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Objective: Advanced-stage ovarian cancer (OC) is among the most fatal female genital tract neoplasms worldwide. Although different genetic mechanisms have been shown to be involved in ovarian carcinogenesis, the role of TP53 introns methylation is still unresolved. We performed methylation analysis of introns 1, 3, and 4 of the TP53 to identify patterns in primary stage III OCs, corresponding metastases, and healthy tissues. Methods: The study involved samples of paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from 80 patients with stage III OCs, who underwent surgery at the Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology of the Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw, Poland. Altogether, 40 serous-type G2/3 OCs and 40 endometrioid-type G2/3 OCs were included. From the same patient, metastatic and normal tissues were simultaneously analyzed. As a control group, 80 tissue samples were collected from patients after bariatric operations. Human ovarian cancer A2780 cell line was also investigated. Total genomic DNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and the methylation analysis was performed by bisulfite DNA conversion, DNA amplification with specific primers, cloning, and DNA sequencing. Results: All of the samples of intron 1 of TP53 were un-methylated in OCs, metastatic tissues, and in healthy tissues from the same patient. Also, no methylation of TP53 intron 1 was detected in cells from the human A2780 ovarian cancer cell line and in all samples from control group. In all samples, introns 3 and 4 of the TP53 were methylated in primary tumors, metastatic tissue, and in healthy tissue from the same patient, in human A2780 ovarian cell line, and in DNA samples from healthy patients. None of the clinicopatholocal features was related to the TP53 introns methylation status. Conclusions: Our data on TP53 introns methylation sheds new light on the mechanism of p53 activity for a better understanding of cancer biology. The study suggests the existence of an additional regulation rule of TP53 activity that involves demethylation-methylation mechanisms. Methylation at introns 3 and 4 may also overall help in protecting TP53 against damage by viral restrictases or viral DNA integration.
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BACKGROUND/AIM: Data on the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in different subtypes of endometrial carcinomas (EC) are limited. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated the incidence of HPV16 DNA E6/E7 transcripts in 47 type I (endometrioid-type) tumors and eight type II (non-endometrioid-type) uterine neoplasms applying PCR-based technology. Immunohistochemical staining in HPV16 positive cases was also performed, and seven lymph node metastases were examined for the presence of HPV16 DNA E6/E7. RESULTS: None of the type I ECs was positive for HPV16 E6 gene transcripts; however, four out of 8 (50%) type II ECs (two out of four papillary-serous and two out of four clear-cell carcinomas) were positive for HPV16 E6 transcripts. The difference in HPV16 E6 transcripts between endometrioid and non-endometrioid neoplasms was statistically significant (p=0.0011). Apart from the cancer subtype, none of the EC clinicopathological features were related to HPV16 E6 positivity. None of 55 ECs contained an HPV16 E7 gene transcripts. All slides from gene-positive samples revealed intense immunostaining reactions. Interestingly, the virus was not detected in any of seven lymph node metastases, including four from HPV16-positive primary tumors. CONCLUSION: HPV16 E6 gene transcripts may be present in ECs, primarily in the non-endometrioid (type II) uterine cancer subtypes. HPV E6/E7 DNA transcripts were not found in lymph node metastases, even when the primary tumors harboured HPV DNA.
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Neoplasias Endometriales , Infecciones por Papillomavirus , Femenino , Humanos , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Metástasis Linfática , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/genética , Neoplasias Endometriales/genética , ADNRESUMEN
Endometrial cancer is the most common gynaecological malignancy in developed countries. Over 382,000 new cases were diagnosed worldwide in 2018, and its incidence and mortality are constantly rising due to longer life expectancy and life style factors including obesity. Two major improvements are needed in the management of patients with endometrial cancer, i.e., the development of non/minimally invasive tools for diagnostics and prognostics, which are currently missing. Diagnostic tools are needed to manage the increasing number of women at risk of developing the disease. Prognostic tools are necessary to stratify patients according to their risk of recurrence pre-preoperatively, to advise and plan the most appropriate treatment and avoid over/under-treatment. Biomarkers derived from proteomics and metabolomics, especially when derived from non/minimally-invasively collected body fluids, can serve to develop such prognostic and diagnostic tools, and the purpose of the present review is to explore the current research in this topic. We first provide a brief description of the technologies, the computational pipelines for data analyses and then we provide a systematic review of all published studies using proteomics and/or metabolomics for diagnostic and prognostic biomarker discovery in endometrial cancer. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future studies are also given.
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Breast cancer development and progression are believed to be a sequential process, from normal to hyperplastic, to in situ, and to invasive and metastatic stages. Given that over 90% of cancer deaths are caused by invasive and metastatic lesions, countless factors and multiple theories have been proposed as the triggering factor for the cascade of actions of cancer invasion. However, those factors and theories are largely based on the studies of cell lines or animal models. In addition, corresponding interventions based on these factors and theories have failed to reduce the incidence rate of invasive and metastatic lesions, suggesting that previous efforts may have failed to arm at the right target. Considering these facts and observations, we are proposing "A focal aberrant degeneration in the myoepithelial cell layer (MECL) as the most likely triggering factor for breast cancer invasion". Our hypothesis is based on our recent studies of breast and multiple other cancers. Our commentary provides the rationale, morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular data to support our hypotheses. As all epithelium-derived cancers share a very similar architecture, our hypothesis is likely to be applicable to invasion of all cancer types. We believe that human tissue-derived data may provide a more realistic roadmap to guide the clinic practice.
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The incidence of two synchronous carcinomas originating from the uterine corpus and uterine cervix, both endometrioid subtypes, is exceedingly rare. Herein, we presented synchronous early stage G1 adenocarcinoma of the uterine corpus with cervical G2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Although both neoplasms displayed the same histological subtype, they differed significantly according to the histological grading or clinical stage of the disease. Finally, it is worth emphasizing that both tumors were preceded by different precancerous lesions, atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and foci of endometriosis localized within the uterine cervix. Although AEH is a well-known precancerous condition of endometrioid carcinoma, the mechanisms resulting in the malignant transformation of endometriosis foci to the cervical endometrioid carcinoma are still a matter of controversy. We briefly summarized the impact of different precancerous lesions on the development of synchronous female genital tract neoplasms with the same histotype.
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Carcinoma Endometrioide , Hiperplasia Endometrial , Neoplasias Endometriales , Endometriosis , Lesiones Precancerosas , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Femenino , Humanos , Carcinoma Endometrioide/patología , Endometriosis/patología , Útero/patología , Lesiones Precancerosas/patología , Neoplasias Endometriales/patologíaRESUMEN
Management of early-stage cervical cancer (CC) in young women often faces challenges to preserve fertility, as well as to achieve an adequate oncological outcome. Although existing evidence supports a fertility-sparing treatment in the case of tumors <2 cm in diameter, the approach is less clear in bulky early-stage CC. In addition, the outcomes of radical trachelectomy performed by minimally invasive techniques are also highly debatable. Highlighting the high incidences of young women with early-stage CC, the lack of sufficient data raises considerable hindrances towards the proper counseling of this vulnerable patient group. In this report, a case of a young woman with bulky early-stage CC with a strong desire to preserve fertility is presented. A satisfactory oncological outcome was achieved after neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by laparoscopic radical trachelectomy. Ongoing prospective trials are expected to provide stronger evidence on this topic.
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Preservación de la Fertilidad , Laparoscopía , Traquelectomía , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Femenino , Humanos , Traquelectomía/métodos , Preservación de la Fertilidad/métodos , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/cirugía , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Terapia Neoadyuvante , Estudios Prospectivos , Estadificación de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
In the scientific literature, a selected number of reports have investigated the impact of proliferative activity on the development and progression of uterine carcinosarcomas (UC). The aim of the present retrospective study was to compare the immunohistochemical proliferation markers [Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (MCM3), and topoisomerase IIα (topoIIα)] assessment in both components of UC. A total of 30 paraffin-embedded slides of UCs, obtained from patients who underwent surgery between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2020, were analyzed. Medical records and clinicopathological data of patients were reviewed. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against Ki67, PCNA, MCM3 and topoIIα. Ki67-positive nuclear immunoreactivity was reported in 20 (67%) and 16 (53%) UC carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, respectively. In the epithelial component, Ki67 positive staining was related to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (P=0.025), and histological grade (G1 vs. G2/G3, P=0.031). Nuclear PCNA reactivity was observed in 18 (60%) and 16 (53%) carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, respectively. Notably, all four cases with omental metastases were PCNA-positive, and a relationship between staining pattern and the existence of metastases was of significant value (P=0.018). MCM3-positive nuclear staining was found nearly twice as high in the carcinomatous (n=19; 63%), compared with the sarcomatous (n=11; 37%) component, respectively, and MCM3 expression in the epithelial component was related to clinical stage (P=0.030), and the existence of omental metastasis (P=0.012). In addition, out of the 30 UCs, 17 (57%) and 13 (43%) showed topoIIα positivity in the carcinomatous and sarcomatous UC components, respectively. A significant relationship between protein immunoreactivity and FIGO stage (P=0.049), and omental metastasis (P=0.026) was revealed to exist. However, no significant differences between expression of proliferation markers and clinicopathological features in the sarcomatous UC component were identified. Finally, a significant correlation between each protein immunohistochemical staining was demonstrated, particularly in the sarcomatous UC component. Collectively, a combined analysis of Ki67, PCNA, MCM3, and topoIIα may provide more detailed information of cell-cycle alterations determining the heterogeneity of uterine carcinosarcomas.
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Over the past two decades, the global efforts for the early detection and intervention of prostate cancer seem to have made significant progresses in the basic researches, but the clinic outcomes have been disappointing: (1) prostate cancer is still the most common non-cutaneous cancer in Europe in men, (2) the age-standardized prostate cancer rate has increased in nearly all Asian and African countries, (3) the proportion of advanced cancers at the diagnosis has increased to 8.2% from 3.9% in the USA, (4) the worldwide use of PSA testing and digital rectal examination have failed to reduce the prostate cancer mortality, and (5) there is still no effective preventive method to significantly reduce the development, invasion, and metastasis of prostate cancer Together, these facts strongly suggest that the global efforts during the past appear to be not in a correlated target with markedly inconsistent basic research and clinic outcomes. The most likely cause for the inconsistence appears due to the fact that basic scientific studies are traditionally conducted on the cell lines and animal models, where it is impossible to completely reflect or replicate the in vivo status. Thus, we would like to propose the human prostate basal cell layer (PBCL) as "the most effective target for the early detection and intervention of prostate cancer". Our proposal is based on the morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular evidence from our recent studies of normal and cancerous human prostate tissues with detailed clinic follow-up data. We believe that the human tissue-derived basic research data may provide a more realistic roadmap to guide the clinic practice and to avoid the potential misleading from in vitro and animal studies.
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OBJECTIVES: The application of minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques in gynecologic surgery gained popularity due to quicker recovery, shorter hospital stays as well as lower risk of complications. Ureteric injuries at laparoscopic hysterectomies are incidental and occur in less than 1% of cases. They can be identified intra-operatively but most of them are undetected. In most cases, the symptoms of an injury are non-specifically manifested after several days or even months following surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We described different clinical symptoms suggesting ureteric injury based on 3 laparoscopic hysterectomies. Methods of diagnosis and repair techniques were also presented. CONCLUSIONS: All complications following laparoscopic hysterectomy should be analyzed meticulously and ureteral injury must be considered as one of the possible causes of abnormal patient recovery.
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Laparoscopía , Uréter , Femenino , Humanos , Uréter/cirugía , Uréter/lesiones , Histerectomía/efectos adversos , Histerectomía/métodos , Laparoscopía/efectos adversos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Ginecológicos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Endometrial cancer (EC) is second only to cervical carcinoma among the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumours of the female reproductive system. The available literature provides evidence for the involvement of 32 genes in the hereditary incidence of EC. The physiological markers of EC and coexisting diet-dependent maladies include antioxidative system disorders but also progressing inflammation; hence, the main forms of prophylaxis and pharmacotherapy ought to include a diet rich in substances aiding the organism's response to this type of disorder, with a particular focus on ones suitable for lifelong consumption. Tea polyphenols satisfy those requirements due to their proven antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, and antidiabetic properties. Practitioners ought to consider promoting tea consumption among individuals genetically predisposed for EC, particularly given its low cost, accessibility, confirmed health benefits, and above all, suitability for long-term consumption regardless of the patient's age. The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential usability of tea as an element of prophylaxis and pharmacotherapy support in EC patients. The analysis is based on information available from worldwide literature published in the last 15 years.
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Neoplasias Endometriales , Polifenoles , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Endometriales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Endometriales/prevención & control , Femenino , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes , Polifenoles/farmacología , Polifenoles/uso terapéutico , TéRESUMEN
Background and Objectives: A great debate within the academic arena was evoked by the LACC study, giving rise to doubt regarding the oncological outcomes of the laparoscopic approach for early-stage cervical cancer. This encouraged us to conduct a retrospective analysis of CC treatment surgical approaches applied to the patients at tertiary level Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania, between 2009 and 2019. Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the outcomes after 28 laparoscopic and 62 laparotomic radical hysterectomies for early cervical cancer in a single tertiary care institution performed during the period 2009-2019. For statistical analysis of patients' parameters, SPSS v. 17.0 was applied, together with the Kaplan-Meier method with a long-rank test and the Cox proportional hazard regression model used for bi-variate analysis determining OS outcomes between MIS and open-surgery groups. Results: After computing data with the Cox regression model, there was no significant difference of the 36-months overall survival between laparoscopy and laparotomy groups, as opposed to the LACC study. Conclusions: Our tertiary institution faces a considerable challenge, and we acknowledge the limitations of the study and also feel a responsibility to follow the latest guidelines. Currently, it appears that the most substantial attention should be focused on the cessation of uterine manipulator use as well as laparoscopic technique learning curves.
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Laparoscopía , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Histerectomía/métodos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Lituania/epidemiología , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Estudios Retrospectivos , Atención Terciaria de Salud , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patologíaRESUMEN
Cytokeratins (CKs) are the largest subgroup of intermediate filament proteins, preferentially expressed in epithelial tissues. CKs play a critical role in determining epithelial structural integrity under stressful conditions in addition to their various fundamental functions in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, migration, adherence and molecular signaling. Immunohistochemical CKs staining could be evaluated with a proper comprehension of their task limitations and their association with the normal morphology to avoid misdiagnosis. Herein, we critically review the CKs expression patterns in ECs in relation to clinicopathological features and patients' outcome. We also briefly discussed the recent advantage of CKs immunohistochemical staining in the detection of EC micrometastasis.
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Although in developed countries endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy, its occurrence in adolescents is exceedingly rare. The increasing rate of obesity in children and adolescents is held responsible for the increasing prevalence of EC in younger cohorts of patients. The diagnosis of this malignancy can have devastating consequences for future fertility because standard treatment protocols for EC include hysterectomy. Here, we present the first detailed review of the world literature on EC in subjects aged 21 years or younger (n = 19). The mean age at diagnosis was 16.7 ± 0.6 years. One patient (5.3%) had a Type II (high-risk) disease. No communication retrieved from the search reported on patient death; however, two (10.5%) patients were lost to follow-up. There was also a high proportion (five subjects, or 26.3%) of cases with genetic background (Cowden syndrome and Turner syndrome), therefore genetic screening or a direct genetic study should be considered in very young patients with EC. The current fertility-sparing options, limited to Type I (low-risk) disease, are presented and discussed. Such information, obtained from studies on older women, translates well to adolescent girls and very young women. Careful anatomopathological monitoring at follow-up is essential for the safety of a conservative approach. Improved survival in very young EC patients makes the preservation of fertility a central survivorship issue, therefore both patients and caregivers should undergo counseling regarding available options. Moreover, our study suggests that genetic syndromes other than Lynch syndrome may be associated with EC more frequently than previously thought.
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Ovarian steroid-cell tumors (SCTs) are a rare subgroup of sex-cord tumors of the ovary, accounting for less than 0.1% of all ovarian tumors. Not otherwise specified (NOS) tumors are the most common subtype. More than half of patients with SCTs-NOS show hyperandrogenic symptoms. The primary treatment for SCTs is surgery, as most cases are early-staged and benign. Because of the low incidence of metastatic disease, there is insufficient reliable information on the role of adjuvant therapy and the most effective treatment regimen. In this report, a rare case of a recurrent SCT-NOS in a 36-year-old female patient without endocrine symptoms is presented, highlighting the significance of appropriate pathological evaluation and immunohistochemical testing for the accurate diagnosis of this malignancy, particularly in the case of hormonally "silent" tumors. The metastatic tumor described here showed no response to four courses of adjuvant chemotherapy after several debulking surgeries. Based on the clinical findings, the neoplastic etiology should always be considered during the resection of ovarian tumors to prevent possible disease dissemination due to inappropriate surgical techniques.
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Neoplasias Ováricas , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas , Adulto , Quimioterapia Adyuvante , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/cirugía , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas/tratamiento farmacológico , Tumores de los Cordones Sexuales y Estroma de las Gónadas/cirugía , EsteroidesRESUMEN
Uterovesical fistulas are the rarest of all urogenital fistulas, mostly occurring as a complication of cesarean section. We present a case of a 32-year-old woman, who noticed continuous vaginal urine leakage starting immediately after a vaginal delivery. The shortening of the uterine cervix was reported at 26th week of gestation, and a cervical pessary was placed. Shortly after delivery, the patient noticed the loss of urinary continence control, and she was diagnosed with urinary incontinence and hematuria. The office diagnostic hysteroscopy revealed uterovesical fistula. The correction procedure by transabdominal approach was performed by the team of gynecological and urological surgeons. One year of follow-up, the patient reports no symptoms related to lower urinary tract dysfunction. Based on the literature search, we believe that his is the first study of a uterovesical fistula followed by the use of a cervical pessary for the prevention of preterm delivery. Our case is a clear reminder that symptoms of urinary incontinence after vaginal delivery should be carefully managed.
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Pesarios/efectos adversos , Nacimiento Prematuro/prevención & control , Fístula de la Vejiga Urinaria/etiología , Adulto , Femenino , Hematuria/etiología , Humanos , Fístula de la Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Incontinencia Urinaria/etiologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of iNKT (human invariant natural killer T) cells with the key marker of ovarian cancer (OC) - CA125 (cancer antigen125) in serum. The study reports the assessment of iNKT cells in peripheral blood and tissue of benign and borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) and in the advanced-stage ovarian cancer. The study groups were as follows: 25 women with benign ovarian tumors, 11 women with BOTs, and 24 women with primary advanced-stage ovarian cancers. The control group consisted of 20 patients without the ovarian pathology. The rates of iNKT lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and tissue specimens were evaluated by a flow cytometry. Significant differences in the percentage of iNKT+/CD3+ of CD3+ lymphocytes, iNKT+/CD3+/CD161+ among CD3+ and iNKT+/CD3+/CD161+ among CD3+/iNKT+ between the control group and patients with ovarian tumors in the peripheral blood and tumor tissue were identified. Significant correlations were noticed between the proportion of lymphocytes iNKT+/CD3+/CD161+ among CD3+/iNKT cells in blood and in cancer tissue of both benign and malignant tumors. In the OC group, neither the ratio of iNKT cells in the blood (P = 0.07), nor the intra-tumor NKT-cell infiltration (P = 0.5) were independent prognostic factors for the follow-up. An increased rate of iNKT cells was detected in benign ovarian tumors compared to OCs. In patients with ovarian cancer, a higher rate of iNKT cells in tumor tissue was present related to that noted in the patient's blood. In addition, a correlation was discovered between the CA125 serum marker and NKT cells from the ovarian cancer tissue. This article has for the first time demonstrated a negative relationship between serum levels and NKT lymphocyte count from ovarian tissue. The inflammatory process in ovarian cancer tissue and the potential infiltration of endothelial immune cells, may result in a reduced number of NKT cells in the tumor microenvironment and increased circulation of the CA125 marker. Presented findings underscore new aspects of the iNKT cells involvement in the ovarian cancer development.
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Antígeno Ca-125/sangre , Recuento de Linfocitos , Proteínas de la Membrana/sangre , Células T Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células T Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ováricas/sangre , Neoplasias Ováricas/diagnóstico , Complejo CD3/metabolismo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Subfamilia B de Receptores Similares a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ováricas/etiologíaRESUMEN
We investigated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the betaglycan gene (TGFBR3) encoding the TGFß co-receptor in endometrial cancer (EC) and its association with betaglycan expression. The study group included 153 women diagnosed with EC and 248 cancer-free controls. SNP genotyping and gene expression were analyzed using TaqMan probes. Three out of the eight SNPs tested, i.e., rs12566180 (CT; OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.15-4.30; p = 0.0177), rs6680463 (GC; OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.20-4.53; p = 0.0120) and rs2296621 (TT; OR = 6.40; 95% CI = 1.18-34.84; p = 0.0317) were found to be significantly associated with increased risk of EC (adjusted to age, body mass index, menarche and parity). Among the analyzed SNPs, only rs2296621 demonstrated the impact on the increased cancer aggressiveness evaluated by the WHO grading system (G3 vs. G1/2, GT-OR = 4.04; 95% CI = 1.56-10.51; p = 0.0026; T-OR = 2.38; 95% CI = 1.16-4.85; p = 0.0151). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed high LD (r2 ≥ 0.8) in two haploblocks, constructed by rs2770186/rs12141128 and rs12566180/rs6680463, respectively. In the case of C/C haplotype (OR = 4.82; 95% CI = 1.54-15.07; p = 0.0116-Bonferroni corrected) and T/G haplotype (OR = 3.25; 95% CI = 1.29-8.15; p = 0.0328-Bonferroni corrected) in haploblock rs12566180/rs6680463, significantly higher frequency was observed in patients with EC as compared to the control group. The genotype-phenotype studies showed that SNPs of the TGFBR3 gene associated with an increased risk of EC, i.e., rs12566180 and rs2296621 may affect betaglycan expression at the transcriptomic level (rs12566180-CC vs. TT, p < 0.01; rs2296621-GG vs. TT, p < 0.001, GT vs. TT, p < 0.05). Functional consequences of evaluated TGFBR3 gene SNPs were supported by RegulomeDB search. In conclusion, polymorphism of the TGFBR3 gene may be associated with an increased EC occurrence, as well as may be the molecular mechanism responsible for observed betaglycan down-regulation in EC patients.
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We present a 25-year-old female woman with a 9-year history of metrorrhagia, in whom a uterine polypoid adenomyoma (UPA) was incidentally detected. Intense nuclear staining in the uterine adenomyoma tissue showed an immunoreaction with BAF250a/ARID1A, Arginase-2 as well as 1LRH-2E1/NR5A2, suggesting a role of these proteins and transcriptional activity of their genes in uterine polypoid adenomyoma development. Neither Nidogen-2 nor SF-1/NR5A1 were expressed in UPA.