Comparative life cycle assessment of copper and gold recovery from waste printed circuit boards: Pyrometallurgy, chemical leaching and bioleaching.

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) make up a substantial amount of electronic waste (e-waste) generated annually. Waste PCBs contain high quantities of copper and gold in comparison to natural ores. As such, "urban mining" of waste PCBs to recover these metals is of commercial interest. In this work, we used life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impact of four copper and gold recovery processes. We evaluated pyrometallurgy, chemical leaching, and bioleaching, as well as a hybrid leaching process that uses bioleaching to recover copper and chemical leaching to recover gold. Furthermore, we considered differences in environmental impact based on differences in electricity sources. If electricity comes from fossil fuels, the pyrometallurgical process results in the lowest environmental impact in all impact categories studied. If electricity comes from carbon-free sources, the pyrometallurgical process results in the lowest environmental impact in all categories studied except global warming, where the hybrid leaching process results in the lowest impact. In all cases, metal recovery from waste PCBs leads to lower environmental impact than primary metal production. Our goal is to guide e-waste recyclers towards more environmentally sustainable metal recovery processes and to provide knowledge gaps in the field to guide future research.

Observing the Dynamics of an Electrochemically Driven Active Material with Liquid Electron Microscopy.

Electrochemical liquid electron microscopy has revolutionized our understanding of nanomaterial dynamics by allowing for direct observation of their electrochemical production. This technique, primarily applied to inorganic materials, is now being used to explore the self-assembly dynamics of active molecular materials. Our study examines these dynamics across various scales, from the nanoscale behavior of individual fibers to the micrometer-scale hierarchical evolution of fiber clusters. To isolate the influences of the electron beam and electrical potential on material behavior, we conducted thorough beam-sample interaction analyses. Our findings reveal that the dynamics of these active materials at the nanoscale are shaped by their proximity to the electrode and the applied electrical current. By integrating electron microscopy observations with reaction-diffusion simulations, we uncover that local structures and their formation history play a crucial role in determining assembly rates. This suggests that the emergence of nonequilibrium structures can locally accelerate further structural development, offering insights into the behavior of active materials under electrochemical conditions.

Disparate Outcomes, Biologic and Therapeutic Differences in Pediatric versus Adult Patients with Ewing Sarcoma.

INTRODUCTION: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a small blue round cell sarcoma affecting a wide age spectrum. Clinical advances predominately stem from pediatric research consortia clinical trials. In most series, adults have poorer outcomes when compared to children. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed evaluation of factors potentially accounting for this difference. METHODS: A single institution retrospective chart review was conducted on patients with ES diagnosed from 2005 to 2015, identified using a free-text search engine with the keywords "Ewing sarcoma" as well as a corresponding pathologic database. Data were analyzed based on age, pediatric (age <18) and adult (age >18 years), using a multivariate analysis model. RESULTS: Eighty-eight ES patients (34 pediatric, 54 adult) were identified with a median age of 13 (range 3-18) and 31 (range 19-70) in their respective cohorts. Five-year overall survival (OS) was higher in pediatric patients (73.5% vs. 48.1%, p = 0.0213). By stage, 5-year OS in pediatric versus adult patients was 65% versus 20% (p = 0.0530) in metastatic (n = 32) and 68.1% versus 58.8% (p = 0.278) in localized (n = 56) patients. Lung-only metastases were present in 83% of metastatic pediatric patients versus 35% of adult metastatic patients. Pediatric patients received more cycles of first-line chemotherapy (13.8 vs. 11.4, p = 0.001), independent of stage. More cycles of chemotherapy correlated with improved OS (HR: 0.864, CI: 0.773-0.967) and progression-free survival (HR: 0.897, CI: 0.808-0.996). CONCLUSIONS: Outcome differences were most notable in patients with metastatic disease, although not statistically significant. Our series found differences in presentation between pediatric and adult populations with adult patients receiving fewer cycles of chemotherapy. This may suggest that both variations in underlying disease biology and potentially differences in treatment may account for outcome disparities.

Mechanisms of simultaneous linear and nonlinear computations at the mammalian cone photoreceptor synapse.

Neurons enhance their computational power by combining linear and nonlinear transformations in extended dendritic trees. Rich, spatially distributed processing is rarely associated with individual synapses, but the cone photoreceptor synapse may be an exception. Graded voltages temporally modulate vesicle fusion at a cone's ~20 ribbon active zones. Transmitter then flows into a common, glia-free volume where bipolar cell dendrites are organized by type in successive tiers. Using super-resolution microscopy and tracking vesicle fusion and postsynaptic responses at the quantal level in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, we show that certain bipolar cell types respond to individual fusion events in the vesicle stream while other types respond to degrees of locally coincident events, creating a gradient across tiers that are increasingly nonlinear. Nonlinearities emerge from a combination of factors specific to each bipolar cell type including diffusion distance, contact number, receptor affinity, and proximity to glutamate transporters. Complex computations related to feature detection begin within the first visual synapse.

Habenular Neurons Expressing Mu Opioid Receptors Promote Negative Affect in a Projection-Specific Manner.

BACKGROUND: The mu opioid receptor (MOR) is central to hedonic balance and produces euphoria by engaging reward circuits. MOR signaling may also influence aversion centers, notably the habenula (Hb), where the receptor is highly dense. Our previous data suggest that the inhibitory activity of MOR in the Hb may limit aversive states. To investigate this hypothesis, we tested whether neurons expressing MOR in the Hb (Hb-MOR neurons) promote negative affect. METHODS: Using Oprm1-Cre knockin mice, we combined tracing and optogenetics with behavioral testing to investigate consequences of Hb-MOR neuron stimulation for approach/avoidance (real-time place preference), anxiety-related responses (open field, elevated plus maze, and marble burying), and despair-like behavior (tail suspension). RESULTS: Optostimulation of Hb-MOR neurons elicited avoidance behavior, demonstrating that these neurons promote aversive states. Anterograde tracing showed that, in addition to the interpeduncular nucleus, Hb-MOR neurons project to the dorsal raphe nucleus. Optostimulation of Hb-MOR/interpeduncular nucleus terminals triggered avoidance and despair-like responses with no anxiety-related effect, whereas light-activation of Hb-MOR/dorsal raphe nucleus terminals increased levels of anxiety with no effect on other behaviors, revealing 2 dissociable pathways controlling negative affect. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the data demonstrate that Hb neurons expressing MOR facilitate aversive states via 2 distinct Hb circuits, contributing to despair-like behavior (Hb-MOR/interpeduncular nucleus) and anxiety (Hb-MOR/dorsal raphe nucleus). The findings support the notion that inhibition of these neurons by either endogenous or exogenous opioids may relieve negative affect, a mechanism that would have implications for hedonic homeostasis and addiction.

Clozapine Use and Forensic Outcomes in Psychiatric Inpatients Deemed Incompetent to Stand Trial.

Referrals for competency restoration increased in the past decade, with the majority of incompetent to stand trial (IST) patients having schizophrenia; 25 percent of schizophrenia patients are treatment resistant. Clozapine is superior to other antipsychotics for treatment resistance but remains underutilized, particularly in forensic settings. Despite the impact of treatment resistance on the legal system, the literature on clozapine for IST patients is limited to two papers comprising 26 patients. A retrospective chart review was conducted of all IST admissions to a California hospital for 2014 to -2018, examining clinical and forensic outcomes in those newly started on clozapine and discharged. There were 191 new clozapine starts among IST patients, 92.7 percent of whom were diagnosed with schizophrenia or another psychosis. Over 90 percent were discharged on clozapine, and 36.1 percent were discharged on clozapine as trial competent; moreover, this cohort also had the shortest length of stay. This analysis indicates that most IST patients needing clozapine can be successfully treated, with a substantial proportion restored to trial competency. These data and earlier studies reinforce the concept that forensic programs have a medical duty to offer IST patients with severe mental illness a clozapine trial when indications exist for its use.

Electrically Fueled Active Supramolecular Materials.

Fuel-driven dissipative self-assemblies play essential roles in living systems, contributing both to their complex, dynamic structures and emergent functions. Several dissipative supramolecular materials have been created using chemicals or light as fuel. However, electrical energy, one of the most common energy sources, has remained unexplored for such purposes. Here, we demonstrate a new platform for creating active supramolecular materials using electrically fueled dissipative self-assembly. Through an electrochemical redox reaction network, a transient and highly active supramolecular assembly is achieved with rapid kinetics, directionality, and precise spatiotemporal control. As electronic signals are the default information carriers in modern technology, the described approach offers a potential opportunity to integrate active materials into electronic devices for bioelectronic applications.

Identification of non-volatile compounds that impact consumer liking of strawberry preserves: Untargeted LC-MS analysis.

Non-volatile compounds that impact the acceptability of strawberry preserves were investigated by untargeted LC-MS flavoromics analysis. Chemical profiles for fifteen strawberry preserves were modeled against consumer liking scores by orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) with good fit (R2Y = 0.995) and predictive ability (Q2 = 0.918). Four chemical compounds predictive of acceptability were identified, by accurate MS and NMR, as secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside, (+)-isolariciresinol monoglucoside, 1-hexanoyl-phloroglucinol-2-O-ß-d-glucoside, and the novel compound decanoic acid-4-O-ß-d-glucoside. Sensory recombination testing of preserve samples with added levels of the four predictive LC-MS compounds indicated perceivable sensory changes in the flavor profile. Female consumers significantly preferred the recombination preserve with added levels of both predictive GC-MS and LC-MS compounds as compared to the control preserve, demonstrating the applicability of the approach for understanding product liking.

Traumatic stress symptoms predict restraint incidents in children and adolescents in psychiatric residential treatment.

The early identification of youth at risk for restraint incidents is an important next step to reducing the likelihood of such incidents. Yet, the extant research has not comprehensively investigated the idiographic factors that contribute to the restraint of youth in psychiatric residential treatment facilities (PRTFs). The current study investigated client-level predictors of restraint incidents, with specific emphasis on youth client trauma history and traumatic stress symptoms as assessed at admission. Participants were children and adolescents (N = 150; 55.3% female, 66.7% White, 33.3% Black or biracial) aged 6-17 (M = 11.8 years) admitted to a PRTF in the northeastern United States. A negative binomial regression with maximum likelihood estimation was conducted to examine the relative contributions of age, gender, length of stay, number of psychiatric diagnoses, body mass index (BMI), and traumatic stress symptoms at intake to the frequency of restraint incidents. The model was significant, χ2 (6, N = 150) = 30.326, p < .001, and both length of stay, ß = .005, p < .001, IRR = 1.005, and traumatic stress symptoms at intake, ß = .072, p = .007, IRR = 1.074, were identified as significant predictors within the model. Although length of stay is an obvious predictor of restraint incidents, the current study is the first of which we are aware to identify traumatic stress symptoms at intake as a potential indicator of restraint frequency following admission. Clinical implications of these results are discussed.

Characterizing Out-of-Pocket Payments and Financial Assistance for Patients Prescribed Abiraterone and Enzalutamide at an Academic Cancer Center Specialty Pharmacy.

PURPOSE: Abiraterone and enzalutamide are commonly used oral cancer therapies for patients with prostate cancer, both with potentially high out-of-pocket costs for patients. We investigated the prevalence of financial assistance mechanisms used to alleviate out-of-pocket costs and the association of these mechanisms with timing of treatment initiation of abiraterone or enzalutamide. METHODS: Using data from the medical center's specialty pharmacy, we identified first prescriptions for abiraterone or enzalutamide between January 1, 2017, and March 31, 2019. Prescriptions dispensed at an external pharmacy or that were discontinued for reasons unrelated to cost were excluded. Patient demographics, insurance coverage, out-of-pocket cost, and number of days between prescribed date and pill-to-mouth date were collected. RESULTS: Among 220 prescriptions in our final cohort, 185 were filled through our internal specialty pharmacy, 23 through a manufacturer-sponsored patient assistance program (PAP), and 12 were never filled because of cost. One third of the prescriptions in our final cohort (n = 66) were filled with financial assistance: PAP (10%), copay cards (9%), and grants (11%). The median amount of assistance received for the first fill was $2,860 US dollars (USD) (interquartile range $1,856-$10,717 USD). Prescriptions with an out-of-pocket cost < $100 USD were filled in the shortest time (median 5 days), whereas those filled through a PAP had the longest time to initiation (median 30.5 days). CONCLUSION: Among patients prescribed oral therapies for prostate cancer at a single institution, one third of patients received financial assistance. Although receiving assistance is likely to improve financial toxicity, waiting for assistance may lead to longer time to initiation of medication.

Pharmacologic management of metastatic bone disease.

Bone is a common site of metastases, particularly in advanced breast and prostate cancer. Skeletal related events associated with bone metastases include pathologic fracture, need for surgery/radiation to bone and cord compression. These events cause significant morbidity and mortality. Bisphosphonates as well as denosumab act on the bone microenvironment and reduce the rate of skeletal related events by approximately 25%-40%. Hence, these therapies are an important adjunctive therapy in cancer care. Despite the established efficacy and recommendations for their use in many international guidelines, these bone modifying agents are underutilized. This review examines the currently available guidelines on bone modifying agents in metastatic bone disease and summarizes their efficacy, risk and comparative benefits.

Population Health Innovations and Payment to Address Social Needs Among Patients and Communities With Diabetes.

Policy Points Population health efforts to improve diabetes care and outcomes should identify social needs, support social needs referrals and coordination, and partner health care organizations with community social service agencies and resources. Current payment mechanisms for health care services do not adequately support critical up-front investments in infrastructure to address medical and social needs, nor provide sufficient incentives to make addressing social needs a priority. Alternative payment models and value-based payment should provide up-front funding for personnel and infrastructure to address social needs and should incentivize care that addresses social needs and outcomes sensitive to social risk. CONTEXT: Increasingly, health care organizations are implementing interventions to improve outcomes for patients with complex health and social needs, including diabetes, through cross-sector partnerships with nonmedical organizations. However, fee-for-service and many value-based payment systems constrain options to implement models of care that address social and medical needs in an integrated fashion. We present experiences of eight grantee organizations from the Bridging the Gap: Reducing Disparities in Diabetes Care initiative to improve diabetes outcomes by transforming primary care and addressing social needs within evolving payment models. METHODS: Analysis of eight grantees through site visits, technical assistance calls, grant applications, and publicly available data from US census data (2017) and from Health Resources and Services Administration Uniform Data System Resources data (2018). Organizations represent a range of payment models, health care settings, market factors, geographies, populations, and community resources. FINDINGS: Grantees are implementing strategies to address medical and social needs through augmented staffing models to support high-risk patients with diabetes (e.g., community health workers, behavioral health specialists), information technology innovations (e.g., software for social needs referrals), and system-wide protocols to identify high-risk populations with gaps in care. Sites identify and address social needs (e.g., food insecurity, housing), invest in human capital to support social needs referrals and coordination (e.g., embedding social service employees in clinics), and work with organizations to connect to community resources. Sites encounter challenges accessing flexible up-front funding to support infrastructure for interventions. Value-based payment mechanisms usually reward clinical performance metrics rather than measures of population health or social needs interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Federal, state, and private payers should support critical infrastructure to address social needs and incentivize care that addresses social needs and outcomes sensitive to social risk. Population health strategies that address medical and social needs for populations living with diabetes will need to be tailored to a range of health care organizations, geographies, populations, community partners, and market factors. Payment models should support and incentivize these strategies for sustainability.

Identification of non-volatile compounds that negatively impact whole wheat bread flavor liking.

Untargeted LC-MS flavoromic analysis was utilized to identify chemical compounds that impact consumer liking of whole wheat bread. Chemical fingerprints of thirteen whole wheat breads were modeled against consumer flavor liking scores by orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) with good fit (R2Y = 0.98) and predictive ability (Q2 = 0.95). The four most predictive features (negatively correlated) were identified as 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxy-octadec-10E-enoic acid (pinellic acid), 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxy-octadeca-10E,15Z-dienoic acid, 8R*,9R*,10S*-trihydroxy-octadec-6Z-enoic acid, and 1-(octadeca-9Z,12Z-dienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Sensory validation studies including bitter threshold determination and recombination tests confirmed the contribution of these compounds to the perceived bitterness intensity of the bread samples and the overall negative impact on flavor liking. Lipoxygenase activity of the flour was reported to have a significant impact on the formation of the three bitter compounds (trihydroxy fatty acids) in the bread samples.

Municipality and Adjusted Gross Income Influence Outcome of Patients Diagnosed with Pancreatic Cancer in a Newly Developed Cancer Center in Mercer County New Jersey, USA, a Single Center Study.

Socioeconomic status (SES) correlates directly to ZIP code. Mercer County is not atypical as a collection of a dozen municipalities with a suburban/metropolitan population of 370,430 in the immediate vicinity of a major medical center. The purpose of this study for Mercer County, New Jersey, USA is to determine whether a patient's ZIP code is related to the outlook of pancreatic cancer defined as staging at diagnosis, prevalence, overall survival, type of insurance, and recurrence. Our hypothesis was that specific variables such as socio-economic status or race could be linked to the outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer. We interrogated a convenience sample from our cancer center registry and obtained 479 subjects diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 1998-2018. We selected 339 subjects by ZIP code, representing the plurality of the cases in our catchment area. The outcome variable was overall survival; predictor variables were socio-economic status (SES), recurrence, insurance, type of treatment, gender, cancer stage, age, and race. We converted ZIP code to municipality and culled data using adjusted gross income (AGI, FY 2017). Comparative statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests for nominal and ordinal variables, and a two-way ANOVA test was used for continuous variables; the p-value was set at 0.05. Our analysis confirmed that overall survival was significantly higher for Whites and for individuals who live in a municipality with a high SES. Tumor stage at the time of diagnosis was not different among race and SES; however, statistically significant differences for race or SES existed in the type of treatment received, with disparities found in those who received radiation therapy and surgery but not chemotherapy. The data may point to a lack of access to specific care modalities that subsequently may lead to lower survival in an underserved population. Access to care, optimal nutritional status, overall fitness, and co-morbidities could play a major role and confound the results. Our study suggests that low SES has a negative impact on overall pancreatic cancer survival. Surgery for pancreatic cancer should be appropriately decentralized to those community cancer centers that possess the expertise and the infrastructure to carry out specialized treatments regardless of race, ethnicity, SES, and insurance.

LRP1B mutations are associated with favorable outcomes to immune checkpoint inhibitors across multiple cancer types.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1b (encoded by LRP1B) is a putative tumor suppressor, and preliminary evidence suggests LRP1B-mutated cancers may have improved outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective pan-cancer analysis of patients with LRP1B alterations treated with ICI at Duke University, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) and University of Michigan (UM). The primary objective was to assess the association between overall response rate (ORR) to ICI and pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) LRP1B alterations compared with LRP1B variants of unknown significance (VUS). Secondary outcomes were the associations with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) by LRP1B status. RESULTS: We identified 101 patients (44 Duke, 35 JHU, 22 UM) with LRP1B alterations who were treated with ICI. The most common tumor types by alteration (P/LP vs VUS%) were lung (36% vs 49%), prostate (9% vs 7%), sarcoma (5% vs 7%), melanoma (9% vs 0%) and breast cancer (3% vs 7%). The ORR for patients with LRP1B P/LP versus VUS alterations was 54% and 13%, respectively (OR 7.5, 95% CI 2.9 to 22.3, p=0.0009). P/LP LRP1B alterations were associated with longer PFS (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.68, p=0.0003) and OS (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.01, p=0.053). These results remained consistent when excluding patients harboring microsatellite instability (MSI) and controlling for tumor mutational burden (TMB). CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter study shows significantly better outcomes with ICI therapy in patients harboring P/LP versus VUS LRP1B alterations, independently of TMB/MSI status. Further mechanistic and prospective validation studies are warranted.

Identification of inhibitors of pinellic acid generation in whole wheat bread.

Bitterness is a common aversive flavor attribute of foods associated with low consumer acceptance. Untargeted LC-MS flavoromic profiling was utilized to identify endogenous compounds that influence the generation of the bitter compound 9,12,13-trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid (pinellic acid) during bread making. A diverse sample set of wheat germplasm was chemically profiled. The corresponding pinellic acid concentrations after dough formation were modeled by orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) with good fit (R2Y = 0.8) and predictive ability (Q2 = 0.6). The most predictive feature (negatively correlated), postulated to interfere with the biosynthetic pathway, was identified as schaftoside, an apigenin di-C-glycoside. Recombination experiments involving the addition of schaftoside to flour prior to breadmaking resulted in a 26% decrease in pinellic acid formation and significantly lower perceived bitterness intensity in whole wheat bread. This work provides novel understanding of bitter generation pathways in wheat products and new strategies to improve flavor profiles and consumer acceptability.

The Cal-DSH diversion guidelines.

The Cal-DSH Diversion Guidelines provide 10 general guidelines that jurisdictions should consider when developing diversion programs for individuals with a serious mental illness (SMI) who become involved in the criminal justice system. Screening for SMI in a jail setting is reviewed. In addition, important treatment interventions for SMI and substance use disorders are highlighted with the need to address criminogenic risk factors highlighted.

Leptomeningeal Enhancement on 3D-FLAIR MRI in Multiple Sclerosis: Systematic Observations in Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Meningeal inflammation is implicated in cortical demyelination and disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced 3-dimensional (3D) FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify leptomeningeal enhancement (LME) in MS. Further characterization is needed to determine if LME is an imaging biomarker for meningeal inflammation. We sought to characterize the natural history of LME in the community setting, including persistence/resolution, effect of disease-modifying therapy, scanner variability, timing of acquisition, and imaging pitfalls that may lead to misinterpretation. METHODS: A total of 341 MRI exams with Gd-enhanced 3D-FLAIR were reviewed in MS and non-MS patients to determine frequency of enhancement by MS subtype and association with therapy. A phantom was used to assess scanner variability. Two MS patients with seven LME were imaged at four postinjection time points to generate time-intensity curves. Imaging pitfalls were compiled. RESULTS: A total of 16.6% (40/241) of MS patients revealed LME compared to 8% (8/100) in non-MS patients (P = .04). There was no association with MS subtype, therapy, or disease activity. Detection using General Electric's version of 3D-FLAIR (29%) was greater than with Siemen's 3D-FLAIR (12%) at 1.5T (Tesla) (P < .001). Lesions were generally stable but resolved in 2 patients following high-dose steroids. LME kinetics were heterogeneous, even within patients, without uniform optimal time for acquisition. Enhancement curves exhibited three different variations, similar to the two-compartment model. Imaging pitfalls included enhancements of uncertain biologic significance, cortical veins and anatomic structures, and imaging artifacts. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of LME characteristics, variability with imaging parameters, and imaging pitfalls will facilitate determining the potential role as an imaging biomarker for meningeal inflammation.