ou nome. O conhecimento legal a respeito do uso de animais no ensino mostrou-se escasso einespecífico entre alunos e professores das instituições de ensino em causa.

The knowledge of laws related to the use of animals in education is crucial for veterinarians, and beingpredicted by the code of ethics of veterinary medicine. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge ofteachers and students about the legal resources related to the use animals in Veterinary Medicine course.The survey was conducted in five universities in the State of Parana, Brazil, which have the VeterinaryMedicine course. Twenty one teachers and 554 students participate in this study, from the disciplines ofPharmacology, Animal Physiology, Veterinary Anesthesiology and Veterinary Surgical Technique. The method of information collection was a semi-open questionary, were specific for teachers and anotherone specific for students. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the elements and the empiricalevidence showed that 95.2% of teachers and 92% of students referred the importance of regulation thelaws of using of animals in teaching. Regarding the knowledge of existing laws about the subject, 76.2%of teachers and 45% of students said they had knowledge of any law related to animal using in teaching.Most teachers who reported that yet knowing some law, they didn’t identify the number or the name ofthe law. The legal knowledge regarding the using of animals in teaching is scarce and non specific betweenstudents and teachers of educational institutions concerned.

Aspectos da normatização legal quanto ao uso de animais noensino da medicina veterinária pesquisa em universidades doestado do Paraná / Legal aspects of standardization of using anim als in veterinary medicine teaching researchon universities of Paranááa State, Brazil

O conhecimento das leis relacionadas ao uso de animais no ensino é de fundamental importância paraos Médicos Veterinários, sendo previsto pelo código de ética da Medicina Veterinária. O trabalho tevecomo objetivo pesquisar o conhecimento dos professores e alunos sobre os recursos legais relacionadosao uso de animais no curso de Medicina Veterinária. A pesquisa foi realizada em cinco universidadesdo Estado do Paraná, Brasil, que ministram o curso de Medicina Veterinária. Participaram da mesma,21 professores e 554 alunos das disciplinas de Farmacologia, Fisiologia Animal, Anestesiologia e TécnicaCirúrgica Veterinária. O instrumento de coleta de informações utilizado foi um questionário semi-aberto.Um específico para os professores e outro específico para os alunos. As análises quantitativas e qualitativasdos elementos e evidências resultantes da pesquisa empírica permitiram pronunciar que 95,2%dos professores e 92% alunos, referiram à importância de elaboração de leis que regulamentem o uso deanimais no ensino. Em relação ao conhecimento sobre as leis existentes, 76,2% dos professores e 45% dosalunos afirmaram ter conhecimento de alguma lei relacionada ao uso de animais no ensino. Da importânciae existência de discussão sobre a questão do uso de animais no ensino universitário, 84,7% dos alunosacharam importante a discussão e 58,3% negaram a existência de tal discussão em sua universidade. Amaior parte dos professores que referiram conhecer alguma lei, não a identifica adequadamente pelonúmero ou nome. O conhecimento legal a respeito do uso de animais no ensino mostrou-se escasso einespecífico entre alunos e professores das instituições de ensino em causa.(AU)

The knowledge of laws related to the use of animals in education is crucial for veterinarians, and beingpredicted by the code of ethics of veterinary medicine. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge ofteachers and students about the legal resources related to the use animals in Veterinary Medicine course.The survey was conducted in five universities in the State of Parana, Brazil, which have the VeterinaryMedicine course. Twenty one teachers and 554 students participate in this study, from the disciplines ofPharmacology, Animal Physiology, Veterinary Anesthesiology and Veterinary Surgical Technique. The method of information collection was a semi-open questionary, were specific for teachers and anotherone specific for students. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the elements and the empiricalevidence showed that 95.2% of teachers and 92% of students referred the importance of regulation thelaws of using of animals in teaching. Regarding the knowledge of existing laws about the subject, 76.2%of teachers and 45% of students said they had knowledge of any law related to animal using in teaching.Most teachers who reported that yet knowing some law, they didnt identify the number or the name ofthe law. The legal knowledge regarding the using of animals in teaching is scarce and non specific betweenstudents and teachers of educational institutions concerned.(AU)

Efeitos dos anticoagulantes EDTA e citrato de sódio na contagemde plaquetas e leucócitos de gatos domésticos, em diferentes intervalosde tempo / Effects of the anticoagulants EDTA and sodium citrate on platelet and leukocyte count indomestic cats, in different time intervals

Agregados plaquetários são artefatos comuns em hemogramas de gatos e além de afetar a acurácia dacontagem de plaquetas, podem alterar a contagem de hemácias e leucócitos, com importantes consequênciaspara os cuidados da saúde do animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos anticoagulantesEDTA e citrato de sódio, e do tempo de execução da contagem celular em equipamento automatizado,sobre a quantificação de plaquetas e leucócitos em sangue de gatos. Amostras de sangue de 54 gatos foramcolhidas e acondicionadas em tubos contendo EDTA e citrato de sódio a 3,2%, permanecendo em homogeneizaçãoaté o momento da avaliação laboratorial. As contagens de plaquetas e leucócitos foram realizadasem contador por impedância (BC-2800 Vet-Mindray®) em três momentos: imediatamente após (TZ) e uma(T1) e duas (T2) horas após a colheita. Também foram avaliados os histogramas, e realizada a contagemmanual de leucócitos de 32 amostras. A contagem de plaquetas foi significativamente inferior (p< 0,05)em sangue com EDTA e diminuiu significativamente uma e duas horas após a colheita. No entanto, comcitrato de sódio a contagem de plaquetas se manteve estável ao longo do tempo. A contagem de leucócitosde amostras colhidas com EDTA apresentou aumento significativo gradativo ao longo do tempo, sendoobservados, logo após a colheita, valores significativamente inferiores (p< 0,05) quando comparados comos demais tempos. As amostras colhidas com citrato de sódio apresentaram contagens de leucócitos inferioresàs obtidas com EDTA (p<0,05) e não sofreram alteração ao longo do tempo. O citrato de sódio podeser recomendado como anticoagulante de escolha para colheita de sangue de gatos, oferecendo vantagenssobre o EDTA por diminuir a ocorrência de pseudotrombocitopenia e pseudoleucocitose, principalmentequando não há disponibilidade imediata para realização dos exames hematológicos.

Platelet aggregates are common artifacts in blood smears of cats, and also can affect the accuracy ofplatelet count, and alter erythrocyte and leukocyte count, with important consequences for the healthcare of the animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the anticoagulants EDTA and sodium citrate, and the cell counting time in automated equipment, over quantification of platelets andleukocytes in blood of cats. Blood samples of 54 cats were collected and placed in tubes containing EDTAand 3.2% sodium citrate, remaining under homogenization until laboratory evaluation. The leukocyteand platelet counts were carried out by impedance counter (BC-2800 Vet-Mindray®) in three times: immediatelyafter blood collection (TZ) and one (T1) and two (T2) hours after collection. Histograms werealso evaluated and manual counting of leukocytes was performed in 32 samples. The platelet count wassignificantly lower in blood with EDTA and decreased significantly one and two hours after collection,but with sodium citrate the platelet counts remained stable over time. The leukocyte counts of samplescollected with EDTA had a significant increase incrementally overtime, and soon after collection valueswere significantly lower than other times(p<0.05). Samples collected with citrate had scores lower thanthose obtained with EDTA (p<0.05) and did not showed changes over time. Sodium citrate may be recommendedas the choice anticoagulant for blood collection in cats, offering advantages over EDTA bydecreasing the occurrence of pseudothrombocytopenia and pseudoleukocytosis, especially when is notpossible to perform laboratorial examination soon after blood collection.

Efeitos dos anticoagulantes EDTA e citrato de sódio na contagemde plaquetas e leucócitos de gatos domésticos, em diferentes intervalosde tempo / Effects of the anticoagulants EDTA and sodium citrate on platelet and leukocyte count indomestic cats, in different time intervals

Agregados plaquetários são artefatos comuns em hemogramas de gatos e além de afetar a acurácia dacontagem de plaquetas, podem alterar a contagem de hemácias e leucócitos, com importantes consequênciaspara os cuidados da saúde do animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos anticoagulantesEDTA e citrato de sódio, e do tempo de execução da contagem celular em equipamento automatizado,sobre a quantificação de plaquetas e leucócitos em sangue de gatos. Amostras de sangue de 54 gatos foramcolhidas e acondicionadas em tubos contendo EDTA e citrato de sódio a 3,2%, permanecendo em homogeneizaçãoaté o momento da avaliação laboratorial. As contagens de plaquetas e leucócitos foram realizadasem contador por impedância (BC-2800 Vet-Mindray®) em três momentos: imediatamente após (TZ) e uma(T1) e duas (T2) horas após a colheita. Também foram avaliados os histogramas, e realizada a contagemmanual de leucócitos de 32 amostras. A contagem de plaquetas foi significativamente inferior (p< 0,05)em sangue com EDTA e diminuiu significativamente uma e duas horas após a colheita. No entanto, comcitrato de sódio a contagem de plaquetas se manteve estável ao longo do tempo. A contagem de leucócitosde amostras colhidas com EDTA apresentou aumento significativo gradativo ao longo do tempo, sendoobservados, logo após a colheita, valores significativamente inferiores (p< 0,05) quando comparados comos demais tempos. As amostras colhidas com citrato de sódio apresentaram contagens de leucócitos inferioresàs obtidas com EDTA (p<0,05) e não sofreram alteração ao longo do tempo. O citrato de sódio podeser recomendado como anticoagulante de escolha para colheita de sangue de gatos, oferecendo vantagenssobre o EDTA por diminuir a ocorrência de pseudotrombocitopenia e pseudoleucocitose, principalmentequando não há disponibilidade imediata para realização dos exames hematológicos.(AU)

Platelet aggregates are common artifacts in blood smears of cats, and also can affect the accuracy ofplatelet count, and alter erythrocyte and leukocyte count, with important consequences for the healthcare of the animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the anticoagulants EDTA and sodium citrate, and the cell counting time in automated equipment, over quantification of platelets andleukocytes in blood of cats. Blood samples of 54 cats were collected and placed in tubes containing EDTAand 3.2% sodium citrate, remaining under homogenization until laboratory evaluation. The leukocyteand platelet counts were carried out by impedance counter (BC-2800 Vet-Mindray®) in three times: immediatelyafter blood collection (TZ) and one (T1) and two (T2) hours after collection. Histograms werealso evaluated and manual counting of leukocytes was performed in 32 samples. The platelet count wassignificantly lower in blood with EDTA and decreased significantly one and two hours after collection,but with sodium citrate the platelet counts remained stable over time. The leukocyte counts of samplescollected with EDTA had a significant increase incrementally overtime, and soon after collection valueswere significantly lower than other times(p<0.05). Samples collected with citrate had scores lower thanthose obtained with EDTA (p<0.05) and did not showed changes over time. Sodium citrate may be recommendedas the choice anticoagulant for blood collection in cats, offering advantages over EDTA bydecreasing the occurrence of pseudothrombocytopenia and pseudoleukocytosis, especially when is notpossible to perform laboratorial examination soon after blood collection.(AU)