RESUMEN
A total of 111 clinical and environmental O1, O139 and non-O1/O139 Vibrio cholerae strains isolated between 1978 and 2008 from different geographical areas were typed using a combination of methods: antibiotic susceptibility, biochemical test, serogroup, serotype, biotype, sequences containing variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) and virulence genes ctxA and tcpA amplification. As a result of the performed typing work, the strains were organized into four clusters: cluster A1 included clinical O1 Ogawa and O139 serogroup strains (ctxA(+) and tcpA(+)); cluster A2 included clinical non-O1/O139 strains (ctxA(-) and tcpA(-)), as well as environmental O1 Inaba and non-O1/O139 strains (ctxA(-) and tcpA(-)/tcpA(+)); cluster B1 contained two clinical O1 strains and environmental non-O1/O139 strains (ctxA(-) and tcpA(+)/tcpA(-)); cluster B2 contained clinical O1 Inaba and Ogawa strains (ctxA(+) and tcpA(+)). The results of this work illustrate the advantage of combining several typing methods to discriminate between clinical and environmental V. cholerae strains.
Asunto(s)
Vibrio cholerae/clasificación , Vibrio cholerae/genética , Alelos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Microbiología Ambiental , Humanos , Repeticiones de Minisatélite , Serotipificación , Vibrio cholerae/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de VirulenciaRESUMEN
In 1997, an outbreak of human tularemia associated with hare-hunting in central Spain affected 585 patients. We describe the identification of Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica in a second outbreak of ulceroglandular tularemia associated with crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) fishing in a contaminated freshwater stream distant from the hare-associated outbreak. The second outbreak occurred 1 year after the first.
Asunto(s)
Astacoidea/microbiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Francisella tularensis/aislamiento & purificación , Agua Dulce/microbiología , Tularemia/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Secuencia de Bases , Estudios de Casos y Controles , ADN Ribosómico/análisis , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Francisella tularensis/clasificación , Genes de ARNr , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Factores de Riesgo , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Deportes , Tularemia/diagnóstico , Tularemia/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Fifteen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from questing ticks and skin biopsy specimens from erythema migrans patients in three different areas of Spain were characterized. Four different genospecies were found (nine Borrelia garinii, including the two human isolates, three B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, two B. valaisiana, and one B. lusitaniae), showing a diverse spectrum of B. burgdorferi sensu lato species. B. garinii isolates were highly variable in terms of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern and OspA serotype, with four of the seven serotypes described. One of the human isolates was OspA serotype 5, the same found in four of seven tick isolates. The second human isolate was OspA serotype 3, which was not present in ticks from the same area. Seven B. garinii isolates were able to disseminate through the skin of C3H/HeN mice and to cause severe inflammation of joints. One of the two B. valaisiana isolates also caused disease in mice. Only one B. burgdorferi sensu stricto isolate was recovered from the urinary bladder. One isolate each of B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae were not able to disseminate through the skin of mice or to infect internal organs. In summary, there is substantial diversity in the species and in the pathogenicity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in areas in northern Spain where Lyme disease is endemic.
