RESUMEN
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs. UTI recurrence comprises of persistent, unresolved E. coli infection or reinfection with a different strain of E. coli. Differentiating between these processes is clinically important but is often impossible with routine diagnostics. We tested the hypothesis that most recurrent canine E. coli bacteriuria is due to recurrence of the same E. coli strain involved in the initial infection. Molecular typing was performed on 98 urinary E. coli isolated from dogs with recurrent bacteriuria from five veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States. Of the 42 dogs in this study with multiple E. coli bacteriuria observations, a single strain of E. coli caused recurrent bacteriuria in 26 (62 %) dogs, in some cases on multiple occasions for prolonged periods of time (up to eight months). A single E. coli strain was detected during both subclinical bacteriuria and clinically-apparent UTI in three dogs. Isolates with the P-fimbrial adhesin genes papA and papC were associated with recurrence by the same strain of E. coli. Multiple isolations of a single strain of E. coli associated with recurrent bacteriuria suggests that E. coli may be maintained within the urinary tract of some dogs for prolonged periods of time. In some patients, the same strain can cause both clinical UTI and subclinical bacteriuria. This indicates that in dogs, the urinary bladder may serve as a subclinical, long-term reservoir of E. coli that may cause clinical UTI in the future.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriuria , Enfermedades de los Perros , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Infecciones Urinarias , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Bacteriuria/veterinaria , Escherichia coli/genética , Infecciones Urinarias/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Vejiga Urinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnósticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate dogs with total hypercalcemia, azotemia, and normal serum phosphorus concentrations to determine whether a calcium-to-phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) or ionized Ca:P (iCa:P) could be utilized to predict underlying neoplasia. ANIMALS: 105 dogs were included in the study. Thirty-seven percent (n = 39) had known neoplasia, and 63% (66) had no evidence of neoplasia. PROCEDURES: A retrospective medical records search was performed. An observational cutoff of 2.5 for Ca:P and 0.33 for iCa:P was used for determining sensitivity and specificity between the neoplasia and nonneoplasia groups. RESULTS: Total hypercalcemia was higher in dogs with neoplasia compared to nonneoplastic cases of hypercalcemia. Ca:P of 2.5 had an 80% sensitivity and 46% specificity for predicting neoplasia. iCa:P of 0.33 had a 92% sensitivity and 77% specificity for predicting neoplasia in azotemic dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The sensitivity and specificity of Ca:P was low, making it an unreliable tool to predict neoplasia in this specific study population. However, iCa:P may have some usefulness in determining presence of neoplasia in patients with high calcium, azotemia, and normal phosphorus.
Asunto(s)
Azotemia , Hipercalcemia , Neoplasias , Perros , Animales , Hipercalcemia/veterinaria , Calcio , Estudios Retrospectivos , Azotemia/veterinaria , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/veterinaria , FósforoRESUMEN
Soft tissue sarcomas are pleiotropic tumors of mesenchymal cell origin. These tumors are rare in humans but common in veterinary practice, where they comprise up to 15% of canine skin and subcutaneous cancers. Because they present similar morphologies, primary sites, and growth characteristics, they are treated similarly, generally by surgical resection followed by radiation therapy. Previous studies have examined a variety of genetic changes as potential drivers of tumorigenesis and progression in soft tissue sarcomas as well as their use as markers for soft tissue sarcoma subtypes. However, few studies employing next generation sequencing approaches have been published. Here, we have examined gene expression patterns in canine soft tissue sarcomas using RNA-seq analysis of samples obtained from archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumors. We provide a computational framework for using resulting data to categorize tumors, perform cross species comparisons and identify genetic changes associated with tumorigenesis. Functional overrepresentation analysis of differentially expressed genes further implicate both common and tumor-type specific transcription factors as potential mediators of tumorigenesis and aggression. Implications for tumor-type specific therapies are discussed. Our results illustrate the potential utility of this approach for the discovery of new therapeutic approaches to the management of canine soft tissue sarcomas and support the view that both common and tumor-type specific mechanisms drive the development of these tumors.
Asunto(s)
Sarcoma , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos , Animales , Carcinogénesis , Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Perros , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Sarcoma/genética , Sarcoma/patología , Sarcoma/veterinaria , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/genética , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/patología , Neoplasias de los Tejidos Blandos/veterinaria , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Prednisone resistance develops rapidly and essentially universally when dogs with lymphoma are treated with corticosteroids. We investigated naturally occurring mechanisms of prednisone resistance in seven dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma, treated with oral prednisone; four dogs were administered concurrent cytotoxic chemotherapy. Expression of NR3C1α, ABCB1 (formerly MDR1), 11ß-HSD1, and 11ß-HSD2 mRNA was evaluated in neoplastic lymph nodes by real-time RT-PCR. Changes of expression levels at diagnosis and at time of clinical resistance to prednisone were compared longitudinally using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Clinical resistance to prednisone was observed after a median of 68 days (range: 7-348 days) after initiation of treatment. Relative to pretreatment samples, prednisone resistance was associated with decreased NR3C1α expression in biopsies of all dogs with high-grade lymphoma (six dogs, p=.031); one dog with indolent T-zone lymphoma had increased expression of NR3C1α. Resistance was not consistently associated with changes in ABCB1, 11ß-HSD1, or 11ß-HSD2 expression. Decreased expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1α) may play a role in conferring resistance to prednisone in dogs with lymphoma. Results do not indicate a broad role for changes in expression of ABCB1, 11ß-HSD1, and 11ß-HSD2 in the emergence of prednisone resistance in lymphoma-bearing dogs.
Asunto(s)
Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos/genética , Linfoma/veterinaria , Prednisona/uso terapéutico , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 1/genética , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 1/metabolismo , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 2/genética , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Deshidrogenasa de Tipo 2/metabolismo , Miembro 1 de la Subfamilia B de Casetes de Unión a ATP/genética , Animales , Antineoplásicos Hormonales/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos Hormonales/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Cohortes , Perros , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Linfoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Prednisona/administración & dosificación , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/genéticaRESUMEN
Four dogs referred for suspected protein-losing enteropathy based on clinical signs, severe hypoalbuminemia, and hypocholesterolemia, and in 2 dogs, abdominal effusion or peripheral edema, were diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism. Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism may have features of protein-losing enteropathy, including ascites or peripheral edema, which have not been described in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
Hypoadrénocorticisme imitant l'entéropathie avec perte de protéines chez 4 chiens. Quatre chiens recommandés pour une entéropathie suspectée avec perte de protéines fondée sur les signes cliniques, accompagnée d'une hypoalbuméniémie grave et de l'hypocholestérolémie et, chez 2 chiens, d'une effusion abdominale ou d'un Ådème périphérique, ont reçu un diagnostic d'hypoadrénocorticisme. Les chiens atteints d'hypoadrénocorticisme peuvent présenter des signes d'entéropathie avec perte de protéines, y compris de l'ascite ou de l'Ådème périphérique, qui n'ont pas été décrits chez les chiens atteints d'hypoadrénocorticisme.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Insuficiencia Suprarrenal/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/metabolismo , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Perros , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
This report describes a 2-year-old collie dog with pulmonary nodules, visualized by computed tomographic (CT) scan, with evidence of Bartonella henselae bacteremia and pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis. Clinical signs resolved with antimicrobial therapy.
Lymphadénite pyogranulomateuse mandibulaire latérale et nodules pulmonaires chez un chien atteint de bactériémie àBartonella henselae. Ce rapport décrit un chien Collie âgé de 2 ans atteint de nodules pulmonaires, visualisés par tomodensitométrie, avec des signes de bactériémie à Bartonella henselae et de lymphadénite pyogranulomateuse. Les signes cliniques se sont résorbés avec un traitement antimicrobien.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Angiomatosis Bacilar/veterinaria , Bartonella henselae , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/veterinaria , Angiomatosis Bacilar/complicaciones , Angiomatosis Bacilar/diagnóstico , Angiomatosis Bacilar/diagnóstico por imagen , Angiomatosis Bacilar/microbiología , Angiomatosis Bacilar/patología , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/diagnóstico , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/etiología , Nódulos Pulmonares Múltiples/patología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Three dogs were examined for clinical signs ultimately attributed to systemic fungal infections. One dog was evaluated for chronic, ulcerated dermal lesions and lymphadenomegaly; one dog was examined for acute onset of unilateral blepharospasm; and one dog had diarrhea and hematochezia. Two of the dogs were diagnosed with blastomycosis (one with disseminated disease and the other with the disease localized to the left eye). The third dog was diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis. None of the dogs originated from, or had traveled to, typical regions endemic for these fungal diseases. All diagnoses were established from histopathology and either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or cytology and culture. The two dogs diagnosed with blastomycosis were treated with either itraconazole or ketoconazole with apparent resolution of the infections. The dog with ocular involvement had an enucleation prior to beginning therapy. The dog diagnosed with histoplasmosis was euthanized without treatment. In patients with characteristic clinical features, systemic fungal infections should still be considered as differential diagnoses regardless of their travel history.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Blastomicosis/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Histoplasmosis/veterinaria , Animales , Blastomicosis/diagnóstico , Blastomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Histoplasmosis/diagnóstico , Histoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Neoplasias del Yeyuno/veterinaria , Osteosarcoma/veterinaria , Animales , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carboplatino/administración & dosificación , Carboplatino/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Perros , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Doxorrubicina/uso terapéutico , Femenino , Neoplasias del Yeyuno/patología , Neoplasias del Yeyuno/terapia , Osteosarcoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteosarcoma/patología , RadiografíaRESUMEN
Fifty-eight dogs with lytic or proliferative bone lesions were treated with a radiation protocol of two 8-Gy fractions over 2 consecutive days. The protocol was well tolerated, with no increase in early or late effects over previously published protocols. Forty-three (91%) of 47 dogs responded positively to radiation, with a median time of 2 days to onset of pain relief. Median duration of pain relief was 67 days (range 12 to 503 days; mean 99+/-16 days). Median survival time for all dogs was 136 days (mean 179+/-18 days). Distal radial location was a positive prognostic indicator for survival (P=0.005).
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Óseas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/radioterapia , Osteosarcoma/veterinaria , Animales , Neoplasias Óseas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Óseas/radioterapia , Perros , Femenino , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Osteosarcoma/complicaciones , Osteosarcoma/radioterapia , Dolor/etiología , Dolor/radioterapia , Dolor/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Nine cats with oral squamous cell carcinoma were treated with an accelerated radiation protocol (14 fractions of 3.5 Gy in 9 days). Radiation was administered twice daily with a 6hour break between treatments. Median overall survival was 86 +/- 110 days. Median survival for cats with a partial response (n=6) was 60 +/- 7 days, while median survival for cats with a complete response (n=3) was 298 +/- 187 days (P = 0.0639). The accelerated protocol was well tolerated and toxicity in the early and late period was manageable in all cats. Further modification of the protocol is warranted to extend survival.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/radioterapia , Neoplasias de la Boca/veterinaria , Animales , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Enfermedades de los Gatos/mortalidad , Enfermedades de los Gatos/patología , Gatos , Femenino , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Boca/radioterapia , Dosis de Radiación , Radioterapia/veterinaria , Análisis de Supervivencia , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades Bronquiales/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Osteocondrodisplasias/veterinaria , Enfermedades de la Tráquea/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades Bronquiales/diagnóstico , Broncografía/veterinaria , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Femenino , Osteocondrodisplasias/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Tráquea/diagnósticoAsunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/normas , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Gatos/fisiología , Dieta Vegetariana , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Gatos/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/enzimología , Necesidades Nutricionales , Valor Nutritivo , Proteínas de Vegetales Comestibles/metabolismo , Taurina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Esophagitis and esophageal strictures are important causes of esophageal disease in dogs and cats. Clinical suspicion is created when the clinician recognizes the clinical signs suggestive of esophageal disease and accounts for historical information and physical examination findings. Once suspected, the diagnosis of esophagitis and esophageal strictures is a fairly simple one in most cases. Although the benefit of diminishing secretion of gastric acid in patients with esophagitis is unquestioned, other questions regarding adjunctive medical treatments, such as sucralfate and glucocorticoids for dogs and cats with esophagitis, have not been answered through appropriate clinical studies. Esophageal strictures are readily treated with balloon dilation or esophageal bougienage, and clients can expect most patients to become functional, although dietary change may be necessary.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/terapia , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapia , Estenosis Esofágica/veterinaria , Esofagitis/veterinaria , Animales , Gatos , Perros , Estenosis Esofágica/complicaciones , Estenosis Esofágica/diagnóstico , Estenosis Esofágica/terapia , Esofagitis/complicaciones , Esofagitis/diagnóstico , Esofagitis/terapia , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/etiología , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/veterinariaRESUMEN
The era of diagnostic molecular biology has arrived for small animal clinicians, and it is a near certainty that assays such as the PCR and RT-PCR will become more widely available for a wider array of infectious agents. Already there is an extensive list of infectious diseases of dogs and cats that have been investigated with molecular tools. A partial list is included in box 1. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the molecular techniques and some of the questions these techniques can answer for clinicians can serve practitioners well in their approach to the diagnosis of infectious diseases in dogs and cats. It is likely that additional applications of these tools to small animal medicine will become apparent as investigators use and refine them for their research purposes, or as new uses emerge from human medical applications. Clinicians also are likely to reap the benefits of this knowledge. Because samples often are acquired easily from clinical patients in most practice settings, access to these tools puts all clinicians in the group of discoverers of new, or variations of, infectious diseases and their clinical manifestations.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Técnicas Genéticas/veterinaria , Animales , Gatos , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , ADN de Hongos/análisis , ADN Protozoario/análisis , ADN Viral/análisis , Perros , Hibridación in Situ/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinariaRESUMEN
Questions about pathogenesis and therapy for Helicobacter infections in dogs could be answered with a simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific diagnostic test. We hypothesized that a fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay would detect Helicobacter and could be useful for assessing therapeutic responses. Paired gastric biopsies and fecal samples were obtained from 39 random source dogs (group 1). Gastric biopsies from each of these dogs had histologic evidence of gastric spiral bacteria, and paired gastric tissue and fecal samples produced a 375-base pair (bp) product when amplified by PCR with Helicobacter-specific primers. Specificity of the PCR product was confirmed by detection of expected 60-, 119-, and 196-bp products following Hinfl digestion. Direct sequencing of amplicons from paired PCR products from gastric biopsy and fecal samples from 8 group I dogs showed that gastric products had the highest homologies with known gastric Helicobacter species, whereas fecal products had the highest homologies with intestinal species. Healthy mixed-breed dogs (group II; n = 8) with histologically confirmed spiral bacteria infection were treated with a 21-day course of metronidazole, amoxicillin, and famotidine. Fecal samples were collected from group II dogs twice before and within 3 days of completion of treatment. The PCR results correctly identified 15/16 pretreatment samples as positive: 1 pretreatment sample was negative. PCR results identified 8/8 posttreatment samples as Helicobacter negative. Fecal PCR is a useful test for detecting Helicobacter infection in dogs. This assay may be useful as a screening test for infection and could be used to address questions relevant to pathogenesis and therapy.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Helicobacter/veterinaria , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Animales , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Cruzamiento , Cartilla de ADN , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Heces/microbiología , Helicobacter/clasificación , Helicobacter/genética , Helicobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/normas , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Estómago/microbiología , Estómago/patologíaRESUMEN
A 6-year-old, 43-kg, spayed female rottweiler was presented for a 1-month history of progressive, left hind-limb lameness. Upon physical examination, a cranial drawer sign and joint distention were present in the left stifle. Radiographically, the stifle had evidence of effusion, remodeling of the patella, and an enlarged popliteal lymph node. Marked synovial thickening and an intact cranial cruciate ligament were noted during surgery. Despite finding a nonspecific, mixed inflammatory response on joint fluid cytopathology, histopathology demonstrated T-cell lymphoma of the synovium. Lameness may be the sole presenting clinical sign in canine lymphoma.