RESUMEN
Heterotrimeric G proteins are crucial molecular switches that maintain a large number of physiological processes in cells. The signal is encoded into surface alterations of the Gα subunit that carries GTP in its active state and GDP in its inactive state. The ability of the Gα subunit to hydrolyze GTP is essential for signal termination. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerates this process. A key player in this catalyzed reaction is an arginine residue, Arg178 in Gαi1, which is already an intrinsic part of the catalytic center in Gα in contrast to small GTPases, at which the corresponding GTPase-activating protein (GAP) provides the arginine "finger." We applied time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy in combination with isotopic labeling and site-directed mutagenesis to reveal the molecular mechanism, especially of the role of Arg178 in the intrinsic Gαi1 mechanism and the RGS4-catalyzed mechanism. Complementary biomolecular simulations (molecular mechanics with molecular dynamics and coupled quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) were performed. Our findings show that Arg178 is bound to γ-GTP for the intrinsic Gαi1 mechanism and pushed toward a bidentate α-γ-GTP coordination for the Gαi1·RGS4 mechanism. This movement induces a charge shift toward ß-GTP, increases the planarity of γ-GTP, and thereby catalyzes the hydrolysis.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Unión al GTP Heterotriméricas/química , Arginina/química , Dominio Catalítico , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/química , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/genética , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/metabolismo , Guanosina Trifosfato/química , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al GTP Heterotriméricas/genética , Proteínas de Unión al GTP Heterotriméricas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Modelos Moleculares , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Neurofibromina 1/química , Neurofibromina 1/metabolismo , Proteínas RGS/química , Proteínas RGS/genética , Proteínas RGS/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Gα subunits are central molecular switches in cells. They are activated by G protein-coupled receptors that exchange GDP for GTP, similar to small GTPase activation mechanisms. Gα subunits are turned off by GTP hydrolysis. For the first time we employed time-resolved FTIR difference spectroscopy to investigate the molecular reaction mechanisms of Gαi1. FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that monitors reactions label free with high spatio-temporal resolution. In contrast to common multiple turnover assays, FTIR spectroscopy depicts the single turnover GTPase reaction without nucleotide exchange/Mg(2+) binding bias. Global fit analysis resulted in one apparent rate constant of 0.02 s(-1) at 15 °C. Isotopic labeling was applied to assign the individual phosphate vibrations for α-, ß-, and γ-GTP (1243, 1224, and 1156 cm(-1), respectively), α- and ß-GDP (1214 and 1134/1103 cm(-1), respectively), and free phosphate (1078/991 cm(-1)). In contrast to Ras · GAP catalysis, the bond breakage of the ß-γ-phosphate but not the Pi release is rate-limiting in the GTPase reaction. Complementary common GTPase assays were used. Reversed phase HPLC provided multiple turnover rates and tryptophan fluorescence provided nucleotide exchange rates. Experiments were complemented by molecular dynamics simulations. This broad approach provided detailed insights at atomic resolution and allows now to identify key residues of Gαi1 in GTP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange. Mutants of the intrinsic arginine finger (Gαi1-R178S) affected exclusively the hydrolysis reaction. The effect of nucleotide binding (Gαi1-D272N) and Ras-like/all-α interface coordination (Gαi1-D229N/Gαi1-D231N) on the nucleotide exchange reaction was furthermore elucidated.
Asunto(s)
Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/química , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/metabolismo , Subunidades alfa de la Proteína de Unión al GTP Gi-Go/genética , Guanosina Difosfato/metabolismo , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Humanos , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Modelos Moleculares , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Conformación Proteica , Dominios y Motivos de Interacción de Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
A longitudinal anthropometric study with integrated picture documentation was made in the German administrative district of Potsdam-Mittelmark from April 2002 until April 2003. During that time 183 children aged between 2 to 5 years were measured. The results of the study show, that with the help of the calculation method for pictures, presented here for the first time, additional information about the changes of proportions and body shape can be gained and made measurable. The aim of the study is to make use of the measureable individual changes in body shape for an objective estimation of the biological age. Being able to calculate the age of a child may be useful when investigating a crime, e. g. in case of an abused child, whose chronological age is unknown at the time of the incident, and the only possibility for an age-estimation depends on a picture.