Analysis and gonadal localization of Speedy A mRNA transcript, a novel gene associated with early germline cells in the scallop, Argopecten purpuratus.

The Speedy A (spdya) gene is a member of the Speedy/RINGO family, encoding a spdya protein associated with cellular cycle and meiosis in vertebrates. Results from genetic analyses indicated spdya conditional knockout mice are sterile, suggesting that this protein has essential functions in mammalian reproduction. There, however, are no published reports on the localization of spdya mRNA in the germline or in somatic cell lineages within the gonads from mollusks or other invertebrate species. Using a previously obtained transcriptome assembly from the scallop Argopecten purpuratus, an economically important hermaphroditic scallop species from Chile and Peru, there was identification of a complete coding sequence of the spdya mRNA. Phylogenetically spdya protein has sequence conservation homology with other scallops and mollusks. The relative mRNA transcript abundances at different gametogenic stages was assessed using quantitative PCR procedures. Results indicated there was an increase of spdya mRNA transcript abundance in testicular region samples at the late active stage, followed by a decrease in testis of reproductively mature individuals. To gain insight into the cellular localization of ap-spdya transcript within the gonads, specific RNA probes were synthesized for in situ hybridization analyses of gonad histological sections. Results indicated spdya mRNA is located exclusively in early germline (previtellogenic oocytes and spermatogonia) and somatic proliferative tissues of A. purpuratus ovarian and testicular regions. Overall, these results indicate there are putative functions of spdya in the early oogenesis and spermatogenesis of A. purpuratus and will contribute to furthering the understanding of gametogenesis in this species.

Acute Myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: The etiology of myocarditis often remains undetermined. A large variety of infectious agents, systemic diseases, drugs, and toxins can cause the disease. We report the case of a 19-year-old man who developed myocarditis three days after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 booster vaccination. CASE REPORT: A 19-year-old man, presenting with troponin-positive acute chest pain, was referred to our department. He had received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine three days prior to his admission. The diagnosis of acute myocarditis was confirmed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Patient hemodynamic status remained stable during hospitalization. The left ventricular ejection fraction was preserved during hospital stay and at one-month follow-up. We found no evidence for another infectious or autoimmune etiology. CONCLUSION: Although imputability of the vaccine cannot be formally established on the basis of this case report, the findings raise the possibility of an association between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and acute myocarditis.

[Particularities of African descent patient's electrocardiogram]. / Particularités de l'électrocardiogramme du patient d'origine Africaine.

Particularities of African descent patient's electrocardiogram have been described for many years. Variations such as higher QRS voltage, early repolarization pattern, precordial T-wave inversion and anterior ST segment elevation associated with T-wave inversion are more frequently observed. Ignorance of these variations can lead to misdiagnosis or therapeutic negligence. We present the electrocardiographic particularities attributed to the patient of African origin.

Evaluation of the Beckman Coulter DxC 700 AU chemistry analyzer.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated and defined the analytical performance of the Beckman Coulter DxC 700 AU analyzer compared to the Siemens Dimension Vista 500 analyzer. DESIGN: and Methods: Performance characteristics included intra and inter-run precision, linearity/analytical measurement range, method correlation, and reference range verification. A total of 53 assays including 11 critical care, 19 general chemistries, 11 proteins, 10 urines, and 2 CSF analytes were tested. We also evaluated similarities and differences in assay methodologies between the 2 systems. RESULTS: The DxC 700 AU demonstrated excellent precision, comparable analytical measurement ranges and strong method correlation with the Dimension Vista 500 for most serum/plasma assays. 95% of the intra-run and 95% of the inter-run precision QC levels showed <3.0%CV and <6.0%CV, respectively. None of the deviations were clinically significant. The AMRs for all analytes except 5 met the manufacturer's stated range. ALP, Lactate, U-glucose and CSF-glucose all recovered above the stated upper limit range, while prealbumin showed a smaller range. All analytes, except 14, showed slopes between 0.9 and 1.1 and/or biases <10%. Only ammonia, ferritin and lipase required significant reference range changes. The urine and CSF assays correlated very well with no adjustments in reference ranges required. CONCLUSIONS: The analytical performance of the DxC 700 AU analyzer was acceptable with only a small number of analytes requiring significant reference range changes.

The immune response of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus is associated with changes in the host microbiota structure and diversity.

All organisms live in close association with a variety of microorganisms called microbiota. Furthermore, several studies support a fundamental role of the microbiota on the host health and homeostasis. In this context, the aim of this work was to determine the structure and diversity of the microbiota associated with the scallop Argopecten purpuratus, and to assess changes in community composition and diversity during the host immune response. To do this, adult scallops were immune challenged and sampled after 24 and 48 h. Activation of the immune response was established by transcript overexpression of several scallop immune response genes in hemocytes and gills, and confirmed by protein detection of the antimicrobial peptide big defensin in gills of Vibrio-injected scallops at 24 h post-challenge. Then, the major bacterial community profile present in individual scallops was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA genes and dendrogram analyses, which indicated a clear clade differentiation of the bacterial communities noticeable at 48 h post-challenge. Finally, the microbiota structure and diversity from pools of scallops were characterized using 16S deep amplicon sequencing. The results revealed an overall modulation of the microbiota abundance and diversity according to scallop immune status, allowing for prediction of some changes in the functional potential of the microbial community. Overall, the present study showed that changes in the structure and diversity of bacterial communities associated with the scallop A. purpuratus are detected after the activation of the host immune response. Now, the relevance of microbial balance disruption in the immune capacity of the scallop remains to be elucidated.

Molecular characterization of an inhibitor of NF-κB in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus: First insights into its role on antimicrobial peptide regulation in a mollusk.

Inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B (IκBs) are major control components of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway, a key regulator in the modulation of the expression of immune-related genes in vertebrates and invertebrates. The activation of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway depends largely in the degradation of IκB proteins and thus, IκBs are a main target for the identification of genes whose expression is controlled by Rel/NF-κB pathway. In order to identify such regulation in bivalve mollusks, the cDNA sequence encoding an IκB protein was characterized in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus, ApIκB. The cDNA sequence of ApIκB is comprised of 1480 nucleotides with a 1086 bp open reading frame encoding for 362 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ApIκB displays the conserved features of IκB proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence consists of a 39.7 kDa protein, which has an N-terminal degradation motif, six ankyrin repeats and a C-terminal phosphorylation site motif. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of identity between ApIκB and other IκBs from mollusks, but also to arthropod cactus proteins and vertebrate IκBs. Tissue expression analysis indicated that ApIκB is expressed in all examined tissues and it is upregulated in circulating hemocytes from scallops challenged with the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio splendidus. After inhibiting ApIκB gene expression using the RNA interference technology, the gene expression of the antimicrobial peptide big defensin was upregulated in hemocytes from non-challenged scallops. Results suggest that ApIκB may control the expression of antimicrobial effectors such as big defensin via a putative Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway. This first evidence will help to deepen the knowledge of the Rel/NF-κB conserved pathway in scallops.

Non-contrast-enhanced imaging of haemodialysis fistulas using quiescent-interval single-shot (QISS) MRA: a feasibility study.

AIM: To assess the efficiency of a novel quiescent-interval single-shot (QISS) technique for non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of haemodialysis fistulas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: QISS MRA and colour Doppler ultrasound (CDU) images were obtained from 22 haemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A radiologist with extensive experience in vascular imaging initially assessed the fistulas using CDU. Two observers analysed each QISS MRA data set in terms of image quality, using a five-point scale ranging from 0 (non-diagnostic) to 4 (excellent), and lumen diameters of all segments were measured. RESULTS: One hundred vascular segments were analysed for QISS MRA. Two anastomosis segments were considered non-diagnostic. None of the arterial or venous segments were evaluated as non-diagnostic. The image quality was poorer for the anastomosis level compared to the other segments (p<0.001 for arterial segments, and p<0.05 for venous segments), while no significant difference was determined for other vascular segments. CONCLUSION: QISS MRA has the potential to provide valuable complementary information to CDU regarding the imaging of haemodialysis fistulas. In addition, QISS non-enhanced MRA represents an alternative for assessment of haemodialysis fistulas, in which the administration of iodinated or gadolinium-based contrast agents is contraindicated.

ECG-gated quiescent-interval single-shot MR angiography of the lower extremities: initial experience at 3 T.

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of unenhanced electrocardiography (ECG)-gated quiescent-interval single-shot magnetic resonance angiography (QISS-MRA) of the lower extremities at 3 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with known or suspected peripheral arterial disease underwent ECG-gated QISS-MRA and contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) at 3 T. Two independent readers performed a per-segment evaluation of the MRA datasets. Image quality was rated on a four-point scale (1 = excellent to 4 = non-diagnostic; presented as medians with interquartile range). Diagnostic performance of QISS-MRA was evaluated using CE-MRA as the reference standard. RESULTS: QISS-MRA and CE-MRA of all patients were considered for analysis, resulting in 807 evaluated vessel segments for each MRA technique. Readers 1 and 2 rated image quality of QISS-MRA as diagnostic in 97.3% and 97% of the vessel segments, respectively. CE-MRA was rated diagnostic in all vessel segments. Image quality of the proximal vessel segments, including the infrarenal aorta, iliac arteries, and common femoral artery, was significantly lower on QISS-MRA compared to CE-MRA [image quality score across readers: 2 (1,3) versus 1 (1,1) p < 0.001]. In the more distal vessel segments, image quality of QISS-MRA was excellent and showed no significant difference compared to CE-MRA [image quality score across readers: 1 (1,1) versus 1 (1,1) p = 0.036]. Diagnostic performance of QISS-MRA was as follows (across readers): sensitivity: 87.5% (95% CI: 80.2-92.4%); specificity: 96.1% (95% CI: 93.6-97.6%); diagnostic accuracy: 94.9% (95% CI: 92.6-96.5%). CONCLUSIONS: QISS-MRA of the lower extremities is feasible at 3 T and provides high image quality, especially in the distal vessel segments.

In vitro assessment of the immunity of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to magnetic fields of 50/60 Hz.

Public concern for the compatibility of electromagnetic (EM) sources with active implantable medical devices (AIMD) has prompted the development of new systems that can perform accurate exposure studies. EM field interference with active cardiac implants (e.g. implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)) can be critical. This paper describes a magnetic field (MF) exposure system and the method developed for testing the immunity of ICD to continuous-wave MFs. The MFs were created by Helmholtz coils, housed in a Faraday cage. The coils were able to produce highly uniform MFs up to 4000 µT at 50 Hz and 3900 µT at 60 Hz, within the test space. Four ICDs were tested. No dysfunctions were found in the generated MFs. These results confirm that the tested ICDs were immune to low frequency MFs.

Non-ECG-gated unenhanced MRA of the carotids: optimization and clinical feasibility.

OBJECTIVES: To optimise and assess the clinical feasibility of a carotid non-ECG-gated unenhanced MRA sequence. METHODS: Sixteen healthy volunteers and 11 patients presenting with internal carotid artery (ICA) disease underwent large field-of-view balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) unenhanced MRA at 3T. Sampling schemes acquiring the k-space centre either early (kCE) or late (kCL) in the acquisition window were evaluated. Signal and image quality was scored in comparison to ECG-gated kCE unenhanced MRA and TOF. For patients, computed tomography angiography was used as the reference. RESULTS: In volunteers, kCE sampling yielded higher image quality than kCL and TOF, with fewer flow artefacts and improved signal homogeneity. kCE unenhanced MRA image quality was higher without ECG-gating. Arterial signal and artery/vein contrast were higher with both bSSFP sampling schemes than with TOF. The kCE sequence allowed correct quantification of ten significant stenoses, and it facilitated the identification of an infrapetrous dysplasia, which was outside of the TOF imaging coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Non-ECG-gated bSSFP carotid imaging offers high-quality images and is a promising sequence for carotid disease diagnosis in a short acquisition time with high spatial resolution and a large field of view. KEY POINTS: • Non-ECG-gated unenhanced bSSFP MRA offers high-quality imaging of the carotid arteries. • Sequences using early acquisition of the k-space centre achieve higher image quality. • Non-ECG-gated unenhanced bSSFP MRA allows quantification of significant carotid stenosis. • Short MR acquisition times and ungated sequences are helpful in clinical practice. • High 3D spatial resolution and a large field of view improve diagnostic performance.

Nonenhanced ECG-gated time-resolved 4D steady-state free precession (SSFP) MR angiography (MRA) of cerebral arteries: comparison at 1.5T and 3T.

PURPOSE: To compare image quality of nonenhanced time-resolved 4D steady-state free precession MR angiography (4D SSFP MRA) of cerebral arteries at 1.5T and 3T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 12 healthy subjects (mean age 29.4±6.9 years) were studied at both 1.5T and 3T. Two different positions of the acquisition slab were evaluated; in one acquisition the imaging slab included the carotid siphon ("S(low)"), in the other acquisition the imaging slab was placed superior to the carotid siphon ("S(high)"). Subjective image quality of cerebral arteries was assessed independently by two readers on a 4-point scale. Relative Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) was determined for the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. RESULTS: Subjective image quality of the anterior cerebral artery (segments A1, A2) was significantly higher at 1.5T as compared to 3T, while 3T provided significantly higher image quality for segment P3 of the posterior cerebral artery. For the middle cerebral artery (segments M1-M3), image quality was significantly higher at 1.5T than at 3T when the carotid siphon was included in the acquisition slab ("S(low)"), while no significant difference was found between 1.5T and 3T with "S(high)". Relative SNR was significantly higher at 1.5T (23.1±5.1) as compared to 3T (12.1±7.8) for "S(low)" and significantly higher at 3T (29.8±5.9) than at 1.5T (24.2±3.6) for "S(high)". CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that 4D SSFP MRA should preferably be performed at 1.5T with inclusion of the carotid siphon in the acquisition slab, which might be required for the assessment of intracranial collateral flow.

Nonenhanced ECG-gated quiescent-interval single-shot MRA (QISS-MRA) of the lower extremities: comparison with contrast-enhanced MRA.

AIM: To evaluate electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated quiescent-interval single-shot magnetic resonance angiography (QISS-MRA) for nonenhanced assessment of peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) using contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (mean age 66.6 ± 10.8 years) with PAOD were included in the study. QISS-MRA and CE-MRA of the lower extremity were performed using a 1.5 T MR scanner. In each patient, subjective image quality and the degree of stenosis were evaluated on a four-point scale for 15 predefined arterial segments. RESULTS: Twenty-five of the 27 patients were considered for analysis. Subjective image quality of QISS-MRA was significantly lower for the distal aorta, pelvic arteries, and femoral arteries as compared to CE-MRA (p < 0.01), while no significant difference was found for other vascular segments. The degree of stenosis was overestimated with QISS-MRA in 23 of 365 (6.3%) segments and underestimated in two of 365 (0.5%) segments. As compared to CE-MRA, QISS-MRA had a high sensitivity (98.6%), specificity (96%) as well as positive and negative predictive value (88.7 and 99.6%, respectively) for the detection of significant stenosis (≥50%). CONCLUSION: ECG-gated QISS-MRA is a promising imaging technique for reliable assessment of PAOD without the use of contrast material.

[Nonenhanced MR angiography techniques]. / Techniken der kontrastmittelfreien MR-Angiografie.

Especially in regard to the potential risks for the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) following the administration of Gadolinium-based contrast material, nonenhanced MR angiography (MRA) methods are becoming ever more important. Besides well-established time-of-flight (TOF) and phase-contrast (PC) MRA, alternative imaging techniques based on balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) and turbo-spin-echo (TSE) sequences are increasingly used in combination with or without arterial spin labeling (ASL) strategies. This article provides an overview of the principles and clinical values of different nonenhanced MRA techniques. In addition, recent nonenhanced MRA developments are presented.

Suspended particles in wastewater: their optical, sedimentation and acoustical characterization and modeling.

Wastewater regulation and treatment is still a major concern in planetary pollution management. Some pollutants, referred to as particulate matter, consist of very small particles just suspended in the water. Various techniques are used for the suspended particles survey. Few of them are able to provide real-time data. The development of new, real time instruments needs the confrontation with real wastewater. Due its instability, the modeling of wastewater in terms of suspended solids was explored. Knowing the description of real wastewater, we tried to produce a synthetic mixture made of basic organic ingredients. A good agreement in terms of turbidity and settling velocity was observed between the artificial wastewater matrix and the real one. The investigation of the individual contribution of the different compounds to the acoustical signal showed a more complex dependence. Thus the modeling of wastewater with reference to turbidity and settling velocity is not sufficient to describe it acoustically. Further studies should lead to a good comparison of the acoustical and turbidity behavior of wastewater.

Non-enhanced 3D MR angiography of the lower extremity using ECG-gated TSE imaging with non-selective refocusing pulses--initial experience.

PURPOSE: To evaluate non-enhanced 3D MR angiography using turbo spin echo (TSE) imaging with non-selective refocusing pulses (NATIVE SPACE MRA) for the visualization of the arteries of the lower extremity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-station imaging (iliac arteries, femoral arteries, arteries of the lower leg) was performed in 8 healthy volunteers and 3 patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) using a 1.5 T MR scanner. In 8 healthy volunteers, 4 different acquisition schemes were performed with the following imaging parameters: S 1: acquisition with every heartbeat (RR = 1), spoiler gradient of 25 % (SG = 25 %); S 2: RR = 1, SG = 0 %; S 3: RR = 2, SG = 25 %; S 4: RR = 2, SG = 0 %. The subjective image quality on a 4-point-scale (4 = excellent to 1 = not diagnostic) and relative SNR were assessed. In 3 patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), SPACE MRA was performed for assessment of stenosis. RESULTS: The mean subjective image quality was significantly lower for the iliac arteries compared to the femoral arteries and arteries of the lower leg (p < 0.0001). The subjective image quality for acquisition scheme S 1 was significantly lower than the image quality for S 3 and S 4 for the iliac arteries (p < 0.01), while the subjective image quality for acquisition scheme S 2 was significantly lower than S 3 and S 4 for the femoral arteries and the arteries of the lower leg (p < 0.01). The relative SNR was significantly higher for acquisition schemes S 3 and S 4 as compared to S 1 and S 2 (p < 0.0001) for all regions. SPACE MRA disclosed 7 significant stenoses in 3 PAD patients. CONCLUSION: ECG-gated SPACE MRA is a promising imaging technique for non-enhanced assessment of the arteries of the lower extremity.

Ultrasonic device for real-time sewage velocity and suspended particles concentration measurements.

In the frame of a technological research and innovation network in water and environment technologies (RITEAU, Réseau de Recherche et d'Innovation Technologique Eau et Environnement), our research group, in collaboration with industrial partners and other research institutions, has been in charge of the development of a suitable flowmeter: an ultrasonic device measuring simultaneously the water flow and the concentration of size classes of suspended particles. Working on the pulsed ultrasound principle, our multi-frequency device (1 to 14 MHz) allows flow velocity and water height measurement and estimation of suspended solids concentration. Velocity measurements rely on the coherent Doppler principle. A self developed frequency estimator, so called Spectral Identification method, was used and compared to the classical Pulse-Pair method. Several measurements campaigns on one wastewater collector of the French city of Strasbourg gave very satisfactory results and showed smaller standard deviation values for the Doppler frequency extracted by the Spectral Identification method. A specific algorithm was also developed for the water height measurements. It relies on the water surface acoustic impedance rupture and its peak localisation and behaviour in the collected backscattering data. This algorithm was positively tested on long time measurements on the same wastewater collector. A large part of the article is devoted to the measurements of the suspended solids concentrations. Our data analysis consists in the adaptation of the well described acoustic behaviour of sand to the behaviour of wastewater particles. Both acoustic attenuation and acoustic backscattering data over multiple frequencies are analyzed for the extrapolation of size classes and respective concentrations. Under dry weather conditions, the massic backscattering coefficient and the overall size distribution showed similar evolution whatever the measurement site was and were suggesting a global wastewater particles behaviour. By comparison to sampling data, our data analysis lead to the characterization of two particle groups: the ones occurring during rain events and the ones typical of wastewater under dry weather conditions. Even with already encouraging results on the several weeks of data recorded on several wastewater collectors, the validation of our data inversion method is still under progress.

Fructose and glucose mediates enterotoxin production and anaerobic metabolism of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579(T).

AIMS: To determine the effects of carbohydrates on Bacillus cereus ATCC14579(T) anaerobic metabolism and enterotoxin production in amino acids rich medium. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacillus cereus anaerobic growth on different carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose or glucose-fructose mixture) was examined in synthetic mMOD medium under continuous cultures (mu = 0.2 h(-1)). Fermentation end-products, flux partitioning at each key branch points of the mixed acid pathway and consumption or production of amino acids were determined. On both fructose and sucrose, ATP production was favoured via acetate production from acetyl-CoA. In addition, amino acids present in the growth medium showed significant variations with high consumption of serine and net production of glutamate and alanine on some or all sugars. Enterotoxins Hbl and Nhe production was high during growth on fructose (or mixtures involving a fructose moiety). CONCLUSIONS: Fructose was identified as a key sugar influencing anaerobic metabolism and toxin production of B. cereus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The physiological differences associated with the fermentation of the various carbohydrates clearly modify toxinogenesis indicating that the risk of foodborne pathogens is to some extent dependent upon the prevailing nutritional environment.

Effects of porcine bile on survival of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and Haemolysin BL enterotoxin production in reconstituted human small intestine media.

AIMS: To determine the effects of porcine bile (PB) on Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and Haemolysin BL (HBL) enterotoxin production in reconstituted small intestine media (IM). METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of PB on the growth of B. cereus vegetative cells in reconstituted IM at PB concentrations ranging between 0 and 3.0 g l(-1) were examined. Four gastric media (GM) named GM-J broth (JB), GM-chicken, GM-milk and GM-pea were prepared by mixing equal volumes of a gastric electrolyte solution containing pepsin with JB, chicken, semi-skimmed milk and pea soup, respectively. Bacillus cereus was inoculated at approx. 2 x 10(4) CFU ml(-1) into each GM at pH 5.0 for 30 min at 37 degrees C, then mixed to the same volume of double-strength JB (IM) and PB to give concentrations of between 0 and 3.0 g of PB per litre at pH 6.5 and incubated at 37 degrees C. The diarrhoeal B. cereus strain F4430/73 grew in IM-JB, IM-chicken and IM-milk at PB concentrations of up to 0.6, 1.5 and 1.2 g l(-1), respectively. Growth was observed in IM-pea at all concentrations tested. The highest PB concentrations allowing a 3 log B. cereus increase in IM-JB, IM-chicken, IM-milk and IM-pea after a 7-10 h incubation period were 0.3, 0.9, 0.9 and 3.0 g l(-1), respectively. The effect of PB on B. cereus cells was strongest in IM-JB, followed by IM-chicken, IM-milk and IM-pea. Haemolysin BL enterotoxin was detectable in IM-chicken, IM-whole milk, IM-semi-skimmed milk and IM-pea up to PB concentrations of only 0.6, 0.6, 0.3 and 0.9 g l(-1), respectively. The diarrhoeal B. cereus strain F4433/73 behaved similarly to B. cereus strain F4430/73, whereas the food strain TZ415 was markedly more susceptible to bile. CONCLUSIONS: The tolerance of B. cereus cells to PB strongly depends on the type of food contained in the IM. Bile tolerance is also subject to strain variation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The probability that B. cereus cells will grow in the small intestine, produce toxins and cause diarrhoea is likely to depend on the food they are ingested with, on the bile tolerance of the B. cereus strain, and on bile concentration.

Evaluación comparativa del poder de desinfección del hipoclorito de sodio 5,25% versus hipoclorito de sodio 0,5% asociado al Endo-PTC, de conductos radiculares contaminados in vitro por Enterococcus faecalis / No disponible

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la desinfección propiciada por diferentes sustancias químicas auxiliares en 34 incisivos centrales superiores extraídos y contaminados in vitro pro Enterococcus faecalis. Material y método. Los clientes tenían el foramen apical estandarizado y sellado con resina epoxi. Después de la inoculación del medio de cultivo con las bacterias, los conductos fueron instrumentados utilizando soda clorada (Grupo 1) y el líquido de Dakin asociado al Endo-PTC (Grupo 2). Terminada la preparación, los conductos se lavaron con Tiosulfato de Sodio y suero fisiológico, cuando se realizó la primera recogida de muestras para el cultivo. Después de 24 horas se realizó un nuevo cultivo. El crecimiento bacteriano fue evaluado a través de patrones en dos medios de cultura -BHI y Agar-sangre. Resultados: Los resultados muestran no existir diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos (AU)

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the disinfection´s properties of the sodium hypoclorite 5,25% compared to the sodium hypoclorite 0,5% associated with Endo-PTC in vitro Enterococcus foecalis infected canals. Materials and methods: The canals of 34 extracted superior central incisors had been instrumented 2mm beyond the apical foramen, with a K-file 40 and the apexes were closed with epoxi resin. Canals had been inoculated with 5 drops of the BHI broth containing the bacteria and incubated at 37ºC for seven days. The experimental groups were instrumented using sodium hypoclorite 5,25% (Group1 - 15 teeth), or sodium hypoclorite 0,5% associated to Endo-PTC (Group 2-15 teeth). After that, the canals were rinsed with 5ml of sodium tiosulfate and 5 ml of saline solution. A first sample for culture was taken, and a new one was carried out after 24 hours. The bacterial growth was evaluated through scores - without growth, minimum, medium and intense growth in BHI broth and Agar blood plates. Results. The results had shown no statistically differences among them (AU)