Stratification of long-term outcome in stable idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by combining longitudinal computed tomography and forced vital capacity.

OBJECTIVES: To test HRCT with either visual or quantitative analysis in both short-term and long-term follow-up of stable IPF against long-term (transplant-free) survival, beyond 2 years of disease stability. METHODS: Fifty-eight IPF patients had FVC measurements and HRCTs at baseline (HRCT0), 10-14 months (HRCT1) and 22-26 months (HRCT2). Visual scoring, CALIPER quantitative analysis of HRCT measures, and their deltas were evaluated against combined all-cause mortality and lung transplantation by adjusted Cox proportional hazard models at each time interval. RESULTS: At HRCT1, a ≥ 20% relative increase in CALIPER-total lung fibrosis yielded the highest radiological association with outcome (C-statistic 0.62). Moreover, the model combining FVC% drop ≥ 10% and ≥ 20% relative increase of CALIPER-total lung fibrosis improved the stratification of outcome (C-statistic 0.69, high-risk category HR 12.1; landmark analysis at HRCT1 C-statistic 0.66, HR 14.9 and at HRCT2 C-statistic 0.61, HR 21.8). Likewise, at HRCT2, the model combining FVC% decrease trend and ≥ 20% relative increase of CALIPER-pulmonary vessel-related volume (VRS) improved the stratification of outcome (C-statistic 0.65, HR 11.0; landmark analysis at HRCT1 C-statistic 0.62, HR 13.8 and at HRCT2 C-statistic 0.58, HR 12.6). A less robust stratification of outcome distinction was also demonstrated with the categorical visual scoring of disease change. CONCLUSIONS: Annual combined CALIPER -FVC changes showed the greatest stratification of long-term outcome in stable IPF patients, beyond 2 years. KEY POINTS: • Longitudinal high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) data is more helpful than baseline HRCT alone for stratification of long-term outcome in IPF. • HRCT changes by visual or quantitative analysis can be added with benefit to the current spirometric reference standard to improve stratification of long-term outcome in IPF. • HRCT follow-up at 12-14 months is more helpful than HRCT follow-up at 23-26 months in clinically stable subjects with IPF.

Ileocolic invagination in adults: A totally minimally invasive endoscopic and laparoscopic staged approach.

Adult intussusception of the bowel is a rare clinical entity, and its management remains debated. The timing of treatment is not yet standardised, and no guidelines exist. We report a case of an 83-year-old woman presenting to the emergency department of our hospital with a history of increasing abdominal pain in the right iliac fossa. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan showed the presence of a large ileocolic intussusception with evidence of the terminal ileus invaginated within the right colon and the ileocolic vessels dragged and trapped into the intussusception. A colonoscopy confirmed the ileocolic invagination with a large right colonic lesion as leading point, and a partial pneumatic (carbon dioxide) and hydrostatic reduction was achieved. Subsequent laparoscopic right colectomy was performed according to oncological principles. A totally minimally invasive approach of this rare condition has been achieved but the literature lacks about the correct management of this entity.

Increased prevalence of small airways dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis as determined by impulse oscillometry.

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence and clinical implications of small airways involvement in SSc are still to be fully elucidated. The goal of the present work is to assess the prevalence of small airways dysfunction by impulse oscillometry and to determine whether it correlates with selected disease-related features and respiratory-related quality of life. METHODS: Ninety-four SSc patients and 93 healthy controls were studied by impulse oscillometry measurements. Small airways dysfunction was defined as the difference between resistance at low frequency, i.e. 5 Hz, and resistance at high frequency, i.e. 20 Hz, termed 'R5-R20', ⩾0.07 kPa/l/s. The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire was used to measure health impairment in SSc patients. Radiological features of small airways disease and parenchymal abnormalities on high resolution CT chest scans were jointly assessed by two thoracic radiologists. RESULTS: Small airways dysfunction was present in 21.5% of the SSc patient cohort, with a prevalence almost 5-fold higher compared with controls, and it was significantly associated with worse respiratory-related quality of life. Radiological features consistent with small airways abnormalities were detected in 25% of SSc patients, mostly in the absence of interstitial lung changes. Combining functional and radiological evaluations, one-third of the SSc cohort showed at least one feature of small airways involvement, which was associated with the lcSSc phenotype and with longer disease duration. CONCLUSION: The current study strengthens the hypothesis that small airway dysfunction might be a feature of SSc-related lung involvement, providing the first data on its significant impact on respiratory-related quality of life. A full assessment of lung function in SSc patients should include impulse oscillometry as a complementary technique, due to potential clinical and therapeutic implications.

Overall mortality in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema related to systemic sclerosis.

Objectives: This multicentre study aimed to investigate the overall mortality of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to compare CPFE-SSc characteristics with those of other SSc subtypes (with interstitial lung disease-ILD, emphysema or neither). Methods: Chest CTs, anamnestic data, immunological profile and pulmonary function tests of patients with SSc were retrospectively collected. Each chest CT underwent a semiquantitative assessment blindly performed by three radiologists. Patients were clustered in four groups: SSc-CPFE, SSc-ILD, SSc-emphysema and other-SSc (without ILD nor emphysema). The overall mortality of these groups was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the stratified log-rank test; Kruskal-Wallis test, t-Student test and χ² test assessed the differences between groups. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We enrolled 470 patients (1959 patient-year); 15.5 % (73/470) died during the follow-up. Compared with the SSc-ILD and other-SSc, in SSc-CPFE there was a higher prevalence of males, lower anticentromere antibodies prevalence and a more reduced pulmonary function (p<0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrates a significantly worse survival in patients with SSc-CPFE (HR vs SSc-ILD, vs SSc-emphysema and vs other-SSc, respectively 1.6 (CI 0.5 to 5.2), 1.6 (CI 0.7 to 3.8) and 2.8 (CI 1.2 to 6.6). Conclusions: CPFE increases the mortality risk in SSc along with a highly impaired lung function. These findings strengthen the importance to take into account emphysema in patients with SSc with ILD.

Pulmonary quantitative CT imaging in focal and diffuse disease: current research and clinical applications.

The frenetic development of imaging technology-both hardware and software-provides exceptional potential for investigation of the lung. In the last two decades, CT was exploited for detailed characterization of pulmonary structures and description of respiratory disease. The introduction of volumetric acquisition allowed increasingly sophisticated analysis of CT data by means of computerized algorithm, namely quantitative CT (QCT). Hundreds of thousands of CTs have been analysed for characterization of focal and diffuse disease of the lung. Several QCT metrics were developed and tested against clinical, functional and prognostic descriptors. Computer-aided detection of nodules, textural analysis of focal lesions, densitometric analysis and airway segmentation in obstructive pulmonary disease and textural analysis in interstitial lung disease are the major chapters of this discipline. The validation of QCT metrics for specific clinical and investigational needs prompted the translation of such metrics from research field to patient care. The present review summarizes the state of the art of QCT in both focal and diffuse lung disease, including a dedicated discussion about application of QCT metrics as parameters for clinical care and outcomes in clinical trials.

Quantitative chest computed tomography is associated with two prediction models of mortality in interstitial lung disease related to systemic sclerosis.

Objective: In this multicentre study, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of a computer-assisted automated QCT method to identify patients with SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) with high mortality risk according to validated composite clinical indexes (ILD-Gender, Age, Physiology index and du Bois index). Methods: Chest CT, anamnestic data and pulmonary function tests of 146 patients with SSc were retrospectively collected, and the ILD-Gender, Age, Physiology score and DuBois index were calculated. Each chest CT underwent an operator-independent quantitative assessment performed with a free medical image viewer (Horos). The correlation between clinical prediction models and QCT parameters was tested. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Most QCT parameters had a statistically different distribution in patients with diverging mortality risk according to both clinical prediction models (P < 0.01). The cut-offs of QCT parameters were calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and most of them could discriminate patients with different mortality risk according to clinical prediction models. Conclusion: QCT assessment of SSc-ILD can discriminate between well-defined different mortality risk categories, supporting its prognostic value. These findings, together with the operator independence, strengthen the validity and clinical usefulness of QCT for assessment of SSc-ILD.

Imaging of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a common disease affecting both children and adults causing acute hip pain and functional impairment. Among the various techniques allowing a correct diagnosis, MRI represents the gold standard for an early detection, the latter being useful for a positive outcome. The purpose of this review is to describe the imaging findings of the osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Defecography: a still needful exam for evaluation of pelvic floor diseases.

The aim of this discussion is to describe what is a defecography, how we have to perform it, what can we see and to present the main physio-pathological illnesses of pelvic floor and anorectal region that can be studied with this method and its advantages over other screening techniques. Defecography is a contrastographic radiological examination that highlights structural and functional pelvic floor diseases. Upon preliminary ileum-colic opacification giving to patient radiopaque contrast, are first acquired static images (at rest, in maximum voluntary contraction of the pelvic muscles, while straining) and secondarily dynamic sequences (during evacuation), allowing a complete evaluation of the functionality of the anorectal region and the pelvic floor. Defecography is an easy procedure to perform widely available, and economic, carried out in conditions where the patient experiences symptoms, the most realistic possible. It can be still considered reliable technology and first choice in many patients in whom the clinic alone is not sufficient and it is not possible or necessary to perform a study with MRI.

Texture analysis in a rare case of tibial intraosseous lipoma.

Intraosseous lipoma is a very rare lesion, accounting for only 0.1% of all primary osseous tumors (1), first described in 1980 (2). This lesion is considered the rarest of benign bone tumors (3); probably it is not the actual incidence because these lesions are frequently asymptomatic and the introduction of cross-sectional imaging, especially MRI, seems to have increased the detection (4). The majority of intraosseus lipomas are in the lower limbs (70%) and the os calcis being the most frequently involved (32%). Most cases reported in literature have an age of 40 years (5). Tumor texture could be measured from medical images that provide a non-invasive method of capturing intratumoral heterogeneity and could potentially enable a prior assessment of a patient. Some Authors recently proposed Texture analysis to characterize musculoskeletal lesions (6). For the first time we measured the tumoral texture from Magnetic Resonance images in tibial intraosseous lipoma in a 29-years-old female.

Semiautomatic Analysis on Computed Tomography in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Reproducibility and Prognostic Significance of Unidimensional and 3-dimensional Measurements.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to compare both reproducibility and prognostic value of lesion size measurements obtained manually and semiautomatically on computed tomography in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Manual axial longest diameter, semiautomatic axial longest diameter, and volume of NSCLC lesions were independently analyzed by 4 readers at baseline and after at least 1 cycle of platinum-based chemotherapy. The prognostic value of the proportional change in lesion size between baseline and follow-up CT was evaluated using either RECIST or experimental thresholds derived from the quartiles of the changes as assessed manually or semiautomatically. RESULTS: Semiautomatic axial longest diameter (concordance correlation coefficient [CCC]: 0.980 to 0.987; variation coefficient [VC%]: 6% to 7.3%) and volume (CCC: 0.974 to 0.991; VC%: 5.6% to 9.5%) were more reproducible than manual axial longest diameter (CCC: 0.950 to 0.984; VC%: 6.4% to 11.7%). RECIST categories did not stratify patients with different survival durations. For 3/4 readers, a decrease of ≤ 70% in lesion volume was associated with shorter survival (median survival: 11 mo, P < 0.05; hazard ratio: 5 to 22.2, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In advanced NSCLC, semiautomatic measures were more reproducible than manual diameter, and volumetric measurement may better predict patient survival.

Operator-independent quantitative chest computed tomography versus standard assessment of interstitial lung disease related to systemic sclerosis: A multi-centric study.

PURPOSE: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) related to systemic sclerosis (SSc) is assessed with pulmonary functional tests (PFTs) and semi-quantitative scores based on extent of ILD detectable on chest computed tomography (CT). CT quantitative indexes (QCTIs) are promising tools to assess extent of ILD. This study's aim is to evaluate the validity of QCTI compared with that of chest CT standard evaluation and PFTs. Moreover, QCTI differences between patients' subgroups according to prognostic stratifications were investigated. METHODS: ILD-SSc of patients from six rheumatological clinics was routinely assessed with chest CT and PFTs. Patients were clustered according to prognosis based on functional and/or radiological examinations. Finally, chest CTs were processed with OsiriX in order to obtain QCTI. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-seven SSc patients were enrolled. QCTI correlation between extent of ILD and PFTs range from - 0.60 to 0.58 and from - 0.54 to 0.52, respectively. The majority of QCTI have a different distribution in patients' subgroups based on prognosis. Most of QCTI discriminate patients with an ILD severity leading to a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: QCTI assessment of ILD-SSc is comparable to the evaluation based on chest CT and/or PFTs. QCTI values corresponding to severe ILD were identified. QCTIs are excellent candidates for a new and more reliable SSc-ILD assessment.