Contribution of Python-based BERT software for landslide monitoring using Electrical Resistivity Tomography datasets. A case study in Tghat-Fez (Morocco).

The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique was conducted for the geophysical survey of a landslide on the southern slope of Jbel Tghat, north of the city of Fez, Morocco. Nine electrical resistivity tomography profiles were implemented to: (a) characterize the geometry of the dipping zone; (b) characterize their internal structures; and (c) highlight the faulting zone between the marly deposits and the conglomerate formation. The measured data sets were processed using EarthImager™ 2D (Advanced Geosciences, Inc), and BERT (Boundless Electrical Resistivity Tomography) software packages that offer a simple workflow from data import to inversion and visualization, while offering full control over inversion parameters. Moreover, BERT software is a Python-based open-source inversion software package. Both ERT processing software allows obtaining 2D subsurface electrical models associated with the distribution of the subsurface apparent electrical resistivity property, in Ohm.m units. Those 2D subsurface electrical models are retrieved using the same inversion parameters to determine the distribution of geoelectric layers and their defining parameters (e.g., electrical resistivity, thickness, and depth), giving access to certain characteristics exclusive to one of the two processing techniques, comparing the inversion findings to better understand the process's limits, as well as evaluating the capabilities of the two inversion methods.

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and geochemical analysis dataset to delimit subsurface affected areas by livestock pig slurry ponds.

The electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technique was employed with the support of geochemical analyses to delimit the affected surface area by slurry pig ponds. Data were taken in three selected slurry ponds located in Fuente Álamo municipality, Murcia region (SE Spain), to obtain electrical resistivity value-based 2D sections and 3D blocks. All ERT-based survey data were obtained in September 2020 using a SuperSting R8 resistivity meter from Advanced Geosciences Inc. and using the dipole-dipole array consisting of a total of twenty-eight electrodes. The soil samples were taken from drilling core sampling by boreholes at each slurry pond, and physical-chemical analyses of soil samples were obtained using standard laboratory testing methods. Electrical resistivity values and physical-chemical analysis data obtained from soil samples were contrasted, whose comparison showed a correlation between profiles-based electrical resistivity, laboratory-based electrical conductivity (EC) data, and nitrate (N-NO3-) content from soil samples. The statistical analysis was run by SPSS Statistics v.23 software (IBM, Neconductivity York, NY, USA) to establish the non-parametric Spearman correlation. The dataset establishes a reliable methodology and provides insight and information to delimit the affected subsurface area by pig slurry. Data contained within this publication are presented concurrently with Capa-Camacho et al. 2022 [1].

Soil Water Content Prediction Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in Mediterranean Tree Orchard Soils.

Water scarcity in arid and semiarid regions poses problems for agricultural systems, awakening special interest in the development of deficit irrigation strategies to improve water conservation. Toward this purpose, farmers and technicians must monitor soil water and soluble nutrient contents in real time using simple, rapid and economical techniques through time and space. Thus, this study aimed to achieve the following: (i) create a model that predicts water and soluble nutrient contents in soil profiles using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT); and (ii) apply the model to different woody crops under different irrigation regimes (full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)) to assess the efficiency of the model. Simple nonlinear regression analysis was carried out on water content and on different ion contents using electrical resistivity data as the dependent variable. A predictive model for soil water content was calibrated and validated with the datasets based on exponential decay of a three-parameter equation. Nonetheless, no accurate model was achieved to predict any soluble nutrient. Electrical resistivity images were replaced by soil water images after application of the predictive model for all studied crops. They showed that under RDI situations, soil profiles became drier at depth while plant roots seemed to uptake more water, contributing to reductions in soil water content by the creation of desiccation bulbs. Therefore, the use of ERT combined with application of the validated predictive model could be a sustainable strategy to monitor soil water evolution in soil profiles under irrigated fields, facilitating land irrigation management.

Assessing the behaviour of heavy metals in abandoned phosphogypsum deposits combining electrical resistivity tomography and multivariate analysis.

This study presents the results of a physical-chemical characterisation of phosphogypsum deposits generated with hydrochloric and sulphuric acid during the wet acid process. The paper aims to establish an efficient methodology based on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), chemical analysis and multivariate analysis identifying the areas most contaminated by heavy metals in an abandoned factory where fertiliser was derived from phosphoric rock. This fertiliser has provided many benefits to agriculture; however, it generates a vast amount of waste (5 tonnes phosphoric rock/1 tonne fertiliser). The chemical composition of this by-product varies according to the industrial process performed. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) recovers more than 90% of phosphorus, while sulphuric acid (H2SO4) recovers around 30%. Therefore, a chemical assessment of the remaining waste is a necessary step prior to initiating any remediation process. ERT provided the geometry of the deposits and the distribution of the phosphogypsum. The chemical analyses consistently validated the electrical contrast found within the deposits. We employed a correlation analysis combined with multivariate analysis to identify the relationships among the metal concentrations and resistivity. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the information contained in all the variables to a few principal components. The first three principal components accounted for 74% of the variability of all the studied variables. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for classification allowed the discrimination of the two populations. Electrical resistivity was the most influential variable for separating HCl waste from that of H2SO4. The use of ERT saves time and reduces costs yielding a methodology which facilitates the environmental assessment of large areas.

Enhancing Electrical Contact with a Commercial Polymer for Electrical Resistivity Tomography on Archaeological Sites: A Case Study.

This communication reports an improvement of the quality of the electrical data obtained from the application of electrical resistivity tomography method on archaeological studies. The electrical contact between ground and electrode enhances significantly by using carbomer-based gel during the electrical resistivity tomography measurements. Not only does the gel promote the conservation of the building surface under investigation, but it also virtually eliminates the necessity of conventional spike electrodes, which in many archaeological studies are inadequate or not permitted. Results evidenced an enhancement in the quality of the electrical data obtained in the order of thousands of units compared with those without using the carbomer-based gel. The potential and capabilities of this affordable gel make it appropriate to be applied to other geoelectrical studies beyond archaeological investigations. Moreover, it might solve corrosion issues on conventional spike electrodes, and electrical multicore cables usually provoked for added saltwater attempting to improve the electrical contact.

Volumetric characterisation of waste deposits generated during the production of fertiliser derived from phosphoric rock by using LiDAR and electrical resistivity tomography.

The lack of environmental regulations before 1998 brought about significant ecological consequences in Europe. There are 4,000,000 ha potentially contaminated by waste, resulting from industrial activity. These sites present abnormal values of salinity, alkalinity, and organic and inorganic pollutants. A representative example of this is the production of fertiliser derived from phosphoric rock through the wet acid process which mainly produces phosphogypsum and pyrite ashes. For each tonne of fertiliser produced, five tonnes of phosphogypsum are generated, which in most of the cases were simply piled into non-conditionate deposits; currently, there is no information about these deposits. Hence, fast and affordable methodologies should be developed to calculate the volume contained in the existing waste deposits. Thus, this study aims to: i) scan the industrial area selected in order to identify the distribution and possible variants of the waste that make up the configuration of geoelectrical profiles and boreholes, and ii) accurately determine the volume contained in the chosen deposits by merging Electrical Resistivity Tomography with LiDAR point cloud. Results show a range of deposit volumes that run from 4900 m3 to 59,300 m3. The density of LiDAR point cloud (1 point/m2) ensures metric precision for the superficial layer. The Electrical Resistivity Tomography revealed the geometry of the deposits that superposes two layers marking the border between waste and natural terrain, and the boreholes guarantee the exactness of the waste layer thickness. This synergistic combination of Electrical Resistivity Tomography with LiDAR point cloud yields an accurate method that we used to calculate the volume of waste present in the deposits.

Predicting spatial distribution of heavy metals in an abandoned phosphogypsum pond combining geochemistry, electrical resistivity tomography and statistical methods.

One of the wastes generated in fertiliser production from phosphoric rock is phosphogypsum, whose mismanagement lead to environmental and health risks. Therefore, a detailed evaluation of the chemical composition of phosphogypsum is necessary to determine effective means of its management. Due to the high amount of generated waste, the cost and time consumed for this characterisation by chemical analysis is limiting. Hence, efficient tools should be developed to predict the chemical composition of this waste. Thus, this study aims to: 1) determine the physic-chemical characterisation of phosphogypsum pond using geochemical and geophysical techniques and 2) predict the heavy metals spatial distribution through statistical models. Results show that the most concentrate metal is chromium with a maximum of ≈900 mg.kg-1 and cadmium is the least concentrated (maximum ≈23 mg.kg-1). The Electrical Resistivity Tomography revealed the superposition of two layers. The top one (waste) presents low resistivity (≈17Ω.m) while the bottom layer shows higher resistivity (>124Ω.m). Metal concentrations and resistivities were combined by applying non-linear regression models. Cr showed the strongest correlation (R2 = 0.68), yielding an accurate model that was used for revealing the spatial distribution of the highest Cr concentrations in the pond, with the consequent reduction of expensive traditional methods.

Second-Line Treatment of HER2-Positive Salivary Gland Tumor: Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1) after Progression on Trastuzumab.

Patients with salivary duct cancer (SDC) and HER2 overexpression could receive trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic disease. No standard treatment exists for patients with HER2-positive metastatic SDC after progression. We report an excellent patient response to second-line treatment with T-DM1 after progression on paclitaxel plus trastuzumab. CASE REPORT: In June 2014, a 79-year-old male patient underwent right parotidectomy and ipsilateral radical neck dissection after the diagnosis of parotid carcinoma. Pathological staging demonstrated locally advanced disease with the involvement of 13 lymph nodes (levels I, II, III, and IV), with extracapsular extravasation. He underwent adjuvant radiotherapy ending in December 2014. A PET scan in March 2015 diagnosed recurrent and systemic disease, with bone lesions, neck lymph node involvement, and hepatic metastasis. The immunohistochemistry showed HER2 receptor overexpression (+3/+3). The patient received first-line trastuzumab plus paclitaxel beginning in April 2015. After 6 cycles, his response was confirmed by PET scan. In February 2016, he had symptoms of disease progression, and a PET scan revealed disease progression in the neck, bones, and liver. He started T-DM1 in April 2016. The neck skin lesions disappeared after 6 cycles, with low toxicity. PET scans performed every 3 months showed response in the liver and bone lesions. CONCLUSIONS: We report the case of a patient with SDC treated with T-DM1, with a very good response. Salivary carcinoma is a rare disease for which no randomized clinical trials are available. The maintenance of HER2 blockage might be important in this disease.

Fibrous mastopathy: clinical, imaging, and histopathologic findings of 31 cases.

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze the cases of patients with a histological diagnosis of fibrous mastopathy, diabetic mastopathy, or lymphocytic mastopathy in association with other autoimmune diseases, and to conduct histological and imaging studies as well as follow up of the lesions. METHODS: Thirty-one patients meeting predetermined histopathological criteria for diabetic mastopathy, fibrous mastopathy, or lymphocytic mastopathy were analyzed for several factors: age at diagnosis; clinical manifestations; parity; breastfeeding; use of sex steroids for hormonal replacement therapy or hormonal contraception; associated diseases; mammographic findings; breast magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound; histological and cytological diagnosis; immunohistochemical and immunophenotyping identification of T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages, and alpha-smooth muscle actin; and follow up. RESULTS: Fibrous mastopathy was present among diabetic and non-diabetic patients, patients with autoimmune diseases, and healthy individuals. Relapses were found in one-quarter of the lesions and spontaneous regression was observed in one case. There was a predominance of T-lymphocytes over B-lymphocytes in the fibrous mastopathic lesions (P < 0.001). Macrophages were demonstrated in 95.2% of the lesions. All of the lesions displayed reactivity for alpha-smooth muscle actin, a characteristic of myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Fibrous mastopathy does not occur in diabetic patients only; fibrous mastopathy may also occur in healthy subjects; the lesion is characterized by a higher number of T-lymphocytes over B-lymphocytes, the presence of absolute lobular lymphocytic infiltrate, reactivity for alpha-smooth muscle actin, and macrophages. Relapses were found in one-quarter of the lesions and spontaneous regression was observed in one case.

Regression of the fibrous disease of the breast in a non-diabetic woman after pregnancy and breastfeeding

Fibrous mastopathy, also known as diabetic mastopathy and lymphocytic mastopathy, may mimic breast cancer at the physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound. We report a case of a woman who presented a non-tender mass clinically suggestive of breast carcinoma; however, the fine-needle aspiration cytology indicated atypia and the core needle biopsy revealed lymphocytic mastopathy. The magnetic resonance imaging of the breast showed a lesion with benign features. It was not demonstrated diabetics mellitus and autoimmune diseases. The patient got pregnant, breastfed, and it was observed the progressive regression of the lesion, with complete disappearance of the solid mass. Three years and three months later, there was no palpable mass at the clinical examination and ultrasound. In conclusion, fibrous mastopathy shall be considered for all breast lesions, regardless of the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Once a definitive diagnosis of this pathology is reached, it is recommended clinical, imaging studies and fine-needle aspiration biopsy follow-up of the patient, avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures.

A mastopatia fibrótica, também conhecida como mastopatia diabética e mastopatia linfocítica, pode, ao exame clínico, mamografia e ultra-som, simular um carcinoma mamário. Descrevemos o relato de uma mulher na qual o nódulo foi inicialmente suspeito de carcinoma mamário, mas o diagnóstico pela punção aspirativa com agulha fina foi de atipia, e o com biópsia com agulha grossa foi de mastopatia linfocítica. A ressonância magnética da mama mostrou a lesão com características de benignidade. Não foram demonstradas diabetes mellitus e doenças auto-imunes. A paciente engravidou, amamentou e foi observada regressão progressiva da lesão, com desaparecimento da mesma. A paciente persiste sem lesão na mama ao exame clínico e de ultra-som após acompanhamento de três anos e três meses. Em conclusão, a mastopatia fibrótica deve ser considerada para todas as lesões de mama, mesmo em pacientes sem diabetes mellitus. Quando o diagnóstico definitivo da patologia for realizado, é recomendável o acompanhamento da paciente com estudos clínicos e de imagem e biópsia com agulha fina, evitando-se procedimentos cirúrgicos desnecessários.

Regression of the fibrous disease of the breast in a non-diabetic woman after pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Fibrous mastopathy, also known as diabetic mastopathy and lymphocytic mastopathy, may mimic breast cancer at the physical examination, mammography, and ultrasound. We report a case of a woman who presented a non-tender mass clinically suggestive of breast carcinoma; however, the fine-needle aspiration cytology indicated atypia and the core needle biopsy revealed lymphocytic mastopathy. The magnetic resonance imaging of the breast showed a lesion with benign features. It was not demonstrated diabetics mellitus and autoimmune diseases. The patient got pregnant, breastfed, and it was observed the progressive regression of the lesion, with complete disappearance of the solid mass. Three years and three months later, there was no palpable mass at the clinical examination and ultrasound. In conclusion, fibrous mastopathy shall be considered for all breast lesions, regardless of the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Once a definitive diagnosis of this pathology is reached, it is recommended clinical, imaging studies and fine-needle aspiration biopsy follow-up of the patient, avoiding unnecessary surgical procedures.

Comparação entre os diagnósticos clínicos e os achados de necropsia: análise retrospectiva de 680 pacientes / Correlation between clinical and autopsy diagnoses: a retrospective analysis of 680 patients

OBJETIVO: Analisar a concordância entre os diagnósticos clínicos e os achados anatomopatológicos obtidos por meio do exame necroscópico, a fim de determinar a frequência com que a necropsia revela diagnósticos principais inesperados, que são relevantes para a causa do óbito. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas retrospectivamente 680 necropsias realizadas no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (HBDF), de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2002. Para a comparação entre os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos utilizou-se a classificação de Goldman, e fez-se a correlação segundo o sexo, a idade do paciente, a unidade de internação e o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Foram utilizados, como fonte de dados, os pedidos de necropsia, preenchidos pelos médicos-assistentes, e os laudos finais de necropsia. RESULTADOS: A necropsia confirmou os diagnóticos principais formulados pela clínica em 69 por cento das amostras. Em relação aos casos discordantes, 18% foram classificados como classe I (com potencial impacto na sobrevida do paciente) e 13% como classe II (sem o questionável impacto na sobrevida do paciente). Os principais diagnósticos discordantes mais frequentes foram doenças do aparelho circulatório (acidente vascular cerebral, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e miocardiopatia hipertrófica), moléstias infecciosas (meningite bacteriana, tuberculose miliar e neurotoxoplasmose) e neoplasias (linfomas). CONCLUSõES: Evidenciou-se significativa discordância entre os diagnóticos clínicos e anatomopatológicos post mortem, mostrando que a necropsia ainda é um procedimento importante para o esclarecimento diagnóstico, bem como para a melhoria dos serviços de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the discrepancies between clinical and postmortem diagnoses in order to determine the frequency of relevant missed diagnoses detected at autopsy. METHOD: Six hundred and eighty patients autopsied at the Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brazil, between January 1997 and December 2002 were retrospectively investigated. Agreement between clinical and postmortem findings was compared using Goldman's system. Medical records and final autopsy reports were reviewed. RESULTS: Major clinical diagnoses were confirmed in 69 percent of analyzed autopsies. Eighteen percent of cases were classified as Goldman class I missed diagnosis (if known before death, might have led to prolonged survival) and 13 percent as class II (clinically missed major diagnosis for which survival would not have been changed). Most frequent missed major diagnoses were cardiovascular diseases (cerebral hemorrhagic infarction, congestive heart failure and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), infectious diseases (purulent meningitis, miliar tuberculosis and neurotoxoplasmosis) and neoplasia (lymphoma). CONCLUSION: This study has found significant disagreement between clinical and postmortem examinations and reinforces the importance of autopsy in improving clinical diagnosis and in providing data that could be integrated in quality assurance programs.

Galectin-3 immunostaining in thyroid neoplasms

A punção aspirativa por agulha fina de tireóide é o método pré-cirúrgico mais importante na definição da malignidade de uma lesão nodular. Entretanto esse procedimento apresenta limitações, como características morfológicas comuns entre neoplasias malignas e benignas. A expressão de uma lectina ligante de b-galactosídeos chamada galectina-3, aumentada em neoplasias malignas de tireóide, poderia ser utilizada como marcador de malignidade para neoplasias de tireóide. Cinqüenta e sete casos, entre eles 14 carcinomas papilares, 22 carcinomas foliculares e 21 adenomas foliculares, foram estudados quanto à expressão da galectina-3 por métodos imuno-histoquímicos. O tecido tireoidiano normal, adjacente ao tecido neoplásico, também foi avaliado em 48 casos. Todos os casos de carcinoma papilar e 18 casos de carcinoma folicular apresentaram marcação citoplasmática; um caso de adenoma folicular apresentou marcação nuclear. Nenhum caso de tecido tireoidiano normal demonstrou imunomarcação. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo foram respectivamente 88 por cento, 98 por cento, 96 por cento e 94 por cento. A expressão da galectina-3 é uma evidência valiosa de malignidade nos casos em que as características citomorfológicas não forem conclusivas. A marcação por imunocitoquímica poderá aumentar a exatidão diagnóstica nos exames citológicos por aspiração de tireóide, tornando a indicação cirúrgica mais precisa.