Empiema subdural y su relación con hematomas subdurales: experiencia local y revisión de la literatura / Subdural empyema and its relationship to subdural hematomas: local experience and literature review

RESUMEN: Los empiemas subdurales, tanto los de aparición espontánea o como complicación en la evolución de un hematoma subdural (HSD), son infrecuentes y de los cuales existen pocas publicaciones en la literatura(1). En este trabajo se revisa una serie de 15 casos operados en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP) en un período de 15 años. Se observó que en general tienen buena evolución con el tratamiento instaurado en forma oportuna y que son larvados en su presentación, pudiendo llegar a ser diagnosticados incluso en el intraoperatorio. No se observó diferencia en su evolución cuando se operaron a través de una craniectomía o de una craneotomía (plaqueta)(2). No se encontró tampoco diferencia cuando se trataron con o sin drenaje. Como consenso general, deben ser tratados con antibioticoterapia prolongada de al menos 3-4 semanas para controlar el foco infeccioso(2). Ninguno de los casos revisados requirió de reintervención.

ABSTRACT Subdural empyemas, both spontaneous or as a complication in the evolution of subdural hematomas, are an uncommon fact of which there are few publications in literature. In this review we analyze a retrospective serie of 15 cases operated in HUAP in a period of 15 years. In general we don't observed differences in the outcome using different surgical techniques, both in those treated by craniectomy as those treated by craniotomy. Also we don't observed differences in those treated with or without drainage. In the same way is clear that the optimal period of antibiotic treatment must be 3-4 weeks to fully cover them. None of the cases treated, needed reintervention.

Elevación de los marcadores de estrés oxidativo en pacientes con endometriosis / Elevation of oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with endometriosis

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La endometriosis es una de las principales patologías ginecológicas que afecta a mujeres en edad reproductiva. Existen muchas teorías en cuanto a su fisiopatología destacando las alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas, los desbalances hormonales y otros factores como la inflamación crónica y el estrés oxidativo; pero en realidad, su origen continúa siendo desconocido. Estudios recientes han implicado al estrés oxidativo y la consecuente generación de radicales libres de oxígeno en la fisiopatología de la entidad mediante la generación de inflamación crónica pélvica. El objetivo de este estudio es corroborar que existen vías de estrés oxidativo que se encuentran alteradas en estas pacientes. Métodos: Se realizará un análisis de marcadores de estrés oxidativo en plasma sanguíneo, entre ellos los niveles de proteínas carboniladas y el cociente glutatión oxidado/glutatión reducido (GSSG/GSH), comparando los resultados en pacientes con endometriosis (n=19) versus un grupo control (n=11). Resultados: existe un incremento de las proteínas carboniladas en las pacientes con endometriosis (p < 0,041). No se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación al cociente GSSG/GSH o a los niveles de GSH. Conclusión: existe evidencia para relacionar al estrés oxidativo con la fisiopatología de la endometriosis, sin poder determinar a día de hoy que vías de oxidación están implicadas.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Endometriosis is one of the main gynecological pathologies that affects women of reproductive age. There are many theories regarding its physiopathology highlighting genetic and epigenetic alterations, hormonal imbalances and other factors such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress; but actually, its origin continues to be unknown. Recent studies have implicated oxidative stress and the consequent generation of oxygen free radicals in the physiopathology of the entity through the generation of chronic pelvic inflammation. The objective of this study is to corroborate that there are oxidative stress pathways that are altered in these patients. Methods: An analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers in blood plasma will be carried out, including carbonylated protein levels and the oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio (GSSG / GSH), comparing the results in patients with endometriosis (n = 19) versus a control group (n = 11). Results: there is an increase of carbonylated proteins in patients with endometriosis (p <0.041). There were no statistically significant differences in relation to the GSSG/GSH ratio or GSH levels. Conclusion: there is evidence to relate oxidative stress to the pathophysiology of endometriosis, without being able to determine to date which oxidation pathways are involved.

Sindrome de Riley Day, manifestaciones bucales: revisión de la literatura / Riley Day syndrome, oral manifestations: revision of literature

Riley Day es una rara enfermedad o transtorno hereditario que afecta el desarrollo y funcionamiento de los nervios. Ocasiona Insensibilidad al dolor, no tiene cura ni tratamiento paliativo. Se transmite de padres a hijos, la persona debe heredar una copia del gen defectuoso de cada uno de los padres para desarrollar la afecci6n. El odontopediatra debe de estar capacitado para reconocer esta enfermedad, siendo un transtorno hereditario las primeras manifestaciones clínicas y orales se van a dar des de la infancia y van a ir aumentando con la edad; por eso el pro- pósito del presente reporte es describir el caso de un niño de 2 años 4 meses con Riley day, sus manifestaciones clínicas, datos epidemio16gicos y sugerencias de manejo odontologico de los pacientes con esta enfermedad...

Riley Day is a rare hereditary disease or disorder that affects the development and functioning of nerves. It causes insensitivity to pain, has no cure or treatment paliativo. It is transmitted from parent to child, the person must inherit a defective copy of the gene from each parent to develop afeccion. The dentist should be able to recognize this disease, an inherited disorder being the first clinical and oral manifestations are to be given since childhood and will gradually increase with age; therefore the purpose of this report is to describe the case of a 2 years 4 months Riley Day, its clinical manifestations, oral manifestations, epidemiological data and suggestions for dental management of patients with this disease....

Atriplex atacamensis and Atriplex halimus resist As contamination in Pre-Andean soils (northern Chile).

The Pre-Andean area of Chile exhibits saline soils of volcanic origin naturally contaminated with arsenic (As), and we hypothesise that revegetation with resistant species may be a valid alternative for soil management in this area. Thus, the xerophytic and halophytic shrubs Atriplex halimus and Atriplex atacamensis were cultivated in containers for 90 days in Pre-Andean soil, As-soil, (111±19 mg As kg(-1), pH8.4±0.1) or control soil (12.7±1.1 mg As kg(-1), pH7.8±0.1) to evaluate As accumulation and resistance using stress bioindicators (chlorophylls, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiols). Sequential extraction of As-soil indicated that 52.3% of As was found in the most available fraction. The As distribution was significantly different between the species: A. halimus translocated the As to leaves, whilst A. atacamensis retained the As in roots. At 30 and 90 days, A. halimus showed similar As concentrations in the leaves (approximately 5.5 mg As kg(-1)), and As increased in stems and roots (up to 4.73 and 16.3 mg As kg(-1), respectively). In A. atacamensis, As concentration was lower (2.6 in leaves; 3.2 in stems and 6.9 in roots in mg As kg(-1)). Both species exhibited a high concentration of B in leaves (362-389 mg kg(-1)). If the plants are used for animal feed, it should be considered that A. halimus accumulates higher concentration of As and B in the leaves than A. atacamensis. Neither plant growth nor stress bioindicators were negatively affected by the high levels of available As, with the exception of MDA in the leaves of A. halimus. The results indicate that these plants resist contamination by arsenic, accumulating mainly the metalloid in the roots and can be recommended to generate plant cover in As-contaminated soils in the Pre-Andean region, under saline conditions controlled, preventing the dispersion of this metalloid via wind and leaching.

Sodium caseinate induces mouse granulopoiesis.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Sodium caseinate (CasNa) induces differentiation and M-CSF production in mouse band granulocytes in vitro; however, it is not yet known if this molecule can also induce the proliferation and activation of the granulocyte lineage in vivo. In this work we evaluated the induction in vivo of granulopoiesis and the activation of granulocytes in mice treated with CasNa. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS: BALB/c male mice 8-12 weeks old were used. TREATMENT: The animals were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 ml of CasNa (10% in PBS p/v) four times (every 48 h). METHODS: Granulocyte proliferation was evaluated by flow cytometry; activation was evaluated by phagocytic indices. The cytokine was measured using an ELISA assay. RESULTS: We show that CasNa increased bone marrow granulopoiesis percentage (38.35 ± 10.88 vs. 64.94 ± 34.14 BrdU+/Gr-1+ cells) and the granulocytes generated presented increased phagocytic indices (0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.11, p < 0.05). We also show that G-CSF (974 ± 411 vs. 3189 ± 350 pg/ml, p < 0.05) and GM-CSF increased in serum, but only G-CSF in bone marrow plasma. CONCLUSIONS: CasNa induces granulopoiesis with functional granulocytes, suggesting that this molecule could be an innate immune system activator.

Evaluation of the quality of four Mexican drug products containing sodium naproxen.

BACKGROUND: There is currently a lot of concern about the quality and therapeutic effectiveness of Mexican pharmaceutical products, and considerable price differences between alternative products containing the same active principle. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether four Mexican drug products, a high price and three lower-cost branded drug products containing sodium naproxen (550 mg immediate release tablets) have equivalent, and consistent pharmaceutical qualities. METHODS: The four products were acquired in Mexico city. Assay for sodium naproxen, content uniformity, disintegration time and dissolution tests were performed according to USP procedures. Drug dissolution profiles were compared using a similarity factor (f(2)). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All of the tested products met pharmacopeial quality standards with respect to their active pharmaceutical content and a released drug percentage >70% in 45 min. Lot-to-lot lack of similarity between drug dissolution profiles was observed for two of the products tested. CONCLUSION: There was no significant differences in the quality of the pharmaceutical products tested when judged by the USP pharmaceutical quality standards. However, some differences were observed in the dissolution profiles of the brands tested. Whether these differences are clinically meaningful requires in vivo bioequivalence studies.

Supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography or electroanalysis of metal chelates from different sample matrices

The supercritical fluid extraction of Pb(DDC)2 and MoO2(acac)2 complexes is performed. The previously formed complexes are used in order to simplify the extraction process. In the extraction cell, 9.0 mg of Pb(DDC)2 or 30.0 mg of MoO2(acac)2 is added. With these two complexes, a study of static and dynamic extraction as a function of pressure (1000-2500 psi), temperature (40-160 degrees C), and presence of modifier (methanol) is performed. Under the best conditions, 5.6 mg of Pb(DDC)2 (2.3 mg of Pb2+) is recovered. The parameters are 2500 psi of pressure, 160 degrees C of temperature, 0.5 mL methanol (placed in a 10-mL extraction cell), 60.0 min of static extraction, and 2.0 min of dynamic extraction. It is necessary to add 3.0 mL of methanol to enhance efficiency on the MoO2(acac)2 complex recovery. Quantitative extractions of MoO2(acac)2 (9.0 mg of MoVI) are obtained when the experiments are carried out under 1000-2500 psi of pressure, 140 degrees C, and times no longer than 10.0 min. Then, the study is carried out forming the in situ complexes. For this purpose, metallic ion and ligand are added. Under these conditions, the Pb2+ recovery decreases from 2.3 to 1.9 mg, and the MoVI recovery decreases from 9.0 to 1.0 mg. When 1.9 mg of Pb2+ and 1.0 mg of MoVI or less is placed in the extraction cell, the recoveries are always 100%. The Pb2+ extracts are directly accomplished using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and the MoVI extracts are analyzed using GC-FID and catalytic adsorption voltammetry. The quantitation of pure extracts is carried out by constructing calibration curves with complex solutions and sample solutions using the standard addition method. This method is applied by determination of Pb2+ in sodium alginate extracted from algae and blood, urine, and human milk from patients with diagnosed plumbunemy. MoVI is determined in irrigation water and pasture of animal intake.

Susceptibility of "et," the spontaneously mutating CD1-derived nude mouse, to infection of M. lepraemurium.

We have studied the susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) of a nude, hypothymic, CD1-derived, spontaneous mouse mutant called "et" because of its extraterrestrial appearance. We found that despite their hypothymia, et/et mice were not more susceptible to infection by MLM than their euthymic et/+ counterparts. Infection of both et/et and et/+ mice with 50 x 10(6) bacilli by the intraperitoneal route led only to a mild infection with low levels of antimycobacterial antibodies and a small number of lesions. These lesions were indicative of reactive hepatitis and hyaline perisplenitis with lymphoid hyperplasia. Some small bacilliferous granulomas were also observed at the end of the experiment (5 months of infection). CD1 mice behave in a rather "resistant" manner to the infection by MLM. It is clear that the nu gene is not necessarily linked to the thymus defect, and it is also clear that the hypothymia of et/et mice does not obviously affect their general cell-mediated immune competence.

A serological and bacteriological survey of canine brucellosis in Mexico.

Using agglutination procedures, 203 human and 500 dog sera collected in Mexico City were tested for canine brucellosis. Blood samples from the 500 dogs also were cultured for Brucella canis (B. canis). Positive agglutination titers (1:100 or greater) were found in 27 (13.3%) of the human and 140 (28.0%) of the dog sera tested. B. canis was isolated from the blood of eight dogs. The disease was experimentally produced in susceptible dogs by inoculation with one of the isolated strains.