Type 1 collagen: Synthesis, structure and key functions in bone mineralization.

Collagen is a highly abundant protein in the extracellular matrix of humans and mammals, and it plays a critical role in maintaining the body's structural integrity. Type I collagen is the most prevalent collagen type and is essential for the structural integrity of various tissues. It is present in nearly all connective tissues and is the main constituent of the interstitial matrix. Mutations that affect collagen fiber formation, structure, and function can result in various bone pathologies, underscoring the significance of collagen in sustaining healthy bone tissue. Studies on type 1 collagen have revealed that mutations in its encoding gene can lead to diverse bone diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, a disorder characterized by fragile bones that are susceptible to fractures. Knowledge of collagen's molecular structure, synthesis, assembly, and breakdown is vital for comprehending embryonic and foetal development and several aspects of human physiology. In this review, we summarize the structure, molecular biology of type 1 collagen, its biomineralization and pathologies affecting bone.

In vitro probing of oxidized inulin cross-linked collagen-ZrO2 hybrid scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

Hybrid biomaterials incorporated with active ingredients and metal nanoparticles are gaining more interest owing to their increased wound healing capacity. Here, we report the preparation of hybrid collagen scaffolds stabilized with oxidized inulin and ZrO2 nanoparticles for biomedical applications. The functional group changes in the oxidized inulin were ascertained using FT-IR spectroscopy. The hybrid collagen scaffolds possessed all the basic biomaterial characteristics such as biodegradability, porosity, swelling ability, enzymatic and thermal stability. Particularly, the hydrothermal stability of collagen is enhanced up to 96 °C. The hybrid scaffolds are shown to be biocompatible with stem cells and osteoblast cells. The scratch wound healing assay demonstrates that the hybrid scaffolds can heal the wound up to 60% after 24 h incubation due to their higher cell migration index compared to the native collagen scaffold. The results suggest that the prepared hybrid collagen scaffolds can be used for tissue engineering applications.

Inflammation in myocardial injury- Stem cells as potential immunomodulators for myocardial regeneration and restoration.

The ineffective immunosuppressant's and targeted strategies to neutralize inflammatory mediators have worsened the scenario of heart failure and have opened many questions for debate. Stem cell therapy has proven to be a promising approach for treating heart following myocardial infarction (MI). Adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells are possible cell types and have successfully shown to regenerate damaged myocardial tissue in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Current implications of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) owing to their immunomodulatory functions and paracrine effects could serve as an effective alternative treatment option for rejuvenating the heart post MI. The major setback associated with the use of MSCs is reduced cell retention, engraftment and decreased effectiveness. With a few reports on understanding the role of inflammation and its dual effects on the structure and function of heart, this review focuses on these missing insights and further exemplifies the role of MSCs as an alternative therapy in treating the pathological consequences in myocardial infarction (MI).

Prophylactic supplementation of 20-HETE ameliorates hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting apoptosis.

Hypoxia reoxygenation (HR) injury perturbs structural and functional syncytium in lung tissues. It is commonly implicated in conditions such as stroke, lung transplant or severe pneumonia. In the present study, we investigated the cytoprotective action of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) on pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) under normoxic and hypoxic niche followed by HR. 20-HETE pretreatment showed a protective effect at a concentration of 1µM as there was a marked increase (20%) in the cell viability compared to control and HR groups. Pretreatment of 20-HETE in HR induced injury decreased ROS production dictated its antioxidant property. Similarly, SOD and ATP levels were also downregulated by 20-HETE pretreatment. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay, Acridine orange, and procaspase-3 cleavage, caspase-3 activity assay, respectively. JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential assay and protein expression pattern of BCL-2, and BAD phosphorylation status were examined. The results showed that HR induced significant increase of apoptotic PMVECs, while 20-HETE pretreatment attenuated the effects. Further, 20-HETE pretreatment activated PI3K/Akt and HIF-1α signaling pathway to exhibit its protective effects against HR-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Overall, the results concluded the potent antioxidant role of 20-HETE in aiding cytoprotection upon HR injury.