Autonomia de pacientes em quimioterapia no Instituto Nacional de Câncer / Personal autonomy of patients undergoing chemotherapy at the Instituto Nacional de Câncer / Autonomía del paciente sometido a quimioterapia en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer

Resumo A autonomia do paciente deve ser garantida pelo acesso à informação, sendo preciso que ele saiba de tudo que se passa com sua saúde e conheça as suas opções, para tomar decisões a partir do entendimento do que é melhor para si. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender, na perspectiva do paciente com câncer, em que medida há respeito a sua autonomia durante o tratamento quimioterápico. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, feito a partir de entrevistas com pacientes no início da quimioterapia, com análise de conteúdo a partir dos parâmetros da bioética da proteção para apresentação e discussão dos resultados. Evidenciou-se que a carência na qualidade da organização da rede e dos serviços pode limitar a autonomia. Além disso, as escolhas do próprio paciente, baseadas no sistema religioso ou na confiança do perito, enquanto detentor de conhecimento especializado, podem fazer com que o processo decisório a respeito das opções de tratamento seja delegado aos profissionais.

Abstract Patients are ensured personal autonomy through access to information and full knowledge of their health and treatment options for fully-informed decision-making. This qualitative study investigates how oncology patients perceive respect for their personal autonomy during chemotherapy. Data were collected by means of interviews with patients initiating drug therapy, followed by content analysis based on the bioethics of protection for presenting and discussing the results. Network and services organization of low quality can limit personal autonomy. Due to religious precepts or trust in the expert, as someone who holds specialized knowledge, patients may end up leaving decision-making regarding their treatment options to the professionals.

Resumen La autonomía del paciente debe estar garantizada por el total acceso a la información sobre su salud y sus opciones para una toma de decisiones basada en la comprensión de lo mejor para sí mismo. Este estudio pretende comprender, desde la perspectiva de los pacientes oncológicos, si se respeta su autonomía durante el tratamiento de quimioterapia. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado desde entrevistas con pacientes al inicio de la quimioterapia, con análisis de contenido basado en los parámetros de la bioética de la protección para presentar y discutir los resultados. La falta de calidad en la organización de la red y los servicios puede limitar la autonomía. Además, las propias elecciones del paciente, basadas en el sistema religioso o en la confianza en el experto como poseedor de conocimientos especializados, pueden hacer que el proceso de toma de decisiones sobre las opciones de tratamiento se delegue en los profesionales.

Assessment of the risk of QT-interval prolongation associated with potential drug-drug interactions in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between drug interactions and QT-interval prolongation in patients admitted to a general intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and written informed consent was obtained from all patients. From May 2015 to July 2016, all patients over 18 years-old admitted to the ICU for more than 24 h and in whom the QT-interval on the ECG could be read were prospectively included in this observational, cross-sectional study. All medications administered in the 24 h prior to admission were recorded and the QT-interval was measured upon ICU admission and corrected with Bazzet's formula (QTc). Drug-drug interactions involving drugs potentially associated with QTc prolongation (DDIQT) were searched and QTc increase associated with pharmacokinetic (PK-DDIQT) and pharmacodynamic (PD-DDIQT) interactions was assessed with multiple regression adjusted by patient varibles. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 283 patients, 54.4% males, mean age 57.6 ±â€¯16.7 years-old. Forty five (15.9%) patients presented 65 DDIQT with predominance of pharmacodynamic (66.1%). The risk of DDIQT prescription increased with lower systolic blood pressure, in hypokalemia, in non-diabetics and with the number of medications. PK-DDIQT alone did not affect the QTc interval (7.75 ms, 95%CI: -22.4 to 37.9 ms, p = 0.61), but PD-DDIQT increased QTc by 28.4 ms (95%CI: 9.67 to 47.4 ms, p = 0.003). Most PD-DDIQT involved metoclopramide with ondansetron or amiodarone, and ondansetron with ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS: In patients exposed to drugs associated with prolonged QTc in the 24 h prior to ICU admission, pharmacodynamic DDIQT are associated with increased risk of QTc prolongation.