Fluoroquinolone use in a rural practice.

INTRODUCTION: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a commonly prescribed class of antibiotics in Canada. Evidence of a constellation of possible adverse events is developing. Central and peripheral nervous system abnormalities and collagen-related events (including aortic aneurysm/dissection, tendinopathy/rupture and retinal detachment) are associated with FQ exposure in large population-based aftermarket studies. In 2017, Health Canada warned about rare FQ-related persistent or disabling side effects. This study explores FQ use in a rural community. METHODS: Antibiotic prescriptions (including FQs) in the over 18 adult population (5416) were measured in the town of Sioux Lookout for 5 years, January 2013 to 31 December 2017. RESULTS: FQ prescriptions accounted for 16.0% of adult antibiotics, superseded by penicillins (21.1%) and macrolides (18.2%). Ciprofloxacin accounted for one half of FQ use (51.2%), followed by levofloxacin (36.7%) and norfloxacin (13.3%). FQs were commonly used for respiratory (33%) and urinary tract infections (18%). CONCLUSION: Aftermarket evidence reports increased risk of 'disabling and persistent serious adverse events'(Health Canada) in patients using FQs. Appropriate clinical caution should be exercised in the prescribing of FQs. Common overuse seems to occur in the treatment of uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia and cystitis, despite recommendations to use other antimicrobial agents as first-line treatments.

Résumé Introduction: Les fluoroquinolones sont une classe d'antibiotiques souvent prescrite au Canada. Mais les données étayant une gamme d'événements indésirables possibles s'accumulent. Des anomalies du système nerveux central et périphérique, et des événements liés au collagène (dont anévrisme ou dissection de l'aorte, tendinopathie/rupture et décollement de la rétine) sont associés à l'exposition aux fluoroquinolones dans des études de pharmacovigilance d'envergure basées sur la population. En 2017, Santé Canada a émis une mise en garde au sujet des effets indésirables rares, persistants ou incapacitants liés aux fluoroquinolones. Cette étude se penche sur l'emploi de fluoroquinolones dans une communauté rurale. Méthodologie: La prescription d'antibiotiques (y compris de fluoroquinolones) a été mesurée dans la ville de Sioux Lookout pendant 5 ans, soit de janvier 2013 au 31 décembre 2017 auprès de la population de 18 ans et plus (5416 personnes). Résultats: Les fluoroquinolones comptaient pour 16,0 % des antibiotiques prescrits aux adultes, elles étaient précédées des pénicillines (21,1 %) et des macrolides (18,2 %). La ciprofloxacine représentait la moitié de l'emploi de fluoroquinolones (51,2 %), suivie de la lévofloxacine (36,7 %) et de la norfloxacine (13,3 %). Les fluoroquinolones étaient fréquemment utilisées contre les infections respiratoires (33 %) et urinaires (18 %). Conclusion: Les données de pharmacovigilance rapportent un risque accru "d'événements indésirables graves persistants et incapacitants" (Santé Canada) chez les patients sous fluoroquinolones. La prudence clinique appropriée est de mise lors de la prescription de fluoroquinolones. La pneumonie extra-hospitalière non compliquée et la cystite semblent être à l'origine de la surutilisation, malgré les recommandations d'utiliser d'autres antimicrobiens en première intention. Mots-clés: Fluoroquinolones; antibiotiques; effets indésirables; rural.

Diabetes prevalence and demographics in 25 First Nations communities in northwest Ontario (2014-2017).

INTRODUCTION: First Nations communities are known to have high rates of diabetes. The rural First Nations communities in northwest (NW) Ontario are particularly affected. Regional studies in 1985 and 1994 found a high prevalence of diabetes. More recently, they are estimated to have the highest prevalence in Ontario at 19%, double the provincial norm. The purpose of this study is to examine the epidemiology and prevalence of diabetes in the total population and cardiovascular comorbidities in the adult population of 25 First Nations communities in NW Ontario. METHODS: This retrospective diabetes prevalence study used primary care electronic medical record data for a 3-year period, 1 August 2014-31 July 2017. Diabetes prevalence was calculated for both the total and the adult (18+) populations and comorbid hypertension and dyslipidaemia were identified in adults. RESULTS: The age-adjusted diabetes prevalence for the total population was 15.1% versus a Canadian prevalence of 8.8%. The age-adjusted adult prevalence was 14.1%, double Canada's average of 7.1%. The average age of adults with diabetes was 52 years (±14.9); 57% were female. Comorbid hypertension (58%) and dyslipidaemia (73%) were common. Metformin was the most commonly used medication (58%), followed by insulin/analogues (23%) and sulphonylureas (13%). CONCLUSION: The diabetes prevalence in the First Nations population of NW Ontario is double Canada's norm. Addressing it will require addressing relevant social determinants of health, including poverty and food security.

Résumé Introduction : Les communautés des Premières nations sont reconnues pour leur taux élevé de diabète, particulièrement les communautés rurales des Premières nations du Nord-Ouest de l'Ontario. Des études régionales réalisées en 1985 et 1994 ont révélé une forte prévalence de diabète. Plus récemment, on a estimé que la prévalence dans ces communautés s'élevait à 19 %, la plus forte en Ontario et le double de la norme provinciale. Cette étude visait à examiner l'épidémiologie et la prévalence du diabète auprès de la population totale et les comorbidités cardiovasculaires auprès de la population adulte de 25 communautés des Premières nations du Nord-Ouest de l'Ontario. Méthodologie : Cette étude rétrospective visant à évaluer la prévalence du diabète a eu recours aux données sur 3 ans des dossiers médicaux électroniques des cliniques de première ligne, soit du 1er août 2014 au 31 juillet 2017. La prévalence du diabète a été calculée dans les populations totale et d'adultes (18 ans et plus) et l'hypertension et la dyslipidémie ont été dépistées en concomitance chez les adultes. Résultats: La prévalence du diabète ajustée en fonction de l'âge dans la population totale était de 15,1 % par rapport à la prévalence canadienne de 8,8 %. La prévalence ajustée en fonction de l'âge chez les adultes était de 14,1 %, soit le double de la prévalence canadienne de 7,1 %. L'âge moyen des adultes diabétiques était de 52 (±14,9) ans; et 57 % des participants étaient de sexe féminin. L'hypertension (58 %) et la dyslipidémie (73 %) étaient courantes en concomitance. La metformine était le médicament le plus fréquemment utilisé (58 %), suivie de l'insuline/analogues (23 %) et des sulfonylurées (13 %). Conclusion: La prévalence du diabète dans les populations des Premières nations du Nord-Ouest de l'Ontario est le double de celle du Canada. Pour régler la situation, il faudra se pencher sur les déterminants sociaux de la santé pertinents tels que la pauvreté et l'insécurité alimentaire. Mots-clés: Diabète, Premières nations, prévalence.

Antibiotic use among twelve Canadian First Nations communities: a retrospective chart review of skin and soft tissue infections.

BACKGROUND: Previous publications indicated an emerging issue with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), particularly skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), in Indigenous communities in Canada. The objectives of this analysis were to explore the prevalence of SSTIs due to CA-MRSA and patterns of antimicrobial use in the community setting. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted as part of an environmental scan to assess antibiotic prescriptions in 12 First Nations communities across five provinces in Canada including Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Québec. Charts were randomly selected from nursing stations and patients who had accessed care in the previous 12 months and were ≥ 18 years were included in the review. Data was collected from September to December, 2013 on antibiotic prescriptions, including SSTIs, clinical symptoms, diagnostic information including presence of CA-MRSA infection, and treatment. RESULTS: A total of 372 charts were reviewed, 60 from Alberta, 70 from Saskatchewan, 120 from Manitoba, 100 from Ontario, and 22 from Québec. Among 372 patients, 224 (60.2%) patients had at least one antibiotic prescription in the previous 12 months and 569 prescriptions were written in total. The prevalence of SSTIs was estimated at 36.8% (137 cases of SSTIs in 372 charts reviewed). In 137 cases of SSTIs, 34 (24.8%) were purulent infections, and 55 (40.2%) were due to CA-MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified a high prevalence of antibiotic use and SSTIs due to CA-MRSA in remote and isolated Indigenous communities across Canada. This population is currently hard to reach and under-represented in standard surveillance system and randomized retrospective chart reviews can offer complimentary methodology for monitoring disease burden, treatment and prevention.

Management of infectious diseases in remote northwestern Ontario with telemedicine videoconference consultations.

Northwestern Ontario in Canada provides a unique clinical challenge for providing optimal medical care. It is a large geographic area (385,000 km2) and is home to 32 remote First Nations communities, most without road access. These communities suffer a heavy burden of infectious disease and specialist consultations are difficult to obtain. The Division of Infectious Diseases at the Ottawa Hospital and the Sioux Lookout Meno Ya Win Health Centre established a telemedicine-based infectious disease consultation service in July 2014. We describe the implementation of this service, types of cases seen and patient satisfaction, as well as some of the challenges encountered. Information on visits was prospectively collected through an administrative database, and patient satisfaction surveys were administered after each initial consultation. During our first year of operation, 191 teleconsultations occurred: 76 initial consultations, 82 follow-up appointments and 33 case conferences. The scope of cases has been broad, mostly involving musculoskeletal infections (26%), followed by skin and soft tissue infections (23%). HCV, acute rheumatic fever, and respiratory infections (including pulmonary tuberculosis) were other diagnoses. Patient satisfaction has been very high and 28 telemedicine patient visits have occurred in their remote home communities, minimizing travel. The infectious disease consulting service and local clinicians have succeeded in addressing needs for care in infectious diseases in northwestern Ontario, where important gaps in service to First Nations' communities continue to exist. Regular scheduled available access to an infectious disease specialist is a well-received advancement of care in this remote region of Canada.