Asunto(s)
Fármacos Anti-VIH/efectos adversos , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/efectos adversos , Ginecomastia/inducido químicamente , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Adenina/efectos adversos , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Alanina , Amidas , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa/métodos , Recuento de Linfocito CD4 , Combinación de Medicamentos , Emtricitabina/efectos adversos , Emtricitabina/uso terapéutico , Ginecomastia/diagnóstico por imagen , Compuestos Heterocíclicos con 3 Anillos , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/efectos adversos , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Masculino , Piperazinas , Piridonas , Tenofovir/análogos & derivados , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
To detect effects of pesticides on non-target freshwater organisms the Species at risk (SPEAR(pesticides)) bioindicator based on biological traits was previously developed and successfully validated over different biogeographical regions of Europe using species-level data on stream invertebrates. Since many freshwater biomonitoring programmes have family-level taxonomic resolution we tested the applicability of SPEAR(pesticides) with family-level biomonitoring data to indicate pesticide effects in streams (i.e. insecticide toxicity of pesticides). The study showed that the explanatory power of the family-level SPEAR(fm)(pesticides) is not significantly lower than the species-level index. The results suggest that the family-level SPEAR(fm)(pesticides) is a sensitive, cost-effective, and potentially European-wide bioindicator of pesticide contamination in flowing waters. Class boundaries for SPEAR(pesticides) according to EU Water Framework Directive are defined to contribute to the assessment of ecological status of water bodies.
Asunto(s)
Ecotoxicología/métodos , Invertebrados/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Teóricos , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Animales , Ecosistema , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Europa (Continente) , Invertebrados/fisiología , Plaguicidas/análisis , Ríos , Especificidad de la Especie , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
The bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects (PAE) of clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate against Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were determined. A concentration of twice the MIC resulted in bactericidal activity against four of four and three of four organisms at 24 h with clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, respectively. The PAE of clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin was 1.44 to 3.20 h, compared to the less than 1 h of amoxicillin-clavulanate. Clarithromycin-14-hydroxy-clarithromycin possesses good activity against susceptible anaerobes.